12 teaching method
- 1. REVIEW OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODS by : Ivan Achmad Nurcholis, M.Pd.
- 2. Teaching is : - Teaching is a process of imparting knowledge and skills - Systematic process based on some educational objectives - To communicate the message of knowledge
- 3. Gebhard (2000) in his book ‘Teaching English as a Foreign or Second Language’ said that a teacher should have appropriate knowledge to perform his/her successful teaching. One of the knowledge is mastering foreign language teaching methods.
- 4. - Teachers have tried to study and learnt the teaching methods but no one has yet come up with the ‘best’ one. - Language teacher are often confronted with set of terms, such as teaching method, approach, strategy, and technique.
- 5. • Celce-Murcia (2004), that a method is specific set of procedure. While a technique is a very specific type of learning activity used in one or more methods. • Brown (2001), that an approach is theoritically well informed positions, assumptions, thoughts, notions and beliefs concerning the nature of language, the nature of language learning.
- 6. • Next, Method is a generalized set of specification in the classroom for achieving linguistics objectives. In addition, a technique is any exercises, activities, and tasks in the classrooms to meet the objectives or goal of learning.
- 7. Reason why a teacher needs to learn foreign language teaching methods: 1. Teaching methods are just like fashions. 2. There is no bad or good English teaching methods. 3. To make teaching and learning process become easier.
- 8. Factors that influence the selection of teaching methods: a. Students b. Learning objectives to be achieved c. Factors of learning materials d. Teaching and learning situation e. Facilities f. Allocation of instructional time g. Teacher
- 9. Types of Foreign Language Teaching Methods: 1. Grammar Translation Method (1890s-1930s) 2. Direct Method (1970s) 3. Audiolingual Method (1950s-1960s) 4. Communicative Language Taching Method 5. Silent Way Method (1960s-2000s)
- 10. 6. Total Physical Response (1960s-2000s) 7. Community Language Learning (1960s-2000s) 8. Suggestopedia 9. Natural or Communicative Approach 10. Inquiry-based Instruction 11. Task-based Learning 12. Cooperative Learning.
- 11. 1. Grammar Translation Method - The grammar translation method which is also known as the grammar translation approach is often referred to as the classical method/old method as it was first used in the teaching of Latin and Greek. - It emphasises the study in translation of the written language. - Successful learners are those who translate each language into the other, though they cannot communicate orally
- 12. - Students must learn grammatical rules overtly - Teaches the language by ‘rule’ and not by ‘use’. - Teacher is the strict authority. Students are the passive receivers of the new information. - Teacher formal grammar from the very beginning. - Ways of teaching: a presentation of a grammatical rule, followed by a list of vocabulary and, finally translation exercises from selected text.
- 13. 2. Direct method - As reaction against GTM - Expert teacher is required - Inductive learning is essential for discovery and fluency - Language is for oral use. L1 is forbidden. - The teacher is partner and guide for students. Students are active participants. - Not useful for crowded class
- 14. - First speaking is taught and then only reading and writing.
- 15. 3. Audiolingual Method - Language learning is a process of habit formation. More repeat stronger the habit. - Focus on pronunciation. Dependence on mimicry and memorization of set phrases - It is important for teahers to preven students errors since errors can lead to the formation of bad habits. - Use grammar drills. Students should overlearn the sentence patterns of the target language. - Immediate reinforcement of correct response to develop correct habits. - Learning vocabulary in context.
- 16. - Speech is for basic to language in written form. - Don’t stand in one place to know who give more practice to during individual drilling. - Use ‘backward buildup’.
- 17. 4. Situational Language Teaching Method - Connected to real world situation - Teaching is started by oral language - Materials are presented firstly orally then in written - Use target language - Oral is as the language foundation and grammar is the heart of the oral.
- 18. 5. Silent Way Method - Unique method because the teacher is silent and can focus on the language of the students. - No books used. Teacher just uses facilities. - Students need on board. The need to understand what the process is. So they’re not scare of if. - The focus is on them.
- 19. - The teacher sometimes can disappear to the back, side of the class so no one can see the teacher so the focus is only on them. - Teacher should take a lot of patient, understanding, observing of students’ learning. - All base is in discovery. Students really discover the language.
- 20. - They don’t memorize. - This method is slower because focus on the quality than quantity. - Students’ attitude should be positive .
- 21. 6. Total Physical Response Method (TPR) - The students listen and do the movement accordingly - The sentences are repeated several times - At the beginning it is important to maintain the order. - The students learn to understand the meaning of the sentences with the helps of mime, gestures, and drawing on the board.
- 22. 7. Community Language Learning - Learning a language is not viewed as an individual accomplishement, but rather as a collective experience, something to be disseminated out into the community at large. - The students determine what is to be learned - The students are creative, dynamic, and no directive in their community - The role of the teacher is that of a facilitator and support
- 23. 8. Suggestopedia - Classess are small and intensive, with a low stress focus. - Material is presented in an especially melodic and artistic way. - Background classical or baroque music to create pleasant and playful atmosphere. - Teacher firstly present the content of the text through special improvisation, special movement, and sounds without using text. It is like doing drama.
- 24. - Teacher secondly present again the topic but through reading slowly the text, while students are listening to pronunciation, with slow intonation, and vocabulary to give the meaning. - Doing the movement themselve is important
- 25. 9. Natural or Communicative Approach - Activities that involve real communication promotes learning. - No inference of grammar - The teacher is a facilitator and monitor of students’ learning. Students are communicators and active negotiators of meaning.
- 26. 10. Inquiry-based instruction - The core of inquiry is spontaneous and a self- directed exploration. - Investigative processes such as inferring, hypothesizing, measuring, predicting, classifying, analyzing, and experimenting, formulating conclusions and generalization are employed.
- 27. - Experiencing success in inquiry based builds up the learners’ feeling of confidence. - Teachers strongly believe that facts and concepts that learners discover by themselves become stored as part of their permanent learning.
- 28. 11. Task-Based Method - Students are completing a task with others such as writing a newspaper article, giving oral presentation. - Pre-task, task, and post-task - Work to understand each other and the task at hand (problem solving, critical thinking, interaction) - The students use authentic language using L2.
- 29. - The tacher is an observer or counsellor. Students are engaged and motivated in L2 tasks. - Example of techniqu: Collaborative work.
- 30. 12. Cooperative Language Learning - Students’ center model - CLL makes maximum use of cooperative activities involving pairs and small groups of learners in the classroom. - Learning is dependent socially (help each other to increase the interaction and contribution).
- 31. - Benefit: Academic achievement, reducing anxiety, promoting interaction, self confidence - Examples: Three-step interview, NHT, Rountable, Think-Pair-Share, Jigsaw.
- 32. THANK YOU