X-ray Computed Tomography: A New Dimension in Materials Science
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X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a non-destructive imaging technique used to visualize the internal structures of solid objects, providing detailed 3D information without significant sample preparation. The document discusses various case studies involving metals, polymers, and biomaterials to illustrate XCT's applications, such as investigating internal webbing in titanium fan blades and analyzing the biomechanics of velociraptor claws. The technology is highly versatile, capable of examining a wide range of materials with resolutions from 10 μm to 50 nm, and is essential for understanding complex structures.
X-ray Computed Tomography: A New Dimension in Materials Science
- 1. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix X-ray Computed Tomography: A New Dimension in Materials Science Fabien L´onard e Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility The University of Manchester IOM3 Young Persons Lecture Competition National Final April 13 th 2011
- 2. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Outline 1 Introduction Background Principles 2 Case studies Metals Polymers Biomaterials 3 Conclusion
- 3. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Background What is XCT? X-ray Computed Tomography or XCT is a non-destructive technique for visualising internal features within solid objects and for obtaining digital information on their 3D geometries and properties. XCT allows the complete structure of an object to be examined to give the precise size, shape and location of any internal feature or defect. Turbine blade Pitting corrosion Vascular cast
- 4. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Acquisition Whilst illuminated by a X-ray cone beam, the sample is rotated through 360◦ on a high precision stage and a set of digital projections (i.e. 2D radiographs) are acquired at regular increments. http://www.phoenix- xray.com/en/company/technology/principles_of_operation/principle_060.html
- 5. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Acquisition Whilst illuminated by a X-ray cone beam, the sample is rotated through 360◦ on a high precision stage and a set of digital projections (i.e. 2D radiographs) are acquired at regular increments.
- 6. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Acquisition The gray levels in a projection correspond to differences in X-ray attenuation along the X-ray paths. X-ray attenuation is primarily a function of X-ray energy and the density and atomic number of the material being imaged.
- 7. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection.
- 8. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 9. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 10. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 11. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 12. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 13. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 14. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 15. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 16. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 17. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 18. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 19. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 20. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 21. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 22. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 23. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 24. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Reconstruction Reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D projections is complex and involves techniques in physics, mathematics, and computer science. Advanced algorithms and powerful computers are required to perform the necessary operation called backprojection. Filtering + backprojection
- 25. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Principles Visualisation Visualisation requires computers capable of handling huge data sets to obtain and visualise qualitative and quantitative information from material structure images. image processing image enhancement filtering and convolution feature extraction object separation Slice 3D rendering reverse engineering quantification and analysis phases, grains, particles, pores, cracks. . . counts, distributions, areas, volumes, and orientations Pore selection Volume distribution
- 26. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Metals Titanium fan blade Investigation of internal webbing distortion Objective: to determine quantitatively the distortion of the internal web structure Problem: difficulty to make precise measurement from a 2D radiograph regardless of the orientation http://www.rolls- royce.com/Images/brochure_Trent900.pdf
- 27. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Metals Titanium fan blade Investigation of internal webbing distortion Objective: to determine quantitatively the distortion of the internal web structure Problem: difficulty to make precise measurement from a 2D radiograph regardless of the orientation
- 28. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Metals Titanium fan blade Investigation of internal webbing distortion Objective: to determine quantitatively the distortion of the internal web structure Problem: difficulty to make precise measurement from a 2D radiograph regardless of the orientation
- 29. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Metals Titanium fan blade Investigation of internal webbing distortion Objective: to determine quantitatively the distortion of the internal web structure Problem: difficulty to make precise measurement from a 2D radiograph regardless of the orientation
- 30. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Metals Titanium fan blade Investigation of internal webbing distortion Direct measurement on 2D slice or comparison between 3D volume and CAD model (reverse engineering) Conclusion: the blades can be examined non destructively and their distortion assessed (magnitude and location).
