This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) and how to calculate them graphically. [1] KPIs measure output levels given a certain input, like return on equity (ROE) which shows profit per RM1 of equity. [2] Graphs can show the relationship between inputs and outputs, with KPI lines depicting the output-input ratio. [3] Calculating KPIs graphically allows understanding how inputs affect outputs, quantifying changes, and justifying interventions by their impact on the output-input ratio.