2016 02 Power Engineering

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120YEARS
CONDENSER RELIABILITY
CLEANING,LEAK DETECTION AND TESTING
COAL ASH MANAGEMENT
COST-EFFECTIVE COMPLIANCE OPTIONS
CHP IN NORTH AMERICA
ANALYZING THE POTENTIAL
Combating
Boiler Slag
February 2016 • www.power-eng.com
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FEATURES
DEPARTMENTS
No.2,February 2016
120YEARS
20 Dry Ash Conversions
With the final version of the Environmental Protection
Agency’s Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) rule now on
the books,utilities have the regulatory clarity they need
to move forward with compliance strategies.What should
you consider when developing and executing a plan to
meet the new CCR mandates.
33 Leak Detection “Ins” and “Outs”
When condensers experience air inleakage and water leakage,the results can be costly.
Proactive routine cleaning and leak detection can maximize output while minimizing outages.
30 Combating Boiler Slag
The tools used to combat the buildup of boiler slag at
power plants are wide ranging.Common tools include
soot blowers,sound waves,hydro blasters,CO2 blasters,
jackhammers,picks,and carefully-aimed shotguns.In
some severe cases,plant operators will turn to dynamite
to deal with ceaseless slagging.
36 Natural Gas Gensets:
Poised for Growth
As a source of emergency standby,prime,peaking,or
continuous power,natural gas-fired generator sets are
poised for significant growth,especially in the U.S.,
where low-priced natural gas is widely available.
16 Analyzing the
Potential of CHP
in North America
Combined heat and power has the potential to provide a quarter of U.S.power
needs.This time-tested form of power generation is poised for vigorous growth.
Our analysis of this emerging market will explain why.
2 Opinion
4 Industry News
6 Clearing the Air
8 Industry Watch
10 View on Renewables
12 Energy Matters
14 Nuclear Reactions
40 What Works
41 Generating Buzz
56 Ad Index

2
OPINION
www.power-eng.com
said Chip Bottone, chief executive offi-
cer of FuelCell Energy.
Bottone’s company has fuel cell pow-
er plants up and running in more than
50 locations worldwide.
Fuel cells have several advantages
over other more common forms of on-
site power. They are significantly clean-
er, quiet, less expensive to operate, and
require little real-estate.
Dominion Resources owns the
largest fuel cell power plant in North
America, a 15-MW project in Bridge-
port, Connecticut, capable of produc-
ing enough electricity for about 15,000
homes. Dominion sells the power to
Connecticut Light & Power under a 15-
year power purchase agreement.
Fuel cells are not a new technology.
They have long been associated with
the NASA space program and transpor-
tation vehicles. In recent years, though,
the applications and markets for fuel
cells have expanded. Fuel cells are be-
ing used for primary power, backup
power, emergency power, and auxilia-
ry power. They are used to power ho-
tels, hospitals, universities, and data
centers for Apple and eBay.
As the cost of centralized power rises,
the cost of decentralized power contin-
ues to fall. Some power professionals
believe the days of centralized power
are numbered. That point of view is a
bit extreme, but fuel cells are without
question going to play a starring role in
what is sure to be a significant transi-
tion to distributed generation.
If you have a question or a comment,
contact me at russellr@pennwell.com.
Follow me on Twitter @RussellRay1.
I
magine a source of power that is
virtually emission-free, highly re-
liable, occupies small spaces and
can generate enough electricity to pow-
er thousands of homes.
It’s not a pipe dream. The technology
has been around for a while and it is
increasingly being deployed in the U.S.
and abroad to meet public demand for
clean, reliable electricity.
More homes, businesses and utilities
are turning to fuel cells to meet their pow-
er generation needs. Installing groups of
modular fuel-cell systems to create small
power plants ranging from 5 MW to 63
MW in size is a growing market.
Several large scale fuel-cell power
plants have been built in Connecticut,
Delaware and California.
Just last month, state officials in
Connecticut approved plans to build
what will be the largest fuel cell power
plant in the world. Equipped with 21
fuel cells, the 63.3-MW Beacon Falls
fuel cell power plant will surpass the
59.9-MW fuel cell plant in South Korea.
The Beacon Falls project will be capa-
ble of generating enough electricity to
power 60,000 Connecticut homes and
is expected to be completed in 2019.
The power plant and substation will
be built on about eight acres. A solar
plant would require about 10 times
more land to achieve the same amount
of output.
In addition, fuel cells, which use
hydrogen and oxygen to generate elec-
tricity, have no moving parts, making
them inherently quiet and ideal for
use in urban settings where the power
is actually consumed. This limits the
need for transmission and distribution
lines, thus reducing the risk of power
outages caused by ice storms and heavy
winds.
The hydrogen used in fuel cells can
be produced by a variety of fuels, in-
cluding natural gas. A fuel cell splits
hydrogen into electrons and protons.
As protons pass through the cell’s thin
plastic membrane, the electrons are
forced into a circuit, creating an elec-
tric current.
Although the universe is 80 percent
hydrogen, it is almost never found nat-
urally by itself because it’s locked up in
other compounds like water and cellu-
lose. That’s why the source of hydrogen
is typically natural gas or methane. The
electrochemical reaction in fuel cells
creates water vapor, eliminating the
harmful emissions of a combustion
engine.
What’s more, the cost of fuel cells is
falling thanks to increasing demand,
or better economies of scale, making
the technology even more attractive.
Leading fuel cell manufacturer Fu-
elCell Energy Inc. will supply the fuel
cells for the Beacon Falls project.
Since power from fuel cells have
been deemed renewable in 13 states,
including Connecticut, the power from
these systems can be used to comply
with new standards for renewable pow-
er, also known as renewable portfolio
standards (RPS).
“This one project meets about 10
percent of the State of Connecticut’s
RPS requirements for 2016, and no
state funds are needed as private capi-
tal will be used to finance the project,”
Fuel Cells to Play
Important Role
in Power Generation
BY RUSSELL RAY, CHIEF EDITOR

US Corporate Office | 660.829.5100 proenergyservices.com
Whether it’s a planned project or an urgent need, ProEnergy has a solution
for every aspect of your plant’s operation. From a full inventory of equipment
to a complete team of experienced engineers, you can rest assured
we’ve got all the pieces you need when you need them most.
THE RIGHT PIECES
AT THE RIGHT TIME

4 www.power-eng.com
INDUSTRY NEWS
connection expected between April and
December.
NRC Begins Inspection at
Arkansas Nuclear One
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Com-
mission (NRC) began a comprehensive
inspection at Entergy’s Arkansas Nuclear
One power plant.
A team of 25 inspectors will devote
about 3,600 hours of effort to inde-
pendently assess and document the ade-
quacy of Entergy programs and process-
es used to identify, evaluate, and correct
performance issues; provide insights into
the causes of performance deficiencies;
and evaluate the adequacy of a third-par-
ty safety culture assessment conducted at
the site.
The NRC placed ANO under special
inspections after a 2013 incident during
a planned outage where heavy equipment
fell and killed a worker. In June 2014,
the NRC issued yellow findings for how
the equipment was handled. In January
2015, the NRC issued additional yellow
findings associated with flood protection
at the plant. The findings moved ANO
into Column 4 of the plant performance
matrix, the second-highest level of the
matrix, which also means the plant is un-
der the highest level of NRC oversight of
operating power plants. Column 5 would
mean the plant could not operate.
Supreme Court Rules FERC Can
Issue Demand Response Rule
The U.S. Supreme Court overturned a
lower court ruling against the Federal En-
ergy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Or-
der 745, which pays consumers for using
less power during high-demand periods.
In Electric Power Supply Association v.
FERC, the high court voted 6-2 that FERC
hadauthorityundertheFederalPowerAct
to issue the so-called demand response
rule. The justices said FERC is not directly
regulating retail electricity sales with the
rule. Justice Samuel Alito recused himself
Court Denies Stay of
Clean Power Plan
The D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals
denied petitions to stay the Obama
administration’s Clean Power Plan,
preserving the landmark rule’s author-
ity to regulate carbon emissions from
power plants, even as the rule prepares
to defend against subsequent litigation
designed to erode its legality.
The Clean Power Plan calls for
sweeping new requirements to cut car-
bon dioxide emissions 32 percent be-
low 2005 levels by 2030. States have
until 2018 to submit their compliance
plans.
Stating that petitioners “have not
satisfied the stringent standards that
apply to petitions for extraordinary
writs that seek to stay agency action,”
the court declined to uphold action
brought by West Virginia and Peabody
Energy Corporation, which would
have rendered the law powerless, even
as it defended its constitutionality in
future legal cases.
The American Coalition for Clean
Coal Electricity (ACCCE) says efforts
to overturn the Clean Power Plan will
continue.
sPower Plans 700 MW of
Utility-Scale Solar in 2016
Sustainable Power Group (sPower)
has entered a contract with Rosendin
Electric Inc. (REI) to develop nearly 700
MW of utility-scale solar photovoltaic
(PV) projects in 2016.
Construction of the new projects be-
gan in January, with completion and grid
from the case because of a stock holding.
The demand response rule was adopt-
ed in March 2011 and was intended to
compensate large, individual consumers
such as utilities, large groups of electric-
ity consumers, and factories for using
less electricity during peak demand peri-
ods. A U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C.
Circuit panel ruled in May 2014 that the
states have jurisdiction over demand re-
sponse because it affects retail customers
and how much electricity they buy, even
though it affects the wholesale markets.
EIA: Fossil-Fueled Power to Lose
Share to Renewables
Fossil-fueled power generation will
lose share to renewable resources across
the nation’s generation portfolios, ac-
cording to the U.S. Energy Information
Administration’s (EIA) Short-Term Ener-
gy Outlook. Published last month, the
current edition of the report is the first to
include energy forecasts for 2017.
“A decline in power generation from
fossil fuels in the forecast period is offset
by an increase from renewable resources,”
the report says.
The share of natural gas-fired power
generation is expected to fall from 33
percent in 2015 to 31 percent in 2017.
Likewise, the share of coal-fired power
generation will fall from 34 percent to 33
percent in the reporting period.
Renewables are expected to increase
their share of the country’s power gener-
ation portfolio, with hydropower rising
from 6 percent in 2015 to 7 percent in
2017, and the share of all other renew-
ables rising from 7 percent to 9 percent in
the same period.
The report sees continued growth
in utility-scale solar power, forecasting
a production average of 129 gigawat-
thours per day in 2017, which represents
a 45-percent increase over 2016 levels.
Levels in 2016 will themselves amount to
a 126-percent increase over 2014 levels.
All told, utility-scale solar is forecasted to

