1.7

The document discusses how to measure the evolution of populations using the Hardy-Weinberg principle of equilibrium. It explains that the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium serves as a model for a non-evolving population that can be used to measure if evolutionary forces are acting on a real population. It provides the formulas for calculating allele and genotype frequencies in a population at equilibrium. An example problem applies the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate genotype frequencies in a population of cats. The document also discusses how the principle can be applied, using sickle cell anemia and malaria as an example of heterozygote advantage maintaining a harmful allele in a population.