2 c++ programming languages
- 1. The University of Dodoma High level programming Languages
- 2. Programming Language There are three Programming languages Machine Language Assembly Language High level Language
- 3. 3 Low level PL (Machine Language) These a Binary coded instructions The fundamental language of the computer’s processor, also called Low Level Language. All programs are converted into machine language before they can be executed. Consists of combination of 0’s and 1’s that represent high and low electrical voltage.
- 4. 4 Assembly Language these are Symbolic coded instructions A low level language that is similar to machine language. Uses symbolic operation code to represent the machine operation code. Many assembly languages exist, one for each processor. Despite differences, many assembly languages share the same fundamental structure.
- 5. 5 High Level Language Computer (programming) languages that are easier to learn. Uses English like statements. Examples are C ++, Visual Basic, ,Java ,Pascal, Fortran and …....
- 6. Programming Language Generations First Generation (late 1940s): Machine-level programming languages Fast and efficient, executed directly on the CPU Consists only of 0s and 1s Difficult for humans to read, write, and debug
- 7. Programming Language Generations Second Generation (early 1950s): Symbolic assemblers Interpreting routines Very early compilers Assembly languages Simple mnemonic instructions <opcode> <operands> Assembler translates into machine code Handcoding in assembly only for low-level needs
- 8. Programming Language Generations Third Generation (mid 1950s - present): High level, general-purpose FORTRAN, LISP, COBOL, ALGOL (Ada, Basic, C, C++, Java, Pascal, Smalltalk, …) Easier for humans to read, write, debug Compiler translates into machine code before running Interpreter translates into machine code at runtime
- 9. Programming Language Generations Fourth Generation (1970s - ): Specification languages, query languages, report generators, systems engineering Maple, Mathematica, Postscript, SPSS, SQL Fifth Generation (1980s - ): Solve problems using constraints rather than algorithms, used in Artificial Intelligence Prolog
- 10. Translating a C++ program University of Dodoma-cive 10
- 11. Creating a source file It is important to use the correct file extension depends on the compiler you use, the most commonly found file extensiosare .cpp and .cc. 11
- 12. Explanations 1.First, a text editor is used to save the C++ program in a text file. In other words,the source code is saved to a source file. 2.The source file is put through a compiler for translation. If everything works as planned, an object file made up of machine code is created. The object file is also referred to as a module. 12
- 13. Compilers Compilers is a program that translate high-level language to machine language The compiler on your system converts source code to object code. Source code the original program in a high level language Object code the translated version in machine language
- 14. 8-14 Compilers …… Figure 8.1 Compilation process
- 15. 8-15 Interpreters Interpreter: a translating program and executes the statements in sequence Unlike an assembler or compiler which produce machine code as output, which is then executed in a separate step An interpreter translates a statement and then immediately executes the statement Interpreters can be viewed as simulators
- 16. Chapter 17 Programming Tools 17-16 Linkers Searches program libraries to find library routines used by the program Library: collection of pre-written functions and subroutines made available to perform commonly required activities Determines the memory locations that code from each module will occupy and relocates instructions by adjusting absolute references Resolves references among files
- 17. Finally, the linker combines the object file with other modules to form an executable file. These further modules contain functions from standard libraries or parts of the program that have been compiled previously. 17
- 18. Transformation of a high-level language into machine ….. 18
- 19. Contents of a program 19
- 20. Pre-processor Directives Preprocessing Occurs before a program is compiled Inclusion of other files Definition of symbolic constants and macros Conditional compilation of program code Conditional execution of preprocessor directives Format of preprocessor directives Lines begin with # Only whitespace characters before directives on a line
- 21. 13.2 The #include Preprocessor Directive#include Copy of a specified file included in place of the directive #include <filename> - Searches standard library for file Use for standard library files #include "filename" Searches current directory, then standard library Use for user-defined files Used for Loading header files (#include <iostream>) Programs with multiple source files to be compiled together Header file - has common declarations and definitions (classes, structures, function prototypes) #include statement in each file