www.power-eng.com
account for 1.1 percent of total U.S. power
generation in 2017. North Carolina, Ne-
vada and California will together account
for about two-thirds of capacity additions
in 2015 and 2016.
With its larger installed capacity
base, wind energy grew by 13 percent
in 2015, says the report. It is forecasted
to increase by 14 percent in 2016 and 3
percent in 2017.
MHPSA Ships First
Domestically-Manufactured
M501J from Georgia
Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems
Americas (MHPSA) has shipped the
first U.S.-manufactured M501J gas tur-
bine from its Savanah Machinery Works
(SMW) facility in Georgia. The new tur-
bine is now on its way to Grand River
Dam Authority’s (GRDA) Grand River
Energy Center in Oklahoma.
The J-series gas turbine will replace the
facility’s older coal-fired unit. Once oper-
ational, the 300-ton turbine will generate
495 MW of electricity, supplying power to
GRDA customers in all but two of Okla-
homa’s counties.
“What makes the J-series gas turbine
so unique is that it is the first and only
turbine in commercial operation today
capable of achieving 2,912°F turbine inlet
temperatures while delivering efficiencies
approaching 62 percent in combined-cy-
cle mode,” said David Brozek, senior vice
president at MHPSA.
Scheduled for completion in the sec-
ond quarter of 2017, GRDA’s turbine will
be the 28th J-series turbine to go into
commercial operation. In addition to the
GRDA Unit, SMW has a backlog of J-Se-
ries turbines that will be shipped over the
next several years.
MHPSA’s SMW manufacturing facility
opened in 2011, fulfilling a commitment
by the company to be closer to its North
American customer base and provide fast-
er support.
Hurst Boiler Commissions 1st
US Poultry Litter-Fueled Boiler
Hurst Boiler is commissioning the first
poultry litter-fueled boiler in the U.S. –
the world’s third such system – at a Clin-
ton, North Carolina cogeneration facility.
Commissioning is expected in mid-
2016, at which time the system will sup-
port Prestage Farm’s turkey operations.
The 1600 HP is the first Hurst Boiler
system in the country designed specifical-
ly to be fueled by poultry litter.
“While we have been carefully evaluat-
ing the potential to use litter in our boilers
in the U.S. market, one of our solid fuel
boilers in Guatemala began running al-
most three years ago on 100-percent litter,
simply because it was the most cost effec-
tive and reliable fuel,” said Tommy Hurst,
of Hurst Boiler Inc. “Since then, two more
systems have been installed and are pro-
viding steam to poultry facilities using
only chicken litter.”
“We are well aware of the many chal-
lenges and problems of litter as a fuel,
which is why we spent an inordinate
amount of time and resources making
sure that we had measures in place to
ensure success in the U.S. market,” said
Charlie Coffee, solid fuel boiler sales for
Hurst Boiler.
Coffee says there are many benefits to
using poultry litter. The ash from litter is
rich in potassium and phosphorous.
“By concentrating these nutrients in
ash, these systems can transform the po-
tential risk of phosphorous regulation
into an economic asset for companies,”
said Coffee.

6
CLEARING THE AIR
www.power-eng.com
W
hile admitting the final
version of the Clean Power
Plan (CPP) is better than
the proposed version, Jeff Holmstead,
an environmental attorney with Brace-
well & Giuliani, said the CPP is very
clever, but ultimately illegal.
Holmstead’s comments were made
in a mega-session at POWER-GEN In-
ternational 2015. Holmstead said short
of a stay, the CPP will carry the force
of law during litigation, but will likely
be struck down by the Supreme Court
in late 2017 or early 2018. Under the
law, he said, a single Supreme Court
justice—John Roberts—could stay the
rule unilaterally, though there is no
precedent for such an action, and it will
likely not happen.
The Clean Power Plan calls for
sweeping new requirements to cut car-
bon dioxide (CO2
) emissions 32 per-
cent below 2005 levels by 2030. States
have until 2018 to submit their compli-
ance plans.
On Jan. 21, the D.C. Circuit Court
of Appeals did indeed deny petition
to stay the rule, preserving the land-
mark legislation’s authority to regulate
carbon emissions from power plants,
even as the rule prepares to defend
against subsequent litigation designed
to erode its legality.
Stating that petitioners “have not
satisfied the stringent standards that
apply to petitions for extraordinary
writs that seek to stay agency action,”
the Court declined to uphold action
brought by West Virginia and Peabody
HOLMSTEAD:
CPP is Very Clever,
but Ultimately Illegal
BY TIM MISER, ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Energy Corporation, which would
have rendered the law powerless as it
defended its constitutionality in future
legal cases.
The final rule, Holmstead said, took a
much more national approach and was
designed to incentivize states to imple-
ment a mass-based cap and trade pro-
gram, instead of a rate-based program.
Still, he said, states are all watching one
another to see what the others will do.
The session, attended by more than
100 power professionals, also includ-
ed panelists Ben Machol with the EPA,
Steve Corneli with NRG Energy, and
John Lawhorn with the Midwest Inde-
pendent System Operator (MISO.)
Machol said the CPP was designed to
mitigate climate change and the asso-
ciated warming trend of the last many
years. He then highlighted key differ-
ences between the proposed version
and the final version of the CPP.
NRG Energy’s Corneli said there is no
longer a question about climate change.
The science is in, he said, and as a large
carbon emitter, NRG is in the process of
working toward a solution. Corneli ad-
vocated for a strategy that would “pick
the low-hanging fruit first”. States can
approach owners of coal plants and ask
them to commit to voluntarily retire
high-emission coal plants, he said.
Many states are already very close
to CPP compliance, he continued, and
emissions reductions will essential-
ly come from coal plants, not com-
bined-cycle gas-fired plants.
Lawhorn, whose work has modelled
the impact of the CPP, said the inter-
connected nature of the grid creates an
environment in which conditions that
affect one system operator may also af-
fect neighboring system operators.
MISO is talking with its neighbors
about collective efforts to analyze the
CPP, he said, adding the impacts of the
CPP “will be national in scope, reach-
ing beyond the border of any single sys-
tem operator.” Addressing the question
of whether the CPP delivered what it
was expected to deliver, Lawhorn said
there was no way to know, since state
implementation plans are not yet final-
ized. The default backstop for the CPP
is the federal implementation plan,
he noted, adding that states “need the
flexibility to implement the CPP on the
most economical basis possible.”
Jeff Holmstead

