2 introduction and type of research.ppt

DEFINITION OF
RESERCH
is defined as a systematic and
scientific process to answer to questions
about facts and relationship between facts. It
is an activity involved in seeking answer to
unanswered questions.
Research seeks to generate an answer to
the problem as well as suggesting additional
questions in flood of further inquiry.
Research

 (Ruth M. French, 1968) Research may be
defined as the systematic and objective
analysis and recording of controlled
observation that may lead to the development
of generalizations, principles, theories, resulting in
prediction and possible ultimate control of events.
 (J. W. Best, 1969) Research is the process of
systematic obtaining accurate answers to
significant and pertinent questions by the use of
the scientific method of gathering and interpreting
information.
 (Clover and Balsley, 1979) Research may be
defined as planned, systematic search for
information for the purpose of increasing the
total body of man's knowledge. It involves

NURSING RESEARCH
Nursing research refers to the use of
systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical
investigation in attempting to discover or
confirm facts that relate to specific problem or
question about the practice of nursing. (Walls
and Bauzell, 1981)
Nursing research is defined as the application
of scientific inquiry to the phenomena of
concern to nursing. Nursing research seeks to
find new knowledge that can eventually be
applied in providing nursing care to patients.

 Nursing research develops knowledge about
health and promotion of health over the full lifespan,
care of person with health problems and disabilities to
respond effectively to actual or potential health
problems. (Commission of Nursing Research,American
Nurses Association, 1981)
 Nursing research is a way to identify new
knowledge, improve professional education
and practices and use of resources effectively.
(International Council of Nurses,1986)
 Nursing Research is scientific, systematic
and orderly process to find out solution for
problems concern to nursing or generating
and refining the nursing knowledge to
improve quality of nursing care, nursing

NEED AND PURPOSES
Develop, refine, and extend the,
scientific base of knowledge, which is
required for quality nursing care,
education, and administration.
Enhance the body of professional
knowledge in nursing.
Provide foundation for evidence-based
nursing practices.
Help in expansion of knowledge, which
is essential for continued growth of
nursing profession.

Enhance their professional identity as
research is an essential component of any
profession.
Define the parameters of nursing, which
will help nurses to identify boundaries of
nursing profession.
Refine and eliminate old knowledge so that
it helps in elimination of nursing actions
that have no effect on the achievement of
desired client outcomes.
Enhance accuracy of different nursing
educational and administrative techniques.
Develop and refine nursing theories and
principles.

B. RESEARCH PROCESS
Conceptual phase
Formulating and delimiting the problem
Reviewing the related literature
Under taking clinical field work
Defining the framework and
development of conceptual definitions
Formulating hypothesis
Designing and planning phase
Selecting a research design.
Developing protocol for intervention

Identifying the population to be studied.
Designing the sample plan.
Specifying the method to measure the
research variable.
Developing methods for safeguarding
human / animal rights.
Finalizing and reviewing the research
plan. ( pilot study. )
Empirical phase
Collecting the data
Preparing the data for analysis.

Analytic phase
Analyzing the data
Interpreting the result
Dissemination phase
Communicating the findings
Utilizing the finding in practice.

According to earnest desire
Basic research
Applied research
Exploratory research
Descriptive research
Diagnostic research
Evaluative research
Action research.

BASIC RESEARCH
It is also known as Pure, theoretical or
fundamental research, which is always aimed
to enriching the theory, by untravelling the
untold mysteries of nature.
Basic research is the formal and systematic
process of deductive-inductive analysis leading
to the development of theories.
It is a theoretical or pure research that
generates, rests and expand theories that
describe, explain, or predict the phenomenon of
interest to the discipline without regard to its
later use.

PROCESS
OBSERV
ATION
INDUCTI
ON
DEDUCTI
ON

PURPOSES
Basic research offers solution to many practical
problems, e.g. Maslow's theory of motivation.
Basic research helps to find the critical factors in a
practical problems/ e.g. common sense approach to
any problem.
Basic research develops many alternative solutions
and thus enables us to choose the best solutions.
Behavioral and cognitive behavioral group –based
on parenting programmes for early – onset
conduct problems in children aged 3 -12 year (
Maired Furlong , Sinead M .C .Gilioway , Tracey
Huchings ,Susan M Smith , Michel Donnelly ,
online publication date –feb 2012 )
Example

2. APPLIED RESEARCH
Applied research or empirical research
always aims at enriching the application of
the theory
It refers to "answers questions related to the
applicability of basic theories in practical
situation; tests the practical limits of
descriptive theories that does not examine
the efficacy of actions taken by
practitioners."
Applied research has been referred to as
"practical application of the theoretical."

