12 Transglobe Shortcuts in Judging Others
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The document discusses common perceptual errors and biases that can affect decision-making in organizational behavior, including selective perception, projection, stereotyping, halo effect, and contrast effect. It emphasizes the importance of enhancing perceptual skills and minimizing biases to improve managerial decision-making. The document also provides strategies for overcoming these biases, such as seeking feedback, practicing empathy, and maintaining a positive attitude.
12 Transglobe Shortcuts in Judging Others
- 1. T R A N S G L O B E A C A D E M Y Organisational Behaviour Babu Appat
- 2. O R G A N I S AT I O N A L B E H AV I O U R - U N I T - I
- 3. Transglobe Academy SHORTCUTS IN JUDGING OTHERS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
- 4. Introduction In perceiving the stimuli in our environment, people are likely to make so many errors and end up with poor results. Some of those errors are stereotyping, halo effects, selective perception, distortions, attributions, projections etc.
- 5. Introduction Each of these errors is dysfunctional for good decision making and management. Since subjective emotions, judgmental attitudes, and distortion of facts are common in perceiving any situation, we have tried to identify ways in which we can minimize perceptual biases.
- 6. Introduction The need for managers to accurately perceive the environment and how manages can sharpen their perceptual skill are vital in enhancing perceptual skills.
- 7. Shortcuts in judging others People tend to follow a number of shortcut methods when observing others and making judgment of other's activities.
- 8. Shortcuts in judging others These techniques are to some extent valuable and allow us to make accurate perceptions rapidly and provide valid data for making predictions. However, they are not fool- proof.
- 9. Shortcuts in judging others However, people often rely on them and follow them blindly. They can get us into trouble, particularly if you happen to hold higher level position and required to make effective decision making.
- 10. Shortcuts in judging others An understanding of this shortcut can be helpful in recognizing when they can result in significant distortions.
- 11. FREQUENTLY USED SHORTCUTS IN JUDGING OTHERS While observing others in our day-to-day life, people tend to commit errors due to faulty perceptual process and make a wrong decision. This has to be avoided. There are five types of errors or short-cut methods which are frequently used by the individuals.
- 12. The five types of shortcuts people use to judge others 1. Selective Perception 2. Projection 3. Stereotyping 4. Halo Effect 5. Contrast Effect
- 13. Selective Perception It is a tendency to observe people selectively and accordingly interpret based on their interest, background, experience and attitudes.
- 14. Selective Perception For example, a production manager is always likely to identify the need to strengthen the production system; the marketing manager will focus only on the marketing research and sales promotions activities.
- 15. Selective Perception In general, we tend to notice things which are similar to us. For instance, we are more likely to notice the type of cars which are similar to ours.
- 16. Selective Perception The simplest way of avoiding hasty or wrong decision being made due to selective perception is to seek other people's percep tions of “reality” in the same situation in order to make a better assessment of the situation.
- 17. Projection It is a tendency to assign one's own personal attributes to others. For instance, a manager who is corrupt will tend to project that all others are also corrupt like him.
- 18. Projection Similarly, a manager who loves challenging work might project that all others like challenging work. Many times, this is not true, and the manager who tries to enrich all the jobs as challenging might be leading to wrong motivational technique for other employees.
- 19. Projection When managers engage in projection, they compromise their ability to respond to individual differences.
- 20. Projection They tend to see people as more homogeneous than they really are. Thus, managers should guard themselves against perceptual biases through projection.
- 21. Stereotyping It is a tendency to judge people based on the perception of the group to which he belongs. We tend to attribute favourable or unfavourable characteristics to the individual based on upon widely held generalisation about the group.
- 22. Stereotyping For instance, we perceive that Japanese in general are hardworking, quality conscious and industrious, and based on that we generalise that all Japanese are like that, but in reality it may not be so.
- 23. Stereotyping There are some Japanese who may not possess the above mentioned characte ristics.
- 24. Stereotyping Similarly we assume that women in general are soft, kind, caring, affectionate, considerate, gentle, but there are some women who may not possess these characteristics.
- 25. Stereotyping Similarly, we may assume older people are traditional, conservative, and cranky, but not every elderly person fits into this mould and hence we are likely to make errors of judgment.