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8 www.power-eng.com
INDUSTRY WATCH
networks of key DER stakeholders.
DER project orchestrators uncover op-
portunities for smart cities and cam-
puses as well as individual energy con-
sumers large and small to save money,
increase resiliency, security and sus-
tainability, and promote economic
development. At the same time, they
help utilities find, size, and develop
opportunities to defer capital, improve
operations, and generate new revenue
sources, resulting in net savings for
ratepayers. They help wholesale mar-
kets maintain balance by creating new
DER-enabled energy, capacity and an-
cillary service resources. They develop
securitizable DER project investment
structures such that private investors
have opportunities to realize attractive
and portfolio-diversified risk-adjusted
returns. Finally, DER project orchestra-
tors engage project developers, service
providers, and technology vendors at
deeper levels of commitment, thereby
creating significant cross-project syner-
gies while driving down team integra-
tion risks and soft costs.
The emergence of new players and
partnerships in this space is evidence
of a shift to complex DER project or-
chestration over simple generation as-
set development. Though DER growth
is forecasted to rise, development barri-
ers abound, creating the need for a new
kind of player in the market. As such,
DER investments will be increasing-
ly specified, procured, and deployed
through the influence or direct con-
trol of project orchestrators. Wise DER
asset vendors and project developers
will find ways to partner with this new
breed of DER project orchestrator .
D
istributed Energy Resource
(DER) deployments are rap-
idly growing. While DER
drivers vary by technology, region,
and customer, “the overarching goal
of DER deployments is to make the
electricity grid more efficient, resilient,
cost-effective, and sustainable.”
Navigant Research forecasts the
world-wide capacity of DER to increase
four fold from 136 GW in 2015 to 531
GW in 2024. Of that increase, North
America is projected to be the second
largest market (after Asia Pacific) with
installed capacity increasing 46 GW to
134 GW—a compound annual growth
rate of 12.6 percent.
In light of these trends, players are
acting. Utilities are increasingly consid-
ering DER as tools for planning, such
as ConEd’s Brooklyn/Queens Demand
Management (BQDM) program that
seeks to use DER to defer $1 billion in
substation and related infrastructure
upgrades. Similarly, unregulated util-
ity businesses are pursuing new DER
business lines, such as Duke Energy
Renewables’ majority stake in REC So-
lar and subsequent partnership with
Green Charge Networks. Meanwhile,
leading DER firms are continuing to
make investments in North American,
such as Tesla’s factories in Sparks, NV.
As DER grid penetration accelerates,
feeder DG absorption constraints, in-
terconnect complexity, and cost and op-
erational concerns all rise accordingly.
While direct interconnection costs are
often regulated to be borne by the DER
project, broader issues of legacy fixed
investment and obligation-to-serve
operational readiness cost shifting to
non-participants is sparking debate
across the U.S. and beyond. The crux
of the matter is that although custom-
ers want to control their own destiny
and reduce costs, distribution utilities
remain obligated to maintain the grid’s
safety and reliability at the lowest cost
possible and with equitable cost ap-
portionment across rate classes. As this
DER growth tension plays out, private
investors are lining up, eagerly seeking
returns through ownership of a piece of
the growing DER pie, but also frustrat-
ed in their struggle to identify attrac-
tive risk-adjusted return opportunities
within this complex DER ecosystem.
A DER project orchestrator, much
like a network orchestrator, provides
proactive coordination of stakehold-
ers to achieve value creation benefits
for all. These benefits reach beyond
the typical project finance and gener-
ation asset metrics of interest to tradi-
tional project developers, and include
value propositions attractive to a wide
range of stakeholders. In pursuing this
broader basket of benefits, DER project
orchestrators unlock value by uncover-
ing and addressing hidden opportuni-
ties and risks among and between utili-
ties, investors, communities, wholesale
markets, and large or aggregated loads.
Finally, DER project orchestrators
operate at scale by leveraging broad
Holders of the
Hidden Keys to
DER Integration
BY KEN HORNE, ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, DAN BRADLEY, MANAGING DIRECTOR,
AND MICHELLE BEBRIN, SENIOR CONSULTANT, NAVIGANT
Ken Horne Dan Bradley Michelle Bebrin

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10
VIEW ON RENEWABLES
www.power-eng.com
facility, but also requires that the custom-
er enter a contract with the utility and pay
distribution, delivery, and daily demand
charges to the utility. These green tariffs
can help utilities remain relevant and vi-
able among corporate customers seeking
new options.
Another option for corporations in reg-
ulated states are contracts in which the
corporation does not purchase the power
to serve its own retail load. Instead, while
the specific terms generally vary, in a con-
tract for differences, the renewable energy
seller sells its energy into the market for
the available market price (floating) and
the corporate customer agrees to fixed
price for the same power. The buyer then
settles monthly with the seller on the dif-
ference between the fixed and floating
prices with a payment going from buyer
to seller if the fixed price is above the mar-
ket price and in reverse where the floating
price is above the fixed price. This ar-
rangement provides a benefit to the seller
in terms of a fixed revenue stream and to
the buyer in the form of a hedge against
its retail supply arrangement. That said,
these arrangements can implicate regu-
latory and accounting obligations about
which corporations and sellers must be
aware.
Corporations’ ever-increasing demand
for renewables is driving new and inno-
vative options for procuring them. While
corporations in regulated states have been
limitedintheirabilitytodirectlypurchase
renewables and take advantage of their
lower costs, virtual PPAs and green tariffs
are beginning to offer those benefits. Cor-
porations can thus look forward to better
access to renewables going forward.
B
usinesses across the country are
seeing the green in renewable
energy. They recognize that in ad-
dition to helping meet corporate sustain-
ability goals, renewables are a desirable
option from a profitability standpoint be-
cause electricity generated by renewables
is increasingly cost-competitive with fos-
sil-fuel generation without the same price
volatility and risk. This is good news for
renewable developers as it increases de-
mand for renewable energy and presents
potential customers. Businesses target-
ing opportunities to purchase renewable
energy have several options: they can
install renewables (usually solar) on site,
purchase renewables directly from a spe-
cific project, or participate in a program
through their designated public utility.
However, the options available to the
company usually depends on the reg-
ulatory scheme applicable to the load
the company wishes to serve. States like
Illinois, Oregon, Texas, California, and
much of the Northeast have deregulated
their electricity markets, meaning that
the traditional system of public utility
monopolies has been replaced with a sys-
tem in which independent electricity sell-
ers can compete with the utility to serve
certain loads. In deregulated states, cor-
porations generally can enter into power
purchase agreements (PPAs) directly with
renewable energy projects; provided that
the customer qualifies for and has opted
into the applicable direct access program
and the seller is eligible to sell. Renewable
energy developers often have the option
to consider serving the load directly or
contracting with the qualified entity that
serves the rest of the corporation’s load.
Tying together the various pieces of the
service obligation and multiple contracts
is complex. In addition, with a pivot
from utility to commercial and industrial
off-takers comes new discussions about
traditional allocations or risks in renew-
able PPAs.
In states that have maintained their
traditional regulatory scheme for public
utilities, renewable developers cannot en-
ter into PPAs directly with corporations.
States long ago granted public utilities
the exclusive right to sell electricity in the
utility’s service territory in order to avoid
duplication of service. This restriction is a
central tenet of traditional public utility
regulation, and is one of the primary dif-
ferences between regulated and deregu-
lated states. Corporations wishing to pur-
chase renewable energy to power facilities
in regulated states depend on public utili-
ties to procure that renewable energy. For
over 20 years, utilities have met requests
for renewables from corporate customers
by offering “green tariffs” to large custom-
ers, charging these customers a premium
for the renewable energy and providing
them with renewable energy certificates
(RECs) so that the corporations can prove
their commitment to renewables.
Corporations are beginning to find
ways to work around restrictions in regu-
lated states. Utilities have begun offering
new green tariffs that are more appealing
to corporate buyers. In Utah, the Legisla-
ture has created an option that blends a
green tariff with a corporate PPA. The En-
ergy Resource Procurement Act, passed
in 2012, allows the customer to select
the renewable energy facility and negoti-
ate the price and RECs directly with the
Regulatory Tips for
Companies Seeking
Green Energy Opportunities
BY JENNIFER MARTIN AND EMMA FAZIO, STOEL RIVES
Jennifer Martin Emma Fazio

