11.relationship between the levels of serum thyroid hormones and the risk of breast cancer
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This study examined the relationship between serum thyroid hormone levels and the risk of breast cancer. The study analyzed thyroid hormone and antibody levels in 100 breast cancer patients and 75 control individuals without breast or thyroid disease. The mean values for thyroid hormones (T3, T4) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies were significantly higher in breast cancer patients compared to controls. The results indicate an increased prevalence of autoimmune and non-autoimmune thyroid diseases in breast cancer patients, suggesting that abnormal thyroid gland characteristics may influence breast cancer progression.
![Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 1, No.2, 2011
Sidransky d., tokino t., hamilton s. R., kinzler k. W., levin b., frost p., vogelstein b. (1992),
“Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumors”,
Science (washington dc) 256, 102-105.
Mittra I., perrin J, kumaoka S. (1976) ,“Thyroid and other autoantibodies in british and japanese
women: an epidemiological study of breast cancer”, Bmj 1, 257-259.
Shering sg, zbar ap, moriatry m.(1996), “thyroid disorders and breast cancer”, Eur j cancer prev 5,
504-506.
Maruchi n, annegers jf, kurland lt. (1976), “hashimoto's thyroiditis and breast cancer”, Mayo clin proc
51, 263-265.
Lemmarie m, baugnet-mahieu l. (1986), “thyroid function in women with breast cancer”, Eur j cancer
clin oncol 22, 301-307.
Moossa ar, price-evans da, brewer ac. (1973), “thyroid status and breast cancer: reappraisal of an old
relationship”, Ann r coll surg 53, 178-188.
Kurland lt, annegers jf. (1976), “breast cancer and hashimoto's thyroiditis [letter]”, Lancet 1, 808.
Anker gb, lonning pe, aakvaag. (1998), “thyroid function in post-menopausal breast cancer patients
treated with tamoxifen”, Scand j clin lab invest 58,103-107.
Gogas j, kouskos e, tseleni-balafouta s, markopoulos c, revenas k, gogas g, kostakis a. (2001),
“autoimmune thyroid disease in women with breast carcinoma”, Eur j surg oncol 27, 626-630.
Myhil j, reeve ts, hales ib. (1966), “thyroid function in breast cancer”, Acta endocrinol 51,290-300.
Giani c, fierabracci p, bonacci r, gigliotti a, campani d, denegri f, cecchetti d, martino e, pinchera a.
(1986), “relationship between breast cancer and thyroid disease: relevance of autoimmune thyroid
disorders in breast malignancy”, J endocr metab 81, 990-994.
Davies tf (1994), “the thyrotrophin receptors spread themselves around”, J clin endocrinol metabol
79,1232-1238.
Ron e, curtis r, hooffman da, flannery jt (1984), “multiple primary breast and thyroid cancer”, Br j
cancer 49, 87-90.
Dumont je, maenhaut c (1991),”growth factors controlling the thyroid gland” Baillieres clin endocrinol
metabol 5, 727-753.
Smyth ppa, kilbane mt, murray mj, mc dermott ewm, smith df, o'higgins nj (1988), “serum thyroid
peroxidase autoantibodies, thyroid volume and outcome in breast cancer”, Clin endocr metab, 83,
2711-2716.
Smyth ppa (2000),”autoimmune thyroid disease and breast cancer: a chance association”, J endocrinol
invest, 23, 42-43.
Spitzweg c, joba w, eisenmenger w, heufelder a(1998), “analysis of human sodium iodide symporter
gene expression in extrathyroidal tissues and cloning of its complementary deoxyribonucleic acids
from salivary gland, mammary gland and gastric mucosa”, J clin endocrinol metab, 83,1746-1751.