`
The results of the applied research
study "the effect of a social support
boosting interventions on stress, coping
and social support in care givers of
children with HIV/AIDS" provide an
example of research that has the
potential for application in specific
practice settings. The results of the
study indicated the seronegative
caregivers participating in a social
support boosting intervention showed
substantially increased coping abilities.

CONTRIBIUTIONS
Uncovers new facts, which can contribute
new facts which enrich the concerned body
of knowledge.
Offers an opportunity to test the validity of
existing theories. .
May help in conceptual clarification
May integrate previously existing theories.

BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH
Aims to illuminate the
theory by enriching the
basis of discipline
Studies a problem usually
from the focus of one
discipline.
Seek generalizations.
Aims to solve a problem
by enriching the field of
application of a discipline.
Often several disciplines
collaborate for solving the
Problem.
Often studies individual
cases without the
objective to generalize.
Recognize that other
variables are constantly
changing.
Tries to say how things
can be changed
Works on the hypothesis
that variables not
measured remain
constant.
Tries to say why things

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
Exploratory or formulative study conducted
which relatively little is known about the
phenomenon, sometimes called pilot study.
As enough data relevant to the problem are
gathered the researcher knowledge about his
subject improves and he becomes capable of
formulate a clear hypothesis for further testing
and confirmation.
Since this type of research the emphasis on
discovery of ideas and insights its design is
always kept flexible and non-structured to
permit considerations of different aspects of a
phenomenon.

PURPOSES
generate new ideas
To increase the researchers familiarity
with the problem, or
To make precise formulation of the
problem
To determine whether it is feasible to
attempt the study .
To

LITRERATURE
REVIEW
ANALYSIS OF
INSIGHT
STIMULATING
CASES
SURVEY

4.Descriptive Research
Descriptive research is non-experimental
research designed to discover new meaning
and to provide new knowledge where there is
very little known about the phenomena of
interest.
Data collection by using one or more
appropriate methods;observation,
interviewing and mail questionnaire.
Descriptive research aims at answering the
'what' and 'why' of the current state of some
system.

Criteria's
Problem must be describable and not
agreeable.
The data should be amenable to an accurate
objective and if possible quantitative
assemblage for reliability and significance.
It should be possible to develop valid
standards of comparison.
It should lend itself to verifiable procedure for
collection and analysis of data.

CROSS
SECTIONAL
DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
LONGITUDINAL

5. Diagnostic Research
Diagnostic study is similar to descriptive study with
a different focus. It is directed discovering what is
happening, why it is happening and what can be
done. It aims at identifying the causes of problem
and the possible solutions for it.
More directly concerned with causal relationships
and with implications for action than descriptive
study.

• Directed towards discovering not only what is
occurring but why it is occurring and what can
be done about it.
• More actively guided by hypothesis than
descriptive study.
• Not possible in areas where knowledge is not
advanced enough to make possible adequate

6. Evaluative Research
Evaluation is the determination of the results
attained by some activity (whether a
Programmed, a drug or a therapy or an
approach or nursing approach) diagnosed to
accomplish some valid goal or objective.
 Evaluation study is made for assessing the
effectiveness of social, or economical, or health
programmes implemented or for assessing the
impact-of developmental projects on the
development of the project area (e.g., evaluate
the effectiveness of structured teaching
programmes on different topics).

PURPOSES OF EVALUATIVE RESEARCH
To discover whether and how well the
objectives are being fulfilled.
To determine the research for specific
success or failure.
Todirect the course of experiment with
techniques for increasing effectiveness.
To uncover principles underlying a successful
programme.
To base further research on the reason for
the relative success of alternative techniques.
To redefine the means to be used for
attaining objectives and to redefine sub-goals , in
light of research findings.

7. Action Research
Actionresearch arose from social
change theory and has become a valuable
strategy in a variety of practice settings
including nursing. As its name implies
action researchers pursue action and
research outcomes at the same time.
Action research is focused on immediate
application, not on the development of
theory or on general application.

Action research has the advantage of
allowing research to be done in situations
where other research method may be difficult
or impractical use. "To achieve action, action
research, is responsive , it has to be able to
respond to the emerging need of the situation
.It must be flexible in a way then some other
research methods cannot be.

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Humans are
biopsychosocial beings
known by their biological,
psychological and social
characteristics.
Humans are complex beings
who attribute unique
meaning to their life situations.
They are known by their
personal expressions.
Truth is objective reality
that can be experienced
with the senses and
measured by the
researcher
.Researcher selects a
representative (of
population) sample and
determines size before
collecting data.
Truth is the subjective
expression of reality as
perceived by the participant
and shared with the
researcher. Truth is context-
laden.
Researcher selects participants
who are experiencing the
phenomenon of interest and
collects data until saturation
is reached.

Researcher uses an
Extensive approach to
collect data.
Researcher uses an
intensive approach to
collect data.
Researcher conducts
interviews and participant
or nonparticipant
observation in environments
where participants usually
spend their time. Researcher
bias is acknowledged and
set aside.
Creditability, autidability,
fittingness and
Questionnaire and
measurement devices are
preferably administered in
one setting by an unbiased
individual to control for
extraneous variables.
Reliability and validity of
instruments and internal
and external validity permit
judgment of scientific rigor

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative research is particularly well suited
to study the human experience of health, a
central concern of nursing science.
Because qualitative methods focus on the
whole of human experience and the meaning
ascribed by individuals living the experience.
These methods permit broader understanding
and deeper insight into complex human
behaviours that what might be obtained from
surveys and other linear measures of
perceptions

IDENTIFYING
PHENOMENON
DESCRIDING
THE FINDING
STRUCTURING
STUDY
ANALYZING
DATA
GATHERING
DATA

PHENOMINOLOGICAL
Phenomenology is a "science whose
purposed is to describe particular
phenomena or the appearance of things as
lived experience."
Six core steps used in phenominological
1. Descriptive Phenomenology: It involves
direct exploration analysis and description
of particular phenomena as free as
possible from unexamined pre suppositions
aiming at maximum intuitive presentation

2. Phenominology of essence:
Phenomenology of essence involves probing
through the data to search for common themes or
essence and establishing patterns of relationship
shared by particular phenomenon.
3. Phenomenology of Appearances:
Phenomenology of appearances involves giving
attention to the ways in which phenomena appear.
In watching the ways in which phenomena appear
the researcher pays particular attention to the
different ways in which an object presents itself.

4. Constitutive Phenomenology: Constitutive
phenomenology is studying phenomena as they
become established or constituted in our
consciousness.
5. Reductive Phenomenology: Reductive
phenomenology although addressed as a separate
process occurs concurrently throughout a
phenomenological investigation. The researcher
continually addresses personal biases assumptions
and purest description of the phenomenon under
investigation.
6. Interpretive or Hermeneutic Phenomenology:
Interpretive frameworks within phenomenology are

2.Grounded Theory
 Grounded theory is an inductive, qualitative
research method that seeks to understand and
explain human behavior
 The aim of this theory approach is to discover
underlying social forces that shape human
behaviour.
 This method is used to construct theory where no
theory exists or in situations where existing
theory fails to explain a set of circumstances.
 The goal of this method is the development of
theory that explains underlying social and
psychological processes.

For example ,
Nathanial’s study their main concern was
moral distress and the core category which
processed their concern was moral reckoning.
3.Ethnography
Ethnography is the systematic process of
observing, detailing, describing, documenting and
analysing the lifeways or particular patterns of
culture or subculture in order to group the lifeways
or patterns of the people in their familiar
environment.

Ethnographic attempts to describe the culture
of group from the perspective of the members-
that is, how they view their own culture-through
in-depth study that involves systematic
observations of the group activities language
and customs.
History is a meaningful record of human
achievement. It is not merely a list of
chronological event but a truthful integrated
account of the, relationships between persons,
events, times and places.
3.Historical Research

The use of history is to understand the past
and try to understand the present in the
light or past event and development .
Historical study is a study of past records
and other information source with view to
restructuring the origin and development of
an institution or a movement or a system
and discovering the trends in the past.

2 introduction and type of research.ppt

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
RANDAMIZATION CONTROL
MANIPULATION

TYPES
Pretest/post-testcontrol group
design
Solomon four-group design
Two-group random sample
design
Matching samples design
Factorial designs.

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGNS
A quasi-experimental design, may be defined
as a quantitative research design in which
there is always manipulation of the independent
variable(s) and control measures are employed,
but the other element of a true experiment,
random assignment of subjects, is absent.
1.Nonrandomized control group design
2.Counterbalanced design
3.Time series design
4.Control group time series design.

Pre-Experimental Designs
Pre-experiments are the simplest form of
research design. In a pre-experiment either a
single group or multiple groups are observed
subsequent to some agent or treatment
presumed to cause change.
Types of Pre-Experimental Design
One-shot case study design
One-group pretest-posttest design
Static-group comparison

Nonexperimental Quantitative
Research Designs
In nonexperimental research, the researcher
collects data and describes phenomena as
They exist. Unlike experimental research
variables are not manipulated because no
interventions take place, there are no control
measures, and there is no random assignment
of subjects to groups'

The following nonexperimental designs will be
discussed:
I. Correlational designs.
II. Descriptive designs
III. Time perspective designs
IV. Retrospective designs
V. Prospective designs
VI. Designs that use existing data
VII.Focus group research
VIII.Content analysis.

A.Correlational Designs
Correlational designs are nonexperimental
designs that allow the researcher to infer
relationships among two or more variables,
rather than to draw conclusions about cause
and effect.
B.Descriptive Designs
Descriptive research is often a preliminary to
correlational research or to experimental
studies. Descriptive research studies (nit to be
confused with qualitative research) can serve

new meaning and to provide new knowledge
when there is very little known about a topic of
interest, They also provide a knowledge base
when a research problem needs to be refined
when hypotheses need to be formulated or data
collection and analysis procedures need to be
designed.
C.Time Perspective Designs.
ln time perspective designs (also called
time dimensional designs), time is an
important factor. Time perspective designs
are concerned with examining trends or
changes across time.

D.Retrospective Designs
In retrospective designs (retrospective means
"looking backward"), changes in the
independent variable have already occurred
before the research due to the natural course of
events. The dependent variable (Y) is identified
in the present, and then the researcher looks
to the previous event that has already occurred
to identify the possible independent variable

E. Prospective Designs
In contrast to retrospective studies' which identify the
dependent variable in the present and
look to the past to identify the independent variable,
prospective designs identify the independent
variable (x) in the present and look to the future to
identify potential effects (Y).
F. Designs that Use Existing Data
meta-analysis is a technique in which the
investigator examines research findings across a
number of research investigations relating the same
general phenomenon. The investigator then pools the

synthesizes the findings- that is brings together
the findings of the many separate
investigations relating to the same general
phenomenon. “The original investigators have
done the analyzing; the meta-analyst
synthesizes the results of these analyses”
G. Focus Group Research
Focus group research design is a method that
allows the researcher to examine the points
of view of a number of individuals as they
share their opinions/concerns about a topic.
Essentially, a focus group consists of a small
number

of individuals who share a common
bond. This bond might be any number of things such
as age, number of children, wealth or lack of it, a
specific disease or any other commonality defined by
the researcher.
H. Content Analysis
Content analysis is a data-analysis method that is
used not only in quantitative research but
also in qualitative research.
In quantitative research, content analysis can be
used as “a method to make inferences based on
systematic, objective, and statistical analysis of written
text or oral communication and documentation”
(Doordan1998).

In qualitative research, content analysis is a
process to analyze the content of qualitative
information gathered from the study
participants by "categorizing observations into
themes
and concepts emerging from the data"
(Doordan,1998) )

EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
NON EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
1. This type of research
always begins with
some hypothesis which
the researcher wants
to test.
2. Control of
extraneous variables is
a very important phase
in this type of research.
Extraneous variables
1.In this type of
research, it is not
essential to always
have a hypothesis. All
exploratory and many
descriptive research do
not have any
hypothesis.
2.In this type of research,
the researcher
exercises very little
control over extraneous

are those which operate
in the experimental situation in
addition to the independent
variable, they must be
controlled, so that they will not
mask the possible effect of the
independent variable.
3. Data generated by the
research are used to establish
cause and effect relationship
between two variables. On the
basis of this data, one can
predict changes in the
dependent variable for given
changes and the independent
3.Data generated by
this type of research
are
not helpful in
establishing the
cause and
effect relationship
between variables.

4. This type of research
is narrow in scope.
There are number of
social science subjects
where this type of
research is not possible.
4.They can be used
only to describe certain
relationship without
showing that functions
interdependent.
5.The scope of the
research is very wide.
All
Social science research

– Mrs ARJITA
– ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

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