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12
ENERGY MATTERS
www.power-eng.com
A
fine line separates propaganda
from effective public relations.
For the last several years, EPA
has adopted a markedly different tone
in press releases and has employed a
more sophisticated social media strat-
egy. To ignore social media would be
foolish in today’s tweet-obsessed cul-
ture; however, EPA may have gone too
far. The Government Accountability
Office (GAO) concluded in a Decem-
ber 14, 2015 decision that EPA “vi-
olated publicity or propaganda and
anti-lobbying provisions…with its use
of certain social media platforms in as-
sociation with its Waters of the United
States (WOTUS) rulemaking…”
At issue is EPA’s use of Thunder-
clap, a “crowd-speaking platform” that
allows a single message to be shared
across multiple Facebook, Twitter and
Tumblr accounts at the same time.
When people join a Thunderclap, they
authorize the app to post a canned
message on their behalf to their so-
cial accounts. Think of Thunderclap
like a digital telephone tree. One per-
son calls three friends who then each
call three friends, who then each call
three friends, and so on. Except with
Thunderclap, social media replaces the
old-fashioned telephone and the elec-
tronic message goes out simultaneous-
ly to thousands of people.
The use of viral content sharing sites
is becoming more common as adver-
tisers, activists and companies aim to
recreate the social buzz that comes nat-
urally to funny cat memes. EPA created
a “campaign” which stated “Clean wa-
ter is important to me. I support EPA’s
EPA’s Thunderclap:
Propaganda
or Publicity?
BY ROBYNN ANDRACSEK, P.E., BURNS & MCDONNELL AND CONTRIBUTING EDITOR
efforts to protect it for my health, my
family, and my community.” When
the campaign reached its goal of 500
supporters, Thunderclap promoted this
message, reaching an estimated 1.8
million people.
GAO describes covert propaganda as
communications that fail to disclose
the agency’s role as the source of infor-
mation. The Thunder-
clap message did not
identify EPA as the au-
thor to the multitudes
of people who received
the Thunderclap and
that was EPA’s error.
By using the first per-
son (“I” and “me”) in
the message, EPA “de-
liberately disassociates
itself as the writer, when the message
was in fact written, and its posting so-
licited, by EPA.” By contrast, GAO de-
termined that EPA’s #CleanWaterRules
and #DitchtheMyth Twitter campaigns
were not propaganda or self-aggran-
dizement since references were made
to “our rule” and the EPA logo was in-
cluded in associated graphics.
Keeping to the theme of modern
communications, EPA responded to
the GAO decision in a strongly worded
blog. In EPA’s perspective, Thunderclap
was a General Services Administration
(GSA) approved platform appropriate-
ly used to catalyze the public engage-
ment process. EPA asserts that they did
not encourage the public to contact
Congress or any state legislature about
the Clean Water Rule. EPA insists they
“won’t back down from our mission”
and resents these “empty attacks.”
Social media is a developing com-
munication avenue that, by design,
evolves quickly. President Obama’s
administration is the first to imple-
ment (and the first to need) an Office
of Digital Strategy, but subsequent ad-
ministrations will surely continue this
department. The laws regulating pro-
paganda were written
for more traditional
avenues of reaching
an audience and are
quickly becoming
outdated. EPA’s own
public outreach began
to expand from dry
press releases as early
as summer 2011 when
EPA issued a press re-
lease entitled “Here’s what they’re say-
ing about the cross-state air pollution
rule.” Instead of news, the content was
a series of quotes from activist groups
such as the American Lung Associa-
tion, Environmental Defense Fund
and the Sierra Club. EPA followed this
up with similar “press releases” about
the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards
rule, Clean Water Act Proposed rule
and Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel
Standards.
EPA is right that one of the most ef-
fective ways to share information today
is via the Internet and social media;
however, federal law prohibits gov-
ernmental agencies from engaging in
propaganda. This cautionary tale pro-
vides initial guidance for governmen-
tal agencies on where the line is drawn
between publicity and lobbying.
“To ignore social
media would be
foolish in today’s
tweet-obsessed
culture; however,
EPA may have
gone too far.”

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14
NUCLEAR REACTIONS
www.power-eng.com
investments need to be well thought
out and planned.
“We cannot risk creating a situation
in which we want clean, reliable and
affordable electricity, but we are not
able to provide it because we failed to
plan, invest and build when we could,”
Roderick said. “New energy infrastruc-
ture that will last for 50 years or more
cannot be built overnight. We need
careful, long-term
planning of invest-
ments and construc-
tion.”
Both plans have
one major goal in
mind: bring down
the amount of emis-
sions generated by
power plants around
the world. Where nu-
clear fits into these
plans is where ques-
tions arise, though
common sense
would say nuclear power is one of the
best zero-emission and reliable gener-
ating sources to build. However, nei-
ther plan gives any financial help to
offset the high upfront costs to build
a plant, nor do they supply answers
to the issue of market prices not fairly
compensating nuclear. Plant operators
say the increase in installed renewables
on the grid and low natural gas prices
have led to artificially low electricity
prices that do not cover the benefits of
nuclear power, much less normal oper-
ating costs. When those issues are re-
solved, then we can see nuclear power’s
true benefits.
T
wo plans were released in 2015
aimed at cutting emissions
around the world. The plans
have different requirements and meth-
ods of reducing pollutants resulting
from power generation, and they also
have different impacts on the future
development of nuclear power. While
one may be a boon for nuclear new
builds, the other may be a hindrance,
according to some in the industry.
President Obama and the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency in Au-
gust revealed the Clean Power Plan,
which seeks to cut carbon emissions
32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030,
and allows states to create and imple-
ment their own plans to cut carbon
emissions. A federal appeals court in
January denied a stay against the rule,
which means states must move for-
ward with compliance requirements
and deadlines. However, several state
lawsuits challenging the plan are still
pending.
Some say the plan does not boost the
U.S. nuclear industry because it does
not recognize the value of nuclear’s
zero-carbon power generation. Accord-
ing to the Nuclear Energy Institute, the
rule also does not give credit for license
extensions. The rule does say, however,
that more premature shut downs of nu-
clear plants are expected in the future,
which would actually increase emis-
sions if the lost capacity is replaced
with natural gas. The final rule does
not consider the five reactors currently
under construction in the U.S. – Watts
Bar 2 in Tennessee, Vogtle 3 & 4 in
Georgia and Summer 2 & 3 in South
Carolina – in the goal setting calcula-
tion. When they are operational, they
will count toward compliance.
The second plan was reached at the
COP21 climate change talks in Par-
is, in which 196 countries agreed to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions to
a level that will limit the rise of the
global average temperature to well be-
low 2 degrees C (3.6 F) of pre-indus-
trial levels by 2030.
The reductions mean
nations will have to
lower their use of
fossil-fueled generat-
ing sources like coal,
oil and gas, and rely
more on low-car-
bon emitters, such
as renewables and
nuclear. The agree-
ment also calls for
developed countries
to fund $100 billion
a year to developing
countries starting in 2020 that is ex-
pected to increase over time. Every five
years, the nations will be required to
assess and report on their progress.
Westinghouse said in a release that it
believed the COP21 agreement would
be the shot in the arm that the nuclear
industry needs.
“The message from COP21 is clear:
it’s time to redirect investment and fi-
nancing from carbon-intensive fossil
fuels to building a new generation of
nuclear power plants for security of fu-
ture energy supply,” said Westinghouse
President and CEO Danny Roderick.
Roderick pointed out that these
COP21 vs. Clean Power Plan:
Which Benefits
Nuclear More?
BY SHARRYN DOTSON, EDITOR
New energy
infrastructure that
will last for 50 years
or more cannot be
built overnight.We
need careful, long-
term planning...
- Westinghouse President
& CEO Danny Roderick