- 26. Stereotyping Sex-role stereotypes and age- stereotypes adversely affect recruitment, pay, job placement, and promotion decisions. As a result of which, organisations frequently lose good employees.
- 27. Halo Effect It is tendency to draw a general overall impression about an individual based on single striking characteristics. For instance, if a person speaks English fluently, we tend to assume that that person is very knowledgeable, intelligent, smart, hardworking etc.
- 28. Halo Effect Similarly, if a man is abrasive, he may also be perceived as bad, awful, unkind, aggressive, harmful, deceitful and wicked.
- 29. Halo Effect Halo effect, whether it is positive or negative, will distort our perception and block us from actually perceiving the trait that is being judged. This phenomenon frequently o ccurs when students appraise their university lecturer.
- 30. Contrast Effect It is tendency to evaluate a person's characteristics by just comparing with other people who happened to acquire higher or lower position on the same characteristics.
- 31. Contrast Effect For instance, while comparing the presentation of students, a good presentation made by one student just before you will probably make you feel that you won't be as good as you probably are.
- 32. Contrast Effect This contrast effect can distort our perception. In general, a person will be evaluated in isolation. But our reaction to one person is often influenced by other people or events in which we have recently encountered.
- 33. Contrast Effect In interview situation, a job applicant is likely to receive a more favourable evaluation if preceded by mediocre applicants and a less favourable evaluation if preceded by strong applicants.
- 34. Methods to overcome such biases in perception The pitfalls listed above can be minimized by enhancing perceptual skills by consciously putting effort in the following activities: • Knowing and perceiving oneself accurately • Being empathic • Having positive attitudes • Enhancing one's self-concept • Making a conscious effort to avoid the possible common biases in perception • Open communication • Avoiding Attributions.
- 35. Knowing and Perceiving Oneself Accurately: One of the ways in judging others and situations more accurately are by knowing, perceiving and understanding ourselves accurately.
- 36. Knowing and Perceiving Oneself Accurately: The best way of achieving this objective is to obtain information on how others perceive us from as many sources as possible - supervisors, peers, subordinates and other colleagues.
- 37. Knowing and Perceiving Oneself Accurately: By consciously putting effort in getting feedback from others as much as possible about yourself regarding all the activities will help widen your open self.
- 38. Knowing and Perceiving Oneself Accurately: Similarly, by exposing yourself to others regarding your opinions, suggestions, beliefs, values, attitudes life styles etc, others may be able to understand you better and come forward to share their views more frequently.
- 39. Knowing and Perceiving Oneself Accurately: There are two critical things relevant to widening ones open self - i) soliciting feedback from others and ii) exposing or disclosing yourself to others.
- 40. Being Empathic Empathy means being able to see a situation as it is experienced by others. If a person is able to view the problems of his employees from the employees' point of view instead of looking things from his own perspective, he may be able to understand the real problems experienced by them very clearly.
- 41. Being Empathic The truly effective manager will be able to rise above his or her own personal impressions and comprehend problems from others perspectives. This can occur only when the manager can be sensitive to the needs of others and perceive situations from their point of view as well before making final decisions.
- 42. Having Positive Attitude There is a high level of relationships among attitudes, perceptions, beliefs and values. Unless managers can take positive attitudes to whatever situations they find themselves in and see things from a positive angle, their perceptions are likely to be distorted.
- 43. Having Positive Attitude By being aware of personal biases, and making a concerted effort to be as unbiased as possible, manages can consciously try to get rid of any negative feelings they may have of others.
- 44. Having Positive Attitude This will help them to put things in their proper perspectives and thus enhance their perceptual skills.
- 45. S H O R T C U T S I N J U D G I N G O T H E R S SHORTCUTS IN JUDGING OTHERS AND ITS APPLICATIONS How to judge others accurately Selective Perception Five types of Selective Perception Positive Thinking
- 46. S H O R T C U T S I N J U D G I N G O T H E R S Selective perception Projection Know Yourself Stereotyping Halo Effect Contrast Effect Knowing Oneself Accurately Empathy Positive Attitudes Compassion Frequently used Shortcuts Words, deeds, actions, habits and destiny
- 47. H A P P Y L E A R N I N G F R U I T F U L C A R E E R Wish you all success in your life Babu Appat
- 48. Wish you all success in your life Babu Appat