1.Accidents,Causes.ppt
- 1. 19CEC01- Construction Safety Practices Unit-1 Accidents & Causes
- 2. Accident The American National Safety Council has defined accident as: “That occurrence in sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury, death or property damage’’.
- 3. Causes of Accidents The causes may be human or mechanical failures. The two broad sources of the accidents may be classified in to: Unsafe conditions and Unsafe actions
- 4. Factors contributing to accidents Mechanical Environment Human
- 5. Mechanical causes Inadequately guarded Unguarded Unsafe design or construction Hazardous arrangement
- 6. Environmental Causes Illumination Ventilation Temperature Speed of work Hours of Work Spread over work period Workload
- 7. Human causes Individual factors Age Marriage Education Health Length of Service Work performance Psychological Factors Attitude towards Job Interest & difficulties Machine habits Attention Fatigue
- 8. Personality factors Intellectual level Emotional maturity Adjustment Anxiety level Sociological factors Size of family Number of dependents Financial position Social Status Interpersonal relations Home Environment Contd…
- 9. Classification of accidents Fall from height Struck by falling objects Fall at same level Overexertion Inhalation or absorption Contact with electricity / Electric flash Others
- 10. Types of Accidents FALL TO – same level – lower level CAUGHT – in – on – between CONTACT WITH – chemicals – electricity – heat/cold – radiation BODILY REACTION FROM – voluntary motion – involuntary motion
- 11. (cont…) STRUCK – Against stationary or moving object protruding object sharp or jagged edge – By moving or flying object falling object RUBBED OR ABRADED BY – friction – pressure – vibration
- 12. Accident Causing Factors Basic Causes – Management – Environmental – Equipment – Human Behavior Indirect Causes – Unsafe Acts – Unsafe Conditions Direct Causes – Slips, Trips, Falls – Caught In – Run Over – Chemical Exposure
- 13. Policy & Procedures Environmental Conditions Equipment/Plant Design Human Behavior Slip/Trip Fall Energy Release Pinched Between Indirect Causes Direct Causes ACCIDENT Personal Injury Property Damage Potential/Actual Basic Causes Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions
- 14. Basic Causes Management Environment Equipment Human Behavior Systems & Procedures Natural & Man-made Design & Equipment
- 15. Management Systems & Procedures – Lack of systems & procedures – Availability – Lack of Supervision
- 16. Environment Physical – Lighting – Temperature Chemical – vapors – smoke • Biological –Bacteria –Reptiles
- 17. Environment
- 18. Design and Equipment • Design – Workplace layout – Design of tools & equipment – Maintenance
- 19. Design and Equipment Equipment – Suitability – Stability Guarding Ergonomic Accessibility
- 20. Human Behavior Common to all accidents Not limited to person involved in accident
- 21. Human Factors Omissions & Commissions Deviations from SOP – Lacking Authority – Short Cuts – Remove guards
- 22. Competencies (how it needs to be done) Human Behavior is a function of : Activators (what needs to be done) Consequences (what happens if it is/isn’t done)
- 23. ABC Model Antecedents (trigger behavior) Behavior (human performance) Consequences (either reinforce or punish behavior)
- 24. Positive Reinforcement (R+) ("Do this & you'll be rewarded") Negative Reinforcement (R- ) ("Do this or else you'll be penalized") Only 4 Types of Consequences: Behavior •Punishment (P) ("If you do this, you'll be penalized") •Extinction (E) ("Ignore it and it'll go away")
- 25. Deviations from SOP No Safe Procedure Employee Didn’t know Safe Procedure Employee knew, did not follow Safe Procedure Procedure encouraged risk- taking Employee changed approved procedure
- 26. Human Behavior Thought Question: What would you do as a worker if you had to take 10-15 minutes to don the correct P.P.E. to enter an area to turn off a control valve which took 10 seconds?
- 27. Human Behavior Punishment or threatening workers is a behavioral method used by some Safety Management programs Punishment only works if: – It is immediate – Occurs every time there is an unsafe behavior This is very hard to do
- 28. Human Behavior Some experts believe you can change worker’s safety behavior by changing their “Attitude” Accident Report – “Safety Attitude” A person’s “Attitude” toward any subject is linked with a set of other attitudes - Trying to change them all would be nearly impossible A Behavior change leads to a new “Attitude” because people reduce tension between Behavior and their “Attitude”
- 29. Are inside a person’s head -therefore they are not observable nor measurable Attitudes can be changed by changing behaviors however Attitudes
- 30. Human Behavior “Attention” Behavioral Safety approach – Focuses on getting workers to pay “Attention” – Inability to control “Attention” is a contributing factor in many injuries You can’t scare workers into a safety focus with “Pay Attention” campaigns
- 31. Reasons for Lack of Attention 1. Technology encourages short attention spans (TV remote, Computer Mouse) 2. Increased Job Stress caused by uncertainty (mergers & downsizing) 3. Lean staffing and increased workloads require quick attention shifts between tasks 4. Fast pace of work – little time to learn new tasks and do familiar ones safely
- 32. Reasons for Lack of Attention 5. Work repetition can lull workers into a loss of attention 6. Low level of loyalty shown to employees by an ever reorganizing employer may lead to: a) Disinterested workers b) Detached workers (no connection to employer) c) Inattentive workers
- 33. Human Behavior Focusing on “Awareness” is a typical educational approach to change safety behavior Example: You provide employees with a persuasive rationale for wearing safety glasses and hearing protection in certain work areas
- 34. Developing Personal Safety Awareness A) Before starting, consider how to do job safely B) Understand required P.P.E. and how to use it C) Determine correct tools and ensure they are in good condition D) Scan work area – know what is going on E) As you work, check work position – reduce any strain F) Any unsafe act or condition should be corrected G) Remain aware of any changes in your workplace – people coming, going, etc. H) Talk to other workers about safety I) Take safety home with you
- 35. Human Behavior Some Thought Questions: 1. Do you want to work safely? 2. Do you want others to work safely? 3. Do you want to learn how to prevent accidents/injuries? 4. How often do you think about safety as you work? 5. How often do you look for actions that could cause or prevent injuries?
- 36. Human Behavior More Thought Questions: a) Have you ever carried wood without wearing gloves? b) Have you ever left something in a walkway that was a tripping hazard? c) Have you ever carried a stack of boxes that blocked your view? d) Have you ever used a tool /equipment you didn’t know how to operate? e) Have you ever left a desk or file drawer open while you worked in an area? f) Have you ever placed something on a stair “Just for a minute”? g) Have you ever done anything unsafe because “I’ve always done it this way”?
- 37. Human Behavior TIME! “All this safety stuff takes time doesn’t it”? “I’m too busy”! “I can’t possibly do all this”! “The boss wants the job done now”!