16 www.power-eng.com
ONSITE POWER
BY ANNE HAMPSON
Packaged CHP systems
are pre-engineered and
assembled at the factory
for optimal operation,
and they can be placed
into service at a host
facility in a short amount
of time because they
require little on-site as-
sembly. Photo courtesy:
ICF International
emerged that are shifting the economics
and value proposition for CHP in the
US. This is already leading to increasing
levels of CHP deployment, and a shift
in its achievable potential ahead.
So how big is this potential, and what
does it look like? Determining the true
market for CHP can be a challenge. It
requires estimates of the technical, eco-
nomic, and likely achievable potential
for additional CHP installations—no
small task in some areas, and with
many variables to consider. The current
state of the market and starting point
for any analysis can be seen in the U.S.
Department of Energy CHP Installa-
tion Database (managed by ICF, and
available at: https://doe.icfwebservices.
com/chpdb/), which tracks CHP instal-
lations throughout the country, provid-
ing data on market trends and growth.
Traditionally, large industrial facilities
have been the primary CHP adopters,
accounting for 86 percent of currently
installed capacity (71GW). Commer-
cial and institutional facilities make
up the remaining 14 percent
(about 12 GW). However, a
shift may be coming.
Looking forward at the re-
maining technical potential for CHP,
we see a much different split, with in-
dustrial facilities accounting for about
45 percent and commercial/institution-
al facilities accounting for 55%. This
means that the future is smaller: the av-
erage system size of the remaining CHP
potential is significantly lower than
the average size of currently installed
systems. The total of this technical
potential in the United States ranges
in estimates between 110 – 160 GW for
systems that use all of their energy out-
put onsite. However, even beyond that
impressive figure, for some facilities
that use more thermal energy (typically
in the form of steam compared to elec-
tricity) a CHP system can be sized to
allow export of excess electricity to the
T
here’s a hot new technol-
ogy in energy. It’s driv-
en by rapidly improving
economics, better prod-
uct offerings that are
far easier to use, and innovative new
business models that can bring turn-
key solutions right to customers. It has
the potential to provide a quarter of
our power generation. It’s been making
waves in the market, and signs point to
more vigorous growth ahead. Except
this technology is not new. And it’s not
what you’re thinking.
Combined heat and power (CHP)
gets fewer headlines and has a lot less
sizzle than some other distributed en-
ergy technologies, but when you break
down the numbers, it delivers. The
basic concept goes all the way back
to Thomas Edison, who employed it
himself in his first commercial power
station. Over the ensuing years, CHP
has made serious inroads into our na-
tion’s power and heat supply, providing
electricity and thermal energy for over
4,400 commercial and industrial facili-
ties around the country. In fact, there is
currently over 82 GW of CHP capacity
installed in the US, accounting for 12
percent of electricity production and 8
percent of power generation capacity.
And while this is a lot more than most
people realize, it’s not anywhere near
the technology’s full potential. In fact,
a variety of game-changing factors have
Analyzing
the Potential
of CHP in
North America

17www.power-eng.com
The Potential for Additional CHP is Nationwide
CHP Technical
Potential (MW) 1,000–3,000 MW >5,000 MW
<1,000 MW 3,000–5,000 MW
Author
Anne Hampson is senior manager at ICF
International.
The spark spread is a metric used to
evaluate the cost effectiveness of a CHP
system based on the difference between
fuel and electricity prices. The larg-
er the spread, the more cost savings a
CHP system will provide. California
and the Northeastern states have tra-
ditionally been the primary targets for
CHP due to their high electricity prices
and moderate fuel prices. As natural
gas prices have decreased and electric-
ity prices have either remained stable
or continued to increase, more regions
of the country are showing favorable
spark spreads for CHP. The Midwest in
particular is a region where high levels
of technical potential are meeting in-
creasingly favorable economics, which
is leading to more projects under devel-
opment.
Packaged CHP Systems
As with any asset investment, one of
the primary barriers to CHP develop-
ment has been the high upfront capi-
tal cost of the system, especially when
considering that they are installed at
facilities whose core business is some-
thing other than power generation.
Traditionally, CHP systems have been
local utility. When accounting for this
excess electrical capacity, the potential
for CHP could increase by another 75 –
125 GW. In sum then, there is a very
substantial 185 – 285 GW of deploy-
able CHP in a country that has just over
1,000 GW of current electric generating
capacity. These estimates will be further
refined in an upcoming study to be re-
leased by the U.S. Department of Ener-
gy on the current amount of technical
potential for CHP in the United States
on a state-by-state basis.
Furthermore, unlike other clean ener-
gy technologies that are confined by the
availabilityoftheresourceitself(i.e.hours
of sunlight, or presence of wind), CHP
can use any combustible fuel. Therefore,
the technical potential for CHP is con-
strained only by the amount of energy
consuming facilities that can use both its
electric and thermal outputs.
Of course, estimating the technical
potential for additional CHP is only the
first step in analyzing the CHP market,
as it provides the universe for what is
capable of being served by the technol-
ogy. It’s an estimation of market size
constrained only by technological lim-
its—the ability of CHP technologies to
meet existing customer energy needs.
The technical potential does not consid-
er other factors such as economics, abil-
ity to retrofit, owner interest in applying
CHP, capital availability, and variation
of energy consumption within custom-
er application/size classes. All of these
factors affect the feasibility, cost and
ultimate acceptance of CHP at a site,
which are evaluated in the later stages of
economic and likely achievable poten-
tial analysis. But when we look at those
areas, we see the scales tipping quickly
and significantly in CHP’s favor.
ECONOMIC
GAME-CHANGERS
The evaluation of economic poten-
tial for CHP is not as straightforward as
the technical potential. The outcomes
depend a lot on the assumptions that are
used in its calculation (which can also
vary significantly from region to region).
Economic potential is also hard to char-
acterize because the term “economic”
means different things to different peo-
ple. Some companies would not consider
a CHP system to be economic unless it
had a payback period of less than 2 years,
whereas other companies would consider
a system to be economic at a 5-7 year pay-
back — which, when considered against
other energy technologies, is very compa-
rable and quite competitive.
All of the economic trends are point-
ing in the right direction for robust
growth in CHP’s economic potential
and actual deployment: systems are be-
coming more affordable due to low nat-
ural gas prices, new packaging options,
innovative business models, and the
potential for additional revenue streams
for their environmental attributes and/
or electric system benefits.
Natural Gas Prices
Natural gas, the preferred fuel for
CHP, has been selling at record low
prices, which is creating favorable spark
spreads in many regions of the country.

ONSITE POWER
from distributed CHP installations –
not only from reduced congestion on
transmission and distribution lines, but
from demand response and ancillary
services such as voltage and frequency
regulation. These services can poten-
tially be monetized and utilized as a
source of revenue for CHP customers,
with regional transmission organiza-
tions like PJM offering market-based
compensation for customer-generators
that can provide demand response and
ancillary services for the system. States
like New York and California are work-
ing hard on developing distribution
level markets for such services. These
markets are still a work in progress,
however, they show strong promise to
provide additional revenue streams to
CHP systems, further enhancing project
economics.
EXPECTED ACHIEVABLE
POTENTIAL
The expected achievable potential
for CHP is the final step to creating a
forecast of how much CHP will be de-
ployed. After the economic potential
is calculated (shown by grouping the
technical potential capacity into rang-
es based on their expected payback)
the results are multiplied by typical
customer acceptance factors to esti-
mate the amount of CHP capacity that
would actually be installed. Customer
acceptance of a clean energy technol-
ogy can be highly variable and takes
into account the fact that even at very
low paybacks (and high rates of re-
turn), some customers would still not
move forward with an installation. In
a recent analysis for the Pew Charita-
ble Trusts, ICF concluded that 18 GW
of CHP could be expected to enter the
market by 2030, based on current eco-
nomic conditions. As the economics
for CHP continue to improve and cus-
tomers become more comfortable with
new business models, the potential re-
mains for deployment at an even great-
er level.
custom-engineered for each installa-
tion, a process that involves ordering
all the components separately and then
assembling it onsite. This process can
be slow and expensive, and has been
described by Dana Levy at the New
York State Energy Research and Devel-
opment Authority (NYSERDA) as akin
to purchasing all the parts at an auto
supply store and going home to assem-
ble your car.
Packaged systems are dramatically
changing that story for smaller CHP sys-
tems. Most CHP technologies are fairly
mature, so rather than seeing reductions
in cost coming from the prime mover
technology itself, they are coming from
innovative ways of packaging the tech-
nology with the heat recovery system,
generator, and controls all in one package
so that the unit can be installed at a lower
cost. These packaged systems are pre-en-
gineered and assembled at the factory for
optimaloperation,andtheycanbeplaced
into service at a host facility in a short
amount of time because they require little
on-site assembly. Packaged units can also
be stacked together to make larger capac-
ity systems which increase the operation-
al flexibility and reliability of the overall
system. These attributes, coupled with
standardized controls and monitoring
software are making pre-packaged CHP
systems less expensive to install, operate
and maintain.
While there are many US companies
pursing the packaged CHP market, there
has been a notable increase in European
companies that are entering the US mar-
ket and utilizing their experience from
Europe, where small packaged CHP sys-
tems are a much more common practice.
Packaged system developers are also tak-
ing advantage of the replicability of these
systems to attract hotel, supermarket, and
assisted living community chains that
can deploy a portfolio of systems at mul-
tiple facilities.
Innovative Business Models
As distributed generation systems
like CHP have received higher levels
of recognition, many developers have
started offering leased system options
or “build, own, and operate” business
models for their customers. With these
offerings, the developer pays for all of
the up-front costs of a CHP installation,
and the customer only pays for the de-
livered energy, typically at a guaranteed
discount compared to local utility costs.
Think of it as SolarCity for CHP. The de-
veloper owns and operates the CHP sys-
tem, providing remote monitoring and
all system maintenance at no additional
cost to the customer. While this busi-
ness model has been around for a while
it has become more prominent given its
relative recent success in the solar pho-
tovoltaic market. Innovative business
models can make CHP systems a much
more attractive proposition for small to
medium-sized businesses that are hesi-
tant to commit to a large capital invest-
ment or to what can be a complicated
process of working out the technical is-
sues for their site. The transfer of own-
ership and operational risk from the
end-user to the developer is also bring-
ing in customers that would not other-
wise consider generating on-site power.
Additional Revenue Streams
CHP systems reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by producing power and heat
more efficiently than central utility sys-
tems that may still rely on coal for power
generation. The avoided consumption
of utility electricity from CHP custom-
ers can add up to significant amounts of
prevented emissions over time. While
markets for greenhouse gas emissions
have been slow to develop in the U.S.,
they could potentially provide a valu-
able source of revenue for customers
with CHP systems. And now, as states
are confronted with designing pro-
grams to bring them into compliance
with EPA’s Clean Power Plan, CHP, like
many other clean energy technologies,
may be able to sell its positive environ-
mental attributes, delivering additional
value to system owners.
Additionally, utilities can benefit