Kilbane mtta, shering sg, symith df, mcdermott ewm, o'higgins nj, symith ppa (1998), “thyroid
peroxidase (TPO): an autoantigen common to the thyroid and breast”, J endocrinol, 156:323
58 | P a g e
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11.relationship between the levels of serum thyroid hormones and the risk of breast cancer
- 1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol 1, No.2, 2011 Relationship between the levels of Serum Thyroid Hormones and the Risk of Breast Cancer Athar Ali1*, Manzoor R Mir1, Sumira Bashir1, Tehseen Hassan2, Showkat A Bhat1 1. Division of veterinary biochemistry, Faculty of veterinary sciences & animal husbandry, Sher- e-Kashmir university of agricultural sciences & technology of Kashmir shuhama, Alusteng, srinagar-190006, Jammu & Kashmir. 2. Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Srinagar * E-mail of the corresponding author: Atherali15@gmail.com Abstract: Breast cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer death in women, but there has been a sustained decline in mortality rates over the last decades the relationship between breast cancer and thyroid diseases is controversial many works have been done in past also. The relation between autoimmune and non-autoimmune thyroid diseases has been investigated in patients with breast cancer and age- matched control individuals without breast or thyroid disease. Determination of serum thyroid hormone and antibody levels was done in 100 breast cancer patients and 75 control individuals. The mean values for thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies were significantly higher in breast cancer patients than in control individuals. Our results indicate an increased prevalence of autoimmune and non-autoimmune thyroid diseases in breast cancer patients. Keywords: breast, cancer, autoimmune thyroid diseases. 1. Introduction Breast cancer is a hormone-dependent neoplasm. It is the most common malignancy in women in western countries and accounts for 18.4% of all cancers in female patients (Sidransky d.1991). Qualitative changes in the lifestyle of women in developed countries that can influence risk factors for breast cancer, such as age at menarche, menopause, or first pregnancy, may partially explain this phenomenon (Sidransky 1992). Conflicting results regarding the clinical correlation between breast cancer and thyroid diseases have been reported in the literature (Mittra I., 1976 and Shering sg, 1996). Many studies showed that thyroid diseases are common among women with breast cancer whereas other reports did not confirm such an association of breast cancer with thyroid diseases (Maruchi n, 1976, Lemmarie m, 1986, Moossa ar, 1973, Kurland lt, 1976 and Anker gb, 1998 ). The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between breast cancer and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDS). Some authors have reported a higher prevalence of aitds among breast cancer patients than in age-matched control individuals (Gogas j, 2001, Myhil j, 1966 and Giani c, 1986). The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid diseases in patients with breast cancer as compared with that in the general female population. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Patient selection Study was carried out in Sher-i-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Srinagar in association with Govt. Medical College Srinagar. The study included 100 patients with Breast cancer and 75 controls (healthy volunteers). Breast cancer patients were 38–80 years old (median age 63 years) and were without any known thyroid disease. All patients were studied before any radio or chemo therapy. 2.2 Study included the following examinations Serum free Tri-iodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (T4) levels were determined in both patients and controls based on a solid-phase I125 radioimmunoassay designed for the quantitative measurement of free T3 and free T4 levels in serum using coat-a-count kit containing radioactive I125-T3 or T4 analogue. Also, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured using a Immunoradiometric assay designed for Quantitative Measurement of TSH in serum using coat-a-count kit containing radioactive I125-polyclonal anti-TSH. The normal ranges were 2.2–6.8 pmol/l (1.4–4.4 pg/ml) for free 56 | P a g e www.iiste.org
- 2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol 1, No.2, 2011 T3, 0.8–2.0 ng/dl for free T4 and 0.3–5.0 μIU/ml for TSH. All patients underwent serological determination of thyroid autoantibodies based on a direct anti-TPO radioimmunoassay kit for quantitative determination of anti-TPO autoantibodies (immunotech). Autoantibodies specific for thyroglobulin were measured using a quantitative indirect enzyme immunoassay based on the sandwich method (antithyroglobulin immunoradiometric assay kit; immunotech). The normal ranges were 0–60 IU/ml for antithyroglobulin antibodies and 0–20 IU/ml for anti-TPO antibodies. Those women without any breast or thyroid disease were the control group. 3. Results: Evaluation of thyroid function was based on serum thyroid hormones. The mean values for serum thyroid hormones were 7.25± 75 pmol/l for free t3, 2.93± 0. 0.57 ng/dl for free t4 and 4.12±1.40 μIU/ml for TSH in breast cancer patients, and 3.42± 0.91 pmol/l, 1.39± 0.21 ng/dl and 1.39± 0.79 μIU/ml respectively in the control group. The mean values for serum thyroid autoantibodies were 104.57± 19.39- iu/ml for anti-TPO antibodies in breast cancer patients, and 24.81± 5.16 IU/ml and, in the control group (table-1). Thus, the mean value for thyroid hormones and anti-TPO antibodies was higher in breast cancer patients than in the control group (p=0.030) and using statistical analysis it has been proposed that the presence of thyroid abnormalities may influence breast cancer progression. 