17. The Transformation of the West
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This document provides an overview of major developments in Western Europe between the 14th and 18th centuries. It covers the Italian Renaissance and its spread north, the Protestant and Catholic Reformations, the rise of absolute and parliamentary monarchies, the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, and changes in commerce, manufacturing, and political thought. Key events and figures discussed include Petrarch, Michelangelo, the Protestant Reformation sparked by Luther, the Thirty Years War, Galileo, Newton, Louis XIV of France, and Adam Smith.
17. The Transformation of the West
- 1. Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
- 2. I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change III. The West by 1750
- 3. I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce A. A New Spirit Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) Secular writing B. The Italian Renaissance Begins 14th, 15th centuries In northern Italy Italy Urbanized Merchant class Political rivalry Petrarch, Boccaccio Use Italian Secular topics Painting Use of perspective Shadow, distance Focus on humans Western Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation
- 4. I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce B. The Italian Renaissance Michelango Buonarotti Leonardo da Vinci Nicolo Machiavelli Humanism Looking back to classical past Study of texts, especially ancient C. The Renaissance Moves Northward By 1500, impetus moves north Northern Renaissance France, Low Countries, England, Germany Thence to eastern Europe More concerned with religious matters William Shakespeare Miguel de Cervantes
- 5. I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce D. The Protestant and Catholic Reformations 1517, Martin Luther's challenge Attacks church institutions Bible the only authority Vernacular translations Protestant protest used for political gain German opposition to the papacy Rulers seize church lands Henry VIII Establishes Anglican church Jean Calvin Calvinism Predestination Catholic Reformation Renewal Jesuits Missionaries Education
- 6. I. The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce E. The End of Christian Unity in the West Religious Wars France Calvinists v. Catholics 1598, Edict of Nantes Promises Protestants’ toleration 30 Years War (1618-1648) Devastating to Germany Netherlands independent Literacy increases F. The Commercial Revolution Inflation, 16th century Gold, silver from New World Demand outstrips supply G. Social Protest Proletariat develops Attitudes towards poor change Protests Witchcraft hysteria Western Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation
- 7. II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change A. Did Copernicus Copy? Nicolai Copernicus Polish monk Knowledge of work of al-Urdi, al-Tusi? Earlier Arab scientists
- 8. II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change B. Science: The New Authority New instruments add to data collection Galileo Galilei Uses Copernicus' work Kepler’s observations confirm earlier work William Harvey Circulatory system Methods Francis Bacon Empirical research René Descartes Skepticism Isaac Newton System of natural laws Deism God does not intervene with nature John Locke Use of reason
- 9. II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change C. Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies 17th century, medieval balance disrupted France dominates Centralized monarchy Bureaucracy “Absolute monarchy" Louis XIV the best example Nobles kept at court Other absolute monarchs Spain, Prussia, Austria-Hungary Territorial expansion England Difference Civil War Parliament triumphant Western Europe under Absolute Monarchies
- 10. II. Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change D. The Nation-State Definition Common language, culture National literature, songs, foods Territorial aspect Common allegiance
- 11. III. The West by 1750 A. Political Patterns Great change in central Europe Frederick the Great of Prussia Religious freedom State regulates economy Overseas commercial networks Continual warfare France v. Britain Rivalry over overseas territory Prussia v. Austria Territorial conflicts
- 12. III. The West by 1750 B. Enlightenment Thought and Popular Culture Scientific Revolution leads to Enlightenment Scientific methods applied to other fields General principles People are good Reason the answer Belief in progress Political science Adam Smith Laissez-faire Criminology Society Women's rights Protection of children Attack inequities
- 13. III. The West by 1750 C. Ongoing Change in Commerce and Manufacturing Mass consumerism Agriculture Nitrogen-fixing crops Stockbreeding Swamp drainage Potatoes, etc. introduced Domestic system Households produce finished goods D. Innovation and Instability Change becomes the norm