www.power-eng.com 19
Boilers – Critical
Process ComponentBY SCOTT LYNCH, PRESIDENT AND CEO, ABMA
major injuries. This risk far outweighs
the cost of proper maintenance as down
time can cost companies millions in lost
productivity.
UPGRADING A BOILER
In many cases, the boiler shell will
outlast many of the component parts.
With technological advances and ever
changing environmental regulations, it
is important to explore boiler upgrades
on a regular basis. There are times when
an upgrade can pay for itself in just a few
years, maybe even months with energy
and fuel savings. There is also an op-
portunity to explore additional upgrades
whengoingthroughacompliancereview.
PURCHASING
A NEW BOILER
Whetheraboilerneedstobepurchased
to replace on old unit or expansion is on
the horizon, there are great opportunities
to purchase the ideal boiler system for an
end-user’s needs.
An end-user may know best what it
needs from a boiler, but a boiler manu-
facturer understands today’s technol-
ogy and how to create a boiler that offers
the best value while addressing unique
challenges. Collaboration is important
early in the process to ensure high perfor-
mance and cost-effective decision.
Large boilers for industrial, commer-
cial and institutional use are not widgets,
they are highly engineered, extremely
customized complex systems. The design
and build process does not take days, it
takes months and boiler manufacturers
investment significant time and resourc-
es to create each system. Purchasing the
proper boiler and instituting a textbook
maintenance schedule, will enable this
investment to serve the needs of an end-
user for decades to come.
ABMA and its members cannot change
perceptions overnight and we don’t plan
to create Super Bowl commercials any-
time soon. Our goal is to move the needle
and personalize our message to the needs
of various audiences, and we are confi-
dent that this educational campaign will
lead to a more successful industry and ad-
vance the safety of our products.
As an association, ABMA is partner-
ing with marketing firm Larnish Larsen
to create awareness and highlight the
critical nature of the boiler industry and
ensure that there is an understanding
of why boilers are so important, what is
needed to properly maintain a boiler and
how investing in a boiler room can offer
many benefits and potential long-term
cost savings to an end-user.
T
hink about a hospital that
isn’t able to sterilize its
medical equipment, the
college campus with no
hot water for their thou-
sands of students or the food processing
plant that cannot make steam and pro-
duction comes to halt. These are all re-
alities without fully operational boilers.
In many cases, the boiler is thought of
as that room in the basement that does
what we need it to do. But our industry
knows that there is much more to this
story and ABMA has decided it is time
to focus our efforts on moving percep-
tions toward reality.
So why is the boiler room “that room
in the basement”? In many cases, the
boiler room is not seen as a critical com-
ponent of the business. A hospital is wor-
ried about saving lives, a college campus
is investing in educating future leaders,
and a food processing facility is focused
on its product development.
MAINTAINING A BOILER
I hear all the time that lack of regular
maintenance is a top reason for the break
down and replacement of boilers. With
proper care and maintenance, a boiler
can run efficiently for years and years.
But in many cases, the dollars to properly
maintain a boiler room are not allocated
and operators are not properly trained.
Over time, the boiler goes into disrepair
or in the worst cases, explodes, costing
companies significantly more dollars and
ABM
A
SpecialSection
Scott Lynch

ABM
A
SpecialSection
industry commentary, utilities now
have the regulatory clarity necessary
for compliance strategy development,
technology selection, budgeting, per-
mitting, scheduling and ultimately
project implementation. As a result,
numerous utilities are now moving
forward with project planning and ex-
ecution in accordance with the compli-
ance requirements and deadlines. Proj-
ect activity presently includes existing
CCR impoundment stabilization,
dry landfill expansion/construction,
W
ith the final is-
sue of the Envi-
ronmental Pro-
tection Agency
(EPA) Coal
Combustion Residual (CCR) rules on
April 17, 2015 and the Steam Electric
Power Effluent Limitations Guidelines
(ELG) on Nov. 3, 2015, utilities now
have defined compliance requirements
for post-combustion solid waste man-
agement, groundwater and surface wa-
ter and wastewater management.
After nearly five years of data collec-
tion, technology and cost evaluations,
draft rulemaking, public comment and
Dry Ash
Conversions
Implications, Options and Technical
Considerations for CCR & ELG Compliance
BY KEVIN L. MCDONOUGH

21www.power-eng.com
groundwater monitoring, fly ash and/
or bottom ash wet-to-dry conversions,
gypsum dewatering, wastewater treat-
ment and overall plant water balance
management. This activity is expected
to continue in earnest for the immedi-
ate three to five years and largely con-
clude in 2023 at the close of the ELG
compliance window.
The CCR rules target benefits such
as ground water protection and the
prevention of CCR impoundment
catastrophic failures. As opposed to
the initial draft rule, which was more
focused on the closure of surface im-
poundments, the final rule was issued
with a more defined set of criteria by
which coal unit operators could contin-
ue to utilize surface impoundments as
an alternative to complete wet-to-dry
conversions. Its focus is based on the
following implementation timeframes
from the publication of the rule: a) lo-
cation restrictions (aquifer, wetlands,
fault zones, seismic zones and unstable
areas): 42 months; b) design criteria
(lined/unlined, leaking/not leaking,
structural integrity): 18 months; c) op-
erating criteria (flood control, fugitive
dust control, inspections): six to 18
months; d) groundwater monitoring
and corrective action: 30 months; e)
closure requirements and post-closure
care: 36 to 162 months; and f) record-
keeping, notification and internet
posting: 6 months.
The ELG rule seeks to strengthen
the controls on discharges from steam
electric power plants by revising tech-
nology-based effluent limitations
guidelines and standards for the steam
electric power generation industry.
It also seeks to reduce the amount of
potentially harmful metals and other
pollutants discharged to surface wa-
ter (direct discharges) and publicly
owned treatment works (indirect dis-
charges to POTWs). Targeted waste-
water streams include Flue Gas Desul-
furization (FGD) Wastewater, Fly Ash
and Bottom Ash Wastewater, Flue Gas
Mercury Control (FGMC) Wastewater,
Combustion Residual Leachate from
Landfills and Surface Impoundments,
Nonchemical Metal Cleaning Wastes
and Coal and Pet Coke Gasification
Wastewater. According to the EPA, Best
Available Technology (BAT) compli-
ance technologies include chemical
precipitation, biological treatment,
evaporation, dry handling and prop-
erly designed surface impoundments
for the differing waste streams. For
fly ash and bottom ash, however, the
technology basis for compliance is dry
handling or closed-loop zero liquid
discharge (ZLD) systems for all units
>50MW, with the exception that fly ash
and bottom ash transport waters can
be used as a source of FGD process wa-
ter. For generating units <50MW, the
ash systems must meet Best Practicable
Technology (BPT) requirements that
include Total Suspended Solid and Oil/
Grease limitations in the ash effluent
wastewater streams. The rule mandates
This Continuous Dewatering
and Recirculation (CDR™) from
United Conveyor Corp was recently
commissioned at a plant in the
Southeast region of the US. The
technology combines the benefits
of a recirculation system and the
proven technology of a submerged
flight conveyor.Photo courtesy:
United Conveyor.
Author
Kevin L. McDonough is Vice President of
Sales & Marketing for United Conveyor