4. Discussion The coincidence of thyroid disease and breast cancer has long been a subject of debate. Geographical variations in the incidence of breast cancer have been attributed to differences in dietary iodine intake, and an effect of iodine on the breast has been postulated (Mittra I., 1976). the possible interactions between thyroid gland and breast tissue are based on the common property of the mammary and thyroid epithelial cell to concentrate iodine by a membrane active transport mechanism (Giani c, 1986) as well as on the presence of TSH receptors in fatty tissue, which is abundant in mammary gland (Davies tf. 1994). Additionally, some endocrine stimuli identified in thyroid products that exert a simultaneous action on the breast and the various thyroid antibodies, which could also interact with receptors on breast tumours, have been postulated to be responsible for the coincidence of mammary and thyroid gland disorders (Ron e., 1984 and Dumont je, 1991). The present study found high prevalence of thyroid hormones and autoimmune thyroiditis, in breast cancer patients. With the use of specific immunoassays for TPO and thyroglobulin antibodies, an increased level of TPO has been demonstrated in breast cancer. It has been proposed that the presence of thyroid abnormalities may influence breast cancer progression (Smyth,1988). A recent report suggested a better prognosis for breast cancer among patients with increased levels of TPO (Smyth,1988). It has been proposed that the immune response might be directed both by tumour and by thyroid tissue, (Smyth ppa, 2000), or that the tumour and thyroid tissue share common properties, as they both express TPO and the sodium iodide symporter gene (Spitzweg c,1998 and Kilbane mtta, 1998), 5. Conclusion In this paper, we have studied thyroid autoantibody levels and thyroid function tests in breast cancer patients and controls. Abnormal thyroid gland characteristics were revealed in the breast cancer patients compared with the control group. There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of TPo antibody levels. These results indicate a significant association between breast cancer and thyroid disorders 6. Abbreviations T3 = triiodothyronine; AITD = autoimmune thyroid disease; ER = Estrogen receptor; T4 = Thyroxine; TSH = Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone; TPO = Thyroid Peroxidase. 7. References Sidransky d., von eschenbach a., tsai y. C., jones p., summerhayes i., marshall f., paul m., green p., hamilton s. R., frost p., vogelstein b. (1991), “Identification of p53 gene mutations in bladder cancers and urine samples”, Science (washington dc) 252, 706-709. 57 | P a g e www.iiste.org
- 3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol 1, No.2, 2011 Sidransky d., tokino t., hamilton s. R., kinzler k. W., levin b., frost p., vogelstein b. (1992), “Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumors”, Science (washington dc) 256, 102-105. Mittra I., perrin J, kumaoka S. (1976) ,“Thyroid and other autoantibodies in british and japanese women: an epidemiological study of breast cancer”, Bmj 1, 257-259. Shering sg, zbar ap, moriatry m.(1996), “thyroid disorders and breast cancer”, Eur j cancer prev 5, 504-506. Maruchi n, annegers jf, kurland lt. (1976), “hashimoto's thyroiditis and breast cancer”, Mayo clin proc 51, 263-265. Lemmarie m, baugnet-mahieu l. (1986), “thyroid function in women with breast cancer”, Eur j cancer clin oncol 22, 301-307. Moossa ar, price-evans da, brewer ac. (1973), “thyroid status and breast cancer: reappraisal of an old relationship”, Ann r coll surg 53, 178-188. Kurland lt, annegers jf. (1976), “breast cancer and hashimoto's thyroiditis [letter]”, Lancet 1, 808. Anker gb, lonning pe, aakvaag. (1998), “thyroid function in post-menopausal breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen”, Scand j clin lab invest 58,103-107. Gogas j, kouskos e, tseleni-balafouta s, markopoulos c, revenas k, gogas g, kostakis a. (2001), “autoimmune thyroid disease in women with breast carcinoma”, Eur j surg oncol 27, 626-630. Myhil j, reeve ts, hales ib. (1966), “thyroid function in breast cancer”, Acta endocrinol 51,290-300. Giani c, fierabracci p, bonacci r, gigliotti a, campani d, denegri f, cecchetti d, martino e, pinchera a. (1986), “relationship between breast cancer and thyroid disease: relevance of autoimmune thyroid disorders in breast malignancy”, J endocr metab 81, 990-994. Davies tf (1994), “the thyrotrophin receptors spread themselves around”, J clin endocrinol metabol 79,1232-1238. Ron e, curtis r, hooffman da, flannery jt (1984), “multiple primary breast and thyroid cancer”, Br j cancer 49, 87-90. Dumont je, maenhaut c (1991),”growth factors controlling the thyroid gland” Baillieres clin endocrinol metabol 5, 727-753. Smyth ppa, kilbane mt, murray mj, mc dermott ewm, smith df, o'higgins nj (1988), “serum thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies, thyroid volume and outcome in breast cancer”, Clin endocr metab, 83, 2711-2716. Smyth ppa (2000),”autoimmune thyroid disease and breast cancer: a chance association”, J endocrinol invest, 23, 42-43. Spitzweg c, joba w, eisenmenger w, heufelder a(1998), “analysis of human sodium iodide symporter gene expression in extrathyroidal tissues and cloning of its complementary deoxyribonucleic acids from salivary gland, mammary gland and gastric mucosa”, J clin endocrinol metab, 83,1746-1751. Kilbane mtta, shering sg, symith df, mcdermott ewm, o'higgins nj, symith ppa (1998), “thyroid peroxidase (TPO): an autoantigen common to the thyroid and breast”, J endocrinol, 156:323 58 | P a g e www.iiste.org
- 4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) Vol 1, No.2, 2011 Table 1 Serum thyroid hormone and antibody levels Patients Control P Free t3 (pmol/l) 7.25± 75 0. 3.42±0.91 0.48 Free t4 (ng/dl) 2.93±0.57 1.39±0.21 0.51 Tsh (μIU/ml 4.12±1.40 1.39±0.79 0.27 Anti-TPO antibodies (iu/ml) 104.57±19.39 24.81±5.16 0.030 T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine; TPO, thyroid peroxidase; TSH , thyroid-stimulating hormone. 59 | P a g e www.iiste.org
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