- 31. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Polymers Auxetic foam In situ tensile loading of conventional and auxetic polymeric foam Objective: to understand the auxetic behaviour of polymeric foam (negative Poisson’s ratio ν) Problem: difficult to describe the deformation of the structure in 3D during loading
- 32. Outline Introduction Case studies were cre Conclusionwere Appendix Polymers local) co local Auxetic foam b pss interacti inter solidi physica status larger n large In situ tensile loading of conventional and auxetic polymeric foam displ 50 displaceM S. difficulti diffic Conventional foam Auxetic foam edges of edge as sugge as su pss b solidi physica status A vo A 50 hexahed hexa S. McDonald et al.: In situ 3D X-ray microtomography study (C3D4)(C3D nation w natio defining defin HoweveHow element elem element elem required requ Fig Conclusion: better understanding of auxetic behaviour thanks to the v6.7 on v6.7 sho complete 3D description of the foam’s structure. eight exp eigh co $2 0000 $2 0 sha aux
- 33. Outline Introduction Case studies were cre Conclusionwere Appendix Polymers local) co local Auxetic foam b pss interacti inter solidi physica status larger n large In situ tensile loading of conventional and auxetic polymeric foam displ 50 displaceM S. difficulti diffic Conventional foam Auxetic foam edges of edge as sugge as su pss b solidi physica status A vo A 50 hexahed hexa S. McDonald et al.: In situ 3D X-ray microtomography study (C3D4)(C3D nation w natio defining defin HoweveHow element elem element elem required requ Fig Conclusion: better understanding of auxetic behaviour thanks to the v6.7 on v6.7 sho complete 3D description of the foam’s structure. eight exp eigh co $2 0000 $2 0 sha aux
- 34. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Biomaterials Velociraptor claw Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claw Objective: to understand the form and function relationship. What were the claws used for: climbing or disembowelling? Problem: impossible to test a fossilised specimen
- 35. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Biomaterials Velociraptor claw Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claw Objective: to understand the form and function relationship. What were the claws used for: climbing or disembowelling? Problem: impossible to test a fossilised specimen
- 36. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Biomaterials Velociraptor claw Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claw Objective: to understand the form and function relationship. What were the claws used for: climbing or disembowelling? Problem: impossible to test a broken fossilised specimen
- 37. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Biomaterials Velociraptor claw Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claw 1 Scanning of the claw: the inner structure can be revealed 2 Digital repair 3 Modelling
- 38. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Biomaterials Velociraptor claw Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claw 1 Scanning of the claw 2 Digital repair: the broken parts of the claw can be realigned to give a brand new claw 3 Modelling
- 39. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Biomaterials Velociraptor claw Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claw MANNING ET AL. 1 Scanning of the claw 2 Digital repair 3 Modelling: the results reveal that the maximum stress is around 60 MPa (for a failure stress of 150-200 MPa) Fig. 6. Contour map of Mises stress (units in GPa) on (a) the outer surface of the claw and (b) through the mid-section. 5. Velociraptor claw comprized of cortical and trabecular bone
- 40. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Biomaterials Velociraptor claw Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claw MANNING ET AL. 1 Scanning of the claw 2 Digital repair 3 Modelling: the results reveal that the maximum stress is around 60 MPa (for a failure stress of 150-200 MPa) Fig. 6. Contour map of Mises stress (units in GPa) on (a) the outer Conclusion: Velociraptor would surface ofbeen able to support its weight on have the claw and (b) through the mid-section. a very small contact surface of the claw while climbing. 5. Velociraptor claw comprized of cortical and trabecular bone
- 41. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Summary Summary XCT is a non-destructive technique for visualising internal features within solid objects, from fan blades to single carbon fibres. Entirely non-destructive 3D imaging ! Virtually any material can be analysed ! Little or no sample preparation required ! Resolution from 10 µm to 50 nm ! % Resolution limited by specimen size, high resolution requires small objects % Image artifacts can complicate data 49 million year old reconstruction and interpretation Huntsman spider in Baltic amber % Not all features have sufficiently large attenuation contrasts for useful imaging
- 42. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Discussion Discussion Thank you! Fabien L´onard e fabien.leonard@manchester.ac.uk
- 43. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Auxetic foam FE models from XCT data In situ tensile loading of conventional and auxetic polymeric foam Conventional foam Auxetic foam The study exemplifies the use of the tomography datasets as the basis for the creation of microstructurally faithful FE models.
- 44. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Velociraptor claw Climbing or disembowelling? Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claws
- 45. Outline Introduction Case studies Conclusion Appendix Velociraptor claw Climbing or disembowelling? Investigation of the biomechanics of velociraptor claws Tearing was never obtained regardless of the force applied. The experimental results are consistent with the finite element analysis.