Our boiler manufacturing experience and passion for customer service has made a
significant difference to our customers, who include the largest independent power
producers, refining, petrochemical, and industrial companies in North America. At
RENTECH, we aren’t resting on our reputation – we are continually building one!
MARKET LEADER IN LARGE FIRED PACKAGED BOILERS
Over the past four years, we have supplied more large fired packaged boilers than
any other manufacturer in the North American market for units > 100,000 lb/hr
in size. Our Packaged Boiler design has been specified time and again for critical
industrial processes, turbine warm-up and auxiliary boiler applications because of its
rugged design and proven reliability. 100% Membrane Wall construction eliminates
the need for refractory and enables quick start-up to achieve full steam capacity of
the boiler in a fraction of the time that it takes with older designs. In addition to
significantly reducing maintenance and operating costs, a water-cooled membrane
wall furnace offers further benefits in reducing emissions.
INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS FOR ACHIEVING LOWER EMISSIONS
Our approach to achieving lower emissions starts with optimization of the boiler
design. Coupled with RENTECH’s knowledge of low emissions burner and catalytic
reduction technologies, we are capable of supplying a system that fully complies
with all performance criteria and is backed by a single-source guarantee.
HRSGS FOR SMALL- AND MEDIUM-SIZED GAS TURBINES
We specialize in, and are the largest supplier of, HRSGs for today’s high-efficiency
gas turbines that operate in the 3-40 MW size range. Our expertise in high-
fired applications incorporates full optimization of the duct-burner performance
while utilizing Catalytic Oxidation and SCR for control of emissions from the
entire system.
RENTECH BOILER SYSTEMS CONTINUES TO LEAD THE INDUSTRY
IN PRODUCING NEW, INNOVATIVE BOILER DESIGNS.
Design Features:
100% headered membrane water wall
construction
No refractory walls or seals
Fully drainable Convective Super-heater that
eliminates the problems associated with radiant
designs
Customized designs for applications requiring
lowest emissions
Standard 5-year warranty on front and rear
furnace walls
Turnkey Capabilities:
Integrated Low NOx Burner and SCR/CO catalyst
systems guaranteed to achieve less than 5 ppmvd
Installation and start-up services
Comprehensive engineering and design evaluation
of other boiler systems
Rebuilds, upgrades and major modifications of
existing boilers
FIRED BOILERS HRSGs WASTEHEAT BOILERS SCR AND CO SYSTEMS
INDUSTRIAL WATERTUBE BOILERS
WASTE HEAT BOILERS SCR SYSTEMS

ABM
A
SpecialSection
handling systems, along with the de-
commissioning of existing wet back-up
systems. Utility operators may elect to
install additional redundancy for pri-
mary dry systems that currently utilize
wet back-up systems.
In contrast to fly ash, many installa-
tions presently utilize wet sluicing sys-
tems to transport bottom ash from the
operating units to surface impound-
ments. Due to the traditional coal unit
boiler and associated bottom ash hop-
per designs, wet-to-dry conversions
pose numerous unique design consid-
erations, such as boiler operating seal
requirements, spatial limitations both
under the boiler and beyond the walls
of the powerhouse, water balance re-
quirements, as well as unit outage con-
siderations.
Although the technical and eco-
nomic criteria is unique to a given
plant, consideration must be given to
flexibility to account for typical plant
operating conditions and maintenance
activities. Specifically, the ELG notes
that “transport water does not include
low volume, short duration discharges
of wastewater from minor leaks (e.g.
leaks from valve packing, pipe flang-
es, or piping) or minor maintenance
events (e.g., replacement of valves or
pipe sections).”
The overwhelming majority of util-
ity installations currently utilize dry
handling systems for fly ash (>85%).
These positive and negative pressure
pneumatic systems in various dilute
and dense phase conveying regimes,
have been proven to be highly reliable
systems if properly designed, operat-
ed and maintained consistent with
fuel/ash characteristics and plant op-
erating conditions. The new ELG re-
quirements will likely result in dry
ash conversions for any remaining wet
a compliance timeframe that is “as
soon as possible beginning November
1, 2018, but no later than December 31,
2023”. Under the implementation ap-
proach, each state (permitting author-
ity) shall confirm the required compli-
ance date within the defined window
with particular consideration for ex-
isting National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit
validity dates and sufficient timelines
for implementation. The combination
of the CCR and ELG requirements will
likely drive dozens of wet-to-dry con-
versions, pond closures, along with
dry landfill and wastewater treatment
projects. In fact, numerous projects are
currently underway.
While the ELG does mandate ZLD
requirements for both Fly Ash and Bot-
tom Ash transport water, it is worth
noting that the EPA has attempt-
ed to incorporate some operational
This Continuous Dewatering and Recirculation
(CDR™) system from United Conveyor Corpora-
tion is installed at a plant in South Carolina. The
technology was the preferred wet-to-dry conver-
sion option due to physical limitations underneath
the boiler. Photo courtesy:United Conveyor.

25www.power-eng.com
Available Technologies (BAT) noted in
the ELG, UCC has implemented vari-
ous technologies throughout the U.S.
utility coal fleet, which are summa-
rized below.
UNDER BOILER
SUBMERGED FLIGHT
CONVEYOR (SFC) SYSTEM
System Overview:
The SFC collects bottom ash from
the boiler into a water-filled trough
where it quenches and cools the ash.
Horizontal flights move the ash con-
tinuously through the trough and up
a dewatering ramp where it is then
discharged into a load-out bunker or
secondary transfer conveyor. Bottom
ash is typically allowed to dewater in
the bunker to 15 percent or 20 percent
moisture, which is ideal for fugitive
dust emission control and landfill com-
paction. In addition, the SFC produces
a dewatered product with a consistent
particle size distribution suitable for
beneficial reuse. Overflow water from
the SFC trough is commonly captured,
cooled and recirculated to complete a
zero liquid discharge system, although
the final ELG allows some flexibility
for the management of cooling water
overflows. The under boiler SFC has
been the industry standard on new
units for the past few decades. In ad-
dition, numerous utilities have suc-
cessfully retrofitted SFCs on existing
units. The SFC is a proven bottom ash
system and a cost-effective solution
when long-term life cycle costs are a
major decision factor and when ex-
isting bottom ash hoppers may be in
need of repair. Feedback from existing
reference installations has indicated
that maintenance costs for an SFC Sys-
tem are only 1/3 that of a conventional
water-impounded bottom ash hopper
and sluice conveying system.
System Design Considerations:
The key variables that determine
viability for an SFC retrofit include
available physical space and planned
and distance, ash marketability/bene-
ficiation, unburned carbon concerns,
ash characteristics, physical param-
eters, multiple unit synergies, plant
water balance and maintenance re-
quirements. Due to the extent and
complexity of the project variables, it
is also critical to select a technology
provider with sufficient experience,
proven reference installations and ex-
ecution capacity to meet the needs of
the plant within a defined timeframe.
Relative to the survey of Best
a multitude of variables in order to de-
termine the optimal solution for com-
pliance. Accordingly, a single technical
solution does not necessarily translate
to all bottom ash applications (i.e. “one
size does not fit all”). Therefore, select-
ing the most appropriate technical al-
ternative requires careful evaluation
of a combination of factors including:
schedule requirements, site impacts,
spatial constraints, budget, outage re-
quirements, site environmental con-
siderations, ash conveying capacities
The patented 100% Dry Pneumatic
Ash Extractor (PAX™) from United
Conveyor is installed at a plant in
the Eastern US,as they preferred a
conversion solution that removed
water as a conveying medium.
Photo courtesy:United Conveyor.

