13-Nervous-System from stem strand, learn now
- 1. 1. Contrast the functions of B cells and T cells. 2. What are memory cells? 3. How do vaccines work? 4. How does HIV affect the immune system?
- 2. 1. Draw and label the parts of a neuron. 2. Describe saltatory conduction. 3. Explain how a nerve impulse is transmitted across a neuron.
- 3. 1. What happens at the synapse? 2. Choose 1 neurotransmitter. Describe its action. 3. What is the role of the following structures in the human brain? a) Brainstem b) Cerebellum c) Cerebrum d) Corpus callosum
- 4. Chapters 48 & 49 Campbell Biology – 9th ed.
- 5. ¡ The anatomy of a neuron. ¡ The mechanisms of impulse transmission in a neuron. ¡ The process that leads to release of neurotransmitters, and what happens at the synapse. ¡ How the vertebrate brain integrates information, which leads to an appropriate response. ¡ Different regions of the brain have different functions.
- 6. ¡ Central nervous system (CNS) = brain + spinal cord ¡ Peripheral nervous system (PNS) = nerves throughout body § Sensory receptors: collect info § Sensory neurons: body à CNS § Motor neurons: CNS à body (muscles, glands) § Interneurons: connect sensory & motor neurons ¡ Nerves = bundles of neurons § Contains motor neurons +/or sensory neurons
- 13. ¡ cell body: contains nucleus & organelles ¡ dendrites: receive incoming messages ¡ axons: transmit messages away to other cells ¡ myelin sheath: fatty insulation covering axon, speeds up nerve impulses ¡ synapse: junction between 2 neurons ¡ neurotransmitter: chemical messengers sent across synapse ¡ Glia: cells that support neurons § Eg. Schwann cells (forms myelin sheath)
- 17. The Na+/K+ pump (using ATP) maintains a negative potential inside the neuron.
- 18. ¡ Resting potential: membrane potential at rest; polarized § Na+ outside, K+ inside cell § Voltage-gated Na+ channel = CLOSED ¡ Nerve impulse: stimulus causes a change in membrane potential § Action potential: neuron membrane depolarizes § All-or-nothing response Na+ channels open Na+ enters cell K+ channels open K+ leaves cell
- 22. Saltatory conduction speed: 120 m/sec
- 25. ¡ Chemicals released from vesicles by exocytosis into synaptic cleft ¡ Diffuse across synapse ¡ Bind to receptors on neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells ¡ Broken down by enzymes or taken back up into surrounding cells ¡ Types of neurotransmitters: § Excitatory: speed up impulses by causing depolarization of postsynaptic membrane § Inhibitory: slow impulses by causing hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane
- 27. ¡ Acetylcholine (ACh): stimulates muscles, memory formation, learning ¡ Epinephrine: (adrenaline) fight-or-flight ¡ Norepinephrine: fight-or-flight ¡ Dopamine: reward, pleasure (“high”) § Loss of dopamine à Parkinson’s Disease ¡ Serotonin: well-being, happiness § Low levels à Depression ¡ GABA: inhibitory NT § Affected by alcohol
- 29. Poster Presentation: ¡ Drug: ¡ Neurotransmitter(s) Involved ¡ Action of Drug: ¡ Summary Illustration
- 30. ¡ Simple, automatic response to a stimulus ¡ Conscious thought not required ¡ Reflex arc: 1. Stimulus detected by receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Interneuron (spinal cord or brain stem) 4. Motor neuron 5. Response by effector organ (muscles, glands)
- 33. Major Regions: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
- 34. • Forebrain à cerebrum • Midbrain à brainstem • Hindbrain à cerebellum
- 35. Structure Function Cerebrum • Information processing (learning, emotion, memory, perception, voluntary movement) • Right & Left cerebral hemispheres • Corpus callosum: connect hemispheres Brainstem *Oldest evolutionary part* •Basic, autonomic survival behaviors •Medulla oblongata –breathing, heart & blood vessel activity, digestion, swallowing, vomiting •Transfer info between PNS & CNS Cerebellum • Coordinate movement & balance • Motor skill learning
- 36. Structure Function Cerebrum • Information processing (learning, emotion, memory, perception, voluntary movement) • Right & Left cerebral hemispheres • Corpus callosum: connect hemispheres Brainstem *Oldest evolutionary part* •Basic, autonomic survival behaviors •Medulla oblongata –breathing, heart & blood vessel activity, digestion, swallowing, vomiting •Transfer info between PNS & CNS Cerebellum • Coordinate movement & balance • Motor skill learning Human Brain
- 37. Structure Function Cerebrum • Information processing (learning, emotion, memory, perception, voluntary movement) • Right & Left cerebral hemispheres • Corpus callosum: connect hemispheres Brainstem *Oldest evolutionary part* •Basic, autonomic survival behaviors •Medulla oblongata –breathing, heart & blood vessel activity, digestion, swallowing, vomiting •Transfer info between PNS & CNS Cerebellum • Coordinate movement & balance • Motor skill learning Human Brain
- 38. Structure Function Cerebrum • Information processing (learning, emotion, memory, perception, voluntary movement) • Right & Left cerebral hemispheres • Corpus callosum: connect hemispheres Brainstem *Oldest evolutionary part* •Basic, autonomic survival behaviors •Medulla oblongata –breathing, heart & blood vessel activity, digestion, swallowing, vomiting •Transfer info between PNS & CNS Cerebellum • Coordinate movement & balance • Motor skill learning Human Brain