2.Process of Research .pdfProcess of ResearchProcess of Research

Research process
The steps involved in research process:
• Formulating the research problem.
• Extensive literature survey.
• Developing the Hypothesis.
• Preparing the research design.
• Determining the sample design.
• Collecting the data.
• Execution of the project.
• Analysis of Data.
• Hypothesis of testing.
• Generalizations and interpretations.
• Preparation of the Report Or Presentation of the results.

1. FORMATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
• The Topic which we have selected for doing research
work is called formation of research problem. It can be
classified into two types: Internal and External.
• INTERNAL: 1) Area of Interest 2) Brain Storming
3) Idea generation
• EXTERNAL: 1) Social Problems 2) Influence topics
3) Discussions with experts 4) Idea generation
5) Technical studies, References, Magazines
6) Experts advices 7) Popular topics.

TECHNIQUES INVOLVED IN DEFINING PROBLEM
Statement of the problem in a general way
(Pilot Survey).
 Understanding the nature of the problem.
 Surveying the available literature.
 Developing the ideas through Discussions
(Experience Survey).
 Rephrasing the research problem.

2. EXTENSIVE LITERATURE SURVEY
• Once the problem is formulated, a brief summary
of it should be written down. It is compulsory for
a research worker writing a thesis for a Ph.D.
degree to write a synopsis of the topic and
submit it to the necessary committee or the
Research Board for approval. At this juncture the
researcher should undertake extensive literature
survey connected with the problem. The
Information will be gathered form
1. Text books 2. Journal 3. Dailies. 4. Magazines
5. Websites.

3.DEVELOPING THE HYPOTHESIS
Now the researcher should state in clear terms the working
hypothesis.
Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to
draw out the test its logical or empirical consequences.
As such the manner in which research hypothesis re
developed is particularly important since they provide the
focal point for research.
Hypothesis should be very specific and limited to the piece or
research in hand because it has to tested.
The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher by
delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right
track.

Steps in Hypothesis testing:
1.Formulate a Hypothesis: The hypothesis testing is to set up two hypotheses instead
of one in such a way that if one hypothesis is true, the other is false.
Alternatively, if one hypothesis is false , the other is true. These are the two
hypothesis are :
A)NULL Hypothesis
B)ALTERNATIVE Hypothesis
2. Set-Up a Suitable Significance Level: Having formulated the hypothesis, the next
step is to test its validity at a certain level of significance. The confidence with
which a null hypothesis is rejected or accepted depends upon the significance
level used for the purpose, a significance level of, say 5 per cent, means that in
the long-run, the risk of making the wrong decisions are about five per cent. The
Researcher is likely to be wrong in accepting a false hypothesis or in rejecting a
true hypothesis in 5 out of 100occasions.
3. Select Test Criterion: The next step in hypothesis testing is the selection of an
appropriate statistical technique as a test criterion. There are many techniques
from which one is to be chosen: sample Explanation large sample and small
samples. i.e., Z, t, f, chi-square tests.
4.Compute: After having selected the statistical technique to verify the hypothesis.
5. Make Decisions: Here we take the decisions ie., Either Null Hypothesis is accept or
Reject.

4.RESEARCH DESIGN
Def: Research Design constitutes the Blueprint for the collection , measurement and analysis of
data. (or) Research Design is the plan and structure of investigation .
Classification of the research design
A number of different design approaches exist, but, unfortunately. No simple classification
systems defines all the variations that may be considered
They may be --- Exploratory ,formal study
Monitoring , communication study
Experimental , Ex-post-facto study
Descriptive , causal study
Cross sectional, longitudinal study
Case study, statistical study
Field setting, laboratory research, simulation study.
Levels of Research Design
There are four levels of Research design. they are
1. Sampling design
2. Observational design
3. Statistical design
4. Operational design

5.SAMPLING DESIGN
Def: The process of selecting the samples from the population
is called as sampling.
Types of samplings: (a)Probability sampling
(b) Non-Probability sampling
Important sample designs are as follows:
1. Simple Random sampling
2. Stratified sampling
3. Cluster sampling (or) Area sampling
4. Systematic sampling
5. Judgment sampling
6. Quota sampling
7. Multi-Stage sampling
8. Sequential sampling (or) Mixed sampling

6. DATA COLLECTION
Def: The data which we have to collect for doing the research work is called Data collection. While
deciding about the method of data collection to be used for the study, the researcher should keep
in mind two types of data:- one is Primary data and other one is Secondary data
Primary data: The data are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time, and thus happen to
be original in character is called Primary data.
Secondary data: The data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have
already been passed through the statistical process is called Secondary data.
Methods of collecting primary data
1. Observational method
2. Interview method
3. Through questionnaires
4. Through Schedules
5. Other methods: a) Warranty cards
b) distributor audits c) Pantry audits
d) using mechanical devices
f) through projective techniques
g) depth interviews h) content analysis

7.EXECUTION OF THE PROJECT
The researcher should see that the project is
executed in a systematic manner and in time.
If the survey is to conducted by means of
structured questionnaires, data can be readily
machine-processed.
A Careful watch should be kept for
unanticipated factors in order to keep the
survey as much realistic as possible.

8. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
After collection of the data then we analyze that collected data is
called analysis of data. While doing analysis of data we may use
some operators: 1. Editing 2. Coding 3. Classification 4. Tabulations
and 5. Graphical representations.
Editing : Editing of data is a process of examining the collected raw
data to detect errors and omissions and to correct these when
possible.
Coding : The process of assigning numerals or other symbols to
answers so that responses can be put into a limited number of
categories or classes.
Classification: Most research studies result in a large volume of raw
data which must be reduced into homogeneous groups if we are to
get meaningful relationships.
Tabulation: After organization or grouping or classification of data is
done. We come to the process of tabulation of the data

“Tabulation is the orderly arrangement of the data in rows and columns”.
We shall first study the various parts of the table:-
Title : Every table must have a brief and clear title. The title should be such
that it should give a clear picture of the data regarding collection,
classification etc.
Head note : It is placed after the title in a bracket indicating the unit of
measurement in which data is printed.
Stub : It indicates the row titles or the row headings. They are usually placed
at the extreme left hand columns.
Caption : The table may have one or more captions. A caption indicates the
columns title or columns heading.
Stub entries :They indicate the sub grouping of the stub and in turn show
what each row represents.
Body : The main part of the table which gives the actual, numerical
information is called the body of the table.
footnote : foot note gives special information about a particular item in the
table.
source : When the tabulated data are obtained from some other sources.

9.TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
Def: To test the significance difference between population
parameter and sample statistic is called as testing of
hypothesis.
Population: A set of individuals belonging to a particular
variable is called as population and it can be classified into
two type 1.finite population and Infinite population.
Sample: A subset of population is called as sample
Parameter: The Statistical constants in terms of population is
called as parameter.
Statistic: The Statistical constants in terms of sample is called
as statistic.
Statistical constants are mean, standard deviation ,
proportions, correlation coefficient.

Procedure for Testing of hypothesis:
Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significance difference between
population parameter and sample statistic.(µ = µo)
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significance difference between
population parameter and sample statistic .(µ ≠ µo)
Types of tests: One tail test and Two tail test
One tail test: Right tail test and left tail test
Two tail test: (µ ≠ µo)
Right tail test: (µ > µo)
Left tail test: (µ < µo)
Types of errors: Two types
Type-1-error: The given condition is correct but we reject that
condition then it is called as type-1-error.
Type-2-error : The given condition is wrong but we accept that
condition then it is called as type-2-error.
Level of significance(LOS): The probability of type-1-error is called as
level of significance. At 1%, 5%, 10%

4.Test statistic:
Testing of hypothesis
Parametric Test Non-Parametric Test
Z-test Sign test
T-Test Mann-whitney u test
F-Test Kruskal-wallis test
Chi-square test Kolmogorov-smirnov test
Median test
5.Conclusion :
when cal value is less or equal to Tab value then Ho is accept.
when cal value is greater than Tab value then Ho is reject

10. Generalizations and Interpretations
If a hypothesis is tested and upheld several
time, it may be possible for the researcher to
arrive at generalization. If the researcher had
no hypothesis to start with, he might seek to
explain his findings on the basis of some
theory.. It is known as interpretation. The
process of interpretation may quite often
trigger off new question, which in turn may
lead to further researchers.

11. Preparation of the Report
Reporting Writing:
A Research report is the ultimate output of the research process. The Research task is not
completed until the report has been written:
Outline of a Research Report:
Title page
Table of contents
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Findings
Limitations
Conclusions and Recommendations.
Appendices :
– Copy of “Questionnaire”.
– Other relevant details.

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