ABMA
Special Section
www.power-eng.com
enhancements, including improved
dewatering elements, valves and op-
erational sequencing, have addressed
many of the performance concerns.
If designed, operated and maintained
properly, this technology still rep-
resents a viable wet-to-dry conversion
solution, and particularly if a plant
currently has existing dewatering bins
installed as a means of coarse particu-
late separation with overflows directed
to an operating surface impoundment.
In this scenario, the system can be ret-
rofitted to a closed-loop system with
the addition of settling and surge tanks
and associated return water pumps,
valves and piping. Several units have
recently been converted using this
approach and are in compliance with
the ELG zero liquid discharge require-
ments.
Due to the scope of the system – in-
cluding multiple tanks, overflow pip-
ing, underflow piping, valves, pumps,
etc. – system controls and associated
operation can be complex. Redundan-
cies must also be balanced with added
complexity. In addition, these systems
can retain ash in solution for extend-
ed periods of time, often numerous
days and even longer in certain cir-
cumstances. In these cases, additional
consideration has to be given for the
water quality/chemistry in a closed-
loop system, particularly relative to
the zero liquid discharge requirements
outage schedules. Many existing boil-
ers do not possess the physical space
to accommodate an SFC retrofit due to
limited headroom between the boil-
er throat and grade, deep bottom ash
hopper pits, structural steel interfer-
ences, equipment/ductwork interfer-
ences around the bottom ash hopper or
limited space outside the powerhouse
wall for storage, truck traffic or ash
transfer. In addition, this retrofit will
require removal of the existing bottom
ash hopper and associated equipment.
As such, the retrofit typically requires
a 6-8 week outage for successful proj-
ect execution. If the SFC cooling water
overflows are captured in a closed-loop
system, the system must be designed to
ensure that the water temperatures are
maintained at appropriate levels, often
requiring some form of heat exchanger
in the hydraulic system.
DEWATERING BIN SYSTEM
System Overview:
Conventional dewatering bin sys-
tems, often with associated settling
and surge tanks, have been implement-
ed throughout the U.S fleet since the
1960s and represent the traditional
approach to bottom ash closed-loop
design. Dozens of these systems
are currently in operation, although
performance issues related to main-
tainability and operability have been
noted for these prior generation de-
watering solutions. Recent design
This under-the-boiler Submerged
Flight Conveyor (SFC™) by United
Conveyor is installed at a plant in
Midwest. Numerous utilities have
successfully implemented the SFC
technology which has been the
industry standard on new units for
the past few decades.Photo courtesy:
United Conveyor.

www.power-eng.com
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of ELG. Plants must determine and
specify their desired approach for wa-
ter sampling and analysis for ongoing
water quality management, which can
be accomplished via additional system
instrumentation and continuous mon-
itoring or intermittent sampling and
analysis. To manage unanticipated
excursions in water quality, the system
can also be designed with blowdown
provisions; in particular, bottom ash
sluice water can be used as a FGD sys-
tem makeup water source or as a dry fly
ash conditioning water source.
CONTINUOUS
DEWATERING AND
RECIRCULATION (CDR)
SYSTEM
System Overview:
The Continuous Dewatering and Re-
circulation (CDR) system with Remote
Submerged Flight Conveyors (R-SFC)
is a preferred wet-to-dry conversion
option for installations that have phys-
ical limitations underneath the boilers
and seek to minimize costly outage-re-
lated activity, while also realizing the
benefits of the SFC, which produces a
highly consistent dewatered bottom
ash product.
The CDR system is designed to re-
ceive existing sluice conveying lines
and divert the bottom ash slurry to a
remote dewatering conveyor located
outside of the powerhouse. Materi-
al is collected, dewatered and then
discharged into a load-out bunker or
secondary transfer conveyor to a con-
dition that is favorable for transport to
and compaction in a dry landfill. In
addition, the CDR system can be read-
ily designed to ensure that beneficial
reuse products can be separated.
After completing a fine particulate
settling phase, the sluice water is then
pumped back to the boiler house to
complete a closed-loop, zero-liquid
discharge system. The CDR system
has been designed to address the com-
plexities of a bottom ash water balance,
considering multiple flow sources, in-
termittent conveying cycles and vari-
able flow rates. The conversion option
is highly favorable when considering
physical space limitations underneath
the boiler and maintaining plant avail-
ability, as this can be implemented
with little to no outage requirements if
commissioning is planned and execut-
ed properly.
For CDR systems, R-SFC location,
conveying distance and hydraulic
profile are key variables in the proper
design of the closed-loop system. Ac-
cordingly, pump selection, sizing and
quantity are key factors in the system
design. Experience is essential to prop-
erly select pumps that balance the flow
and pressure requirements with the an-
ticipated water quality.
As with the dewatering bin system,
additional consideration has to be
given for the water quality/chemistry
in a closed-loop system, particularly
relative to the zero liquid discharge
requirements of ELG. Plants will need
to monitor water quality in the closed-
loop system.
Should an installation have a par-
ticle size distribution that has an in-
creased concentration of fines in the
bottom ash water recirculation system
(e.g. finer bottom ash, economizer
ash, etc.), the CDR system can also be
scaled to provide for additional settling
area, additional mechanical particu-
late separation and/or polymer addi-
tion to reduce TSS concentrations in
the recirculating water.
CDR SYSTEM
WITH CLARIFIER
System Overview:
The CDR System with clarifier
matches the system described above,
but with an additional clarification
phase that reduces the Total Suspended
Solids (TSS) concentration in the bot-
tom ash transport water. The addition-
al clarification phase is provided by

ABM
A
SpecialSection
most appropriate relative to key vari-
ables including existing system oper-
ation, fly ash and
bottom ash benefi-
cial reuse and cost.
In any case, econ-
omizer ash can be
incorporated into
the dry fly ash or
dry bottom ash sys-
tems with proper
consideration for
generation rates,
particle size distribution and unique
material characteristics.
MILL REJECTS (PYRITES)
IMPLICATIONS
The CCR and ELG rules made no new
distinctions for mill rejects, as these are
not included in the definition of coal
combustion residuals.. The majority of
existing Mill Reject (Pyrites) removal
systems currently use sluice conveying
systems for removal and most are con-
nected in some manner to the existing
bottom ash sluice conveying systems and
discharged to surface impoundments. In
any case, the Mill Reject systems can be
readily tied into SFC, CDR or Dewatering
Bin Systems or can be segregated via inde-
pendent systems to allow for bottom ash
separation and beneficial reuse.
CONCLUSION
While the final Coal Combustion
Residual and Effluent Limitations
Guidelines present challenging regu-
latory requirements for new and exist-
ing coal unit installations, numerous
options are available to achieve com-
pliance, and in many cases improve
system operations with newer technol-
ogies. A careful evaluation of multiple
alternatives, with consideration for
each unique set of plant operating and
design criteria can result in an optimal
selection of a safe, reliable and cost-ef-
fective compliance solution for fly and
bottom ash handling.
means of a thickener/clarifier located
downstream of the remote submerged
flight conveyor (R-SFC) with polymer
addition. This technology selection is
suitable for installations that anticipate
a higher concentration of fines in the
ash particulate or require lower TSS
levels suitable for certain types of recir-
culation pumps.
If the plant desires to keep exist-
ing high pressure “clean water” slurry
pumps in operation, the CDR System
with clarifier is highly effective in pro-
ducing water quality (TSS) suitable for
these types of pumps. In addition, this
system, while likely higher in both
capital and operating cost, will provide
greater control in water quality should
the bottom ash sluice water be needed
as a source for FGD makeup or dry fly
ash conditioning water.
PNEUMATIC ASH
EXTRACTOR (PAX) SYSTEM
System Overview:
The patented UCC PAX Pneumatic
Ash Extractor is a preferred wet-to-dry
conversion alternative when a plant
desires to convert from the traditional
water-impounded hopper design and
eliminate water usage for the bottom ash
systems. As a 100% dry solution, the
PAX system is particularly ideal for in-
stallations that have physical limitations
under the boiler. For this technical alter-
native, bottom ash is collected dry in a
refractory-lined hopper under the boiler.
Percolating air cools the ash to help com-
plete combustion of unburned material
and protection of ancillary equipment.
As the ash cools, it is crushed then fed
into a pneumatic vacuum conveying line
and transported to a storage silo or trans-
fer station for dry bottom ash unloading.
One of the important design features
of the PAX system is the design of the
dry, refractory-lined hopper. Simi-
lar to traditional systems, this multi-V
hopper provides for system redundancy
and operational flexibility during upset
conditions. The
system can also be
designed with ad-
ditional boiler iso-
lation features that
provide improved
reliability.
For PAX sys-
tems, vacuum con-
veying distance
and Dry Bottom
Ash Silo location are key variables in the
proper design of the conveying system.
In addition, ash characteristics (specific
gravity, density, chemical constituents,
etc.) and generation rates are also of es-
sential importance in system sizing and
equipment selection.
Several utility clients have recently se-
lected PAX as their preferred bottom ash
compliance technology and several oth-
ers are actively investigating its potential
application. Utility feedback indicates
that the condition of the existing bottom
ash hoppers, long-term life cycle cost
analysis and environmental risk analysis
are key factors in the PAX system evalua-
tion. Based on favorable field data from
operating references on O&M costs, the
PAX option may be ideal if existing bot-
tom ash hoppers need to be significant-
ly repaired/replaced and/or an owner
wants to remove bottom ash sluice water
from their environmental risk profile to
address current ELG requirement and
longer term regulatory exposure.
ECONOMIZER ASH
IMPLICATIONS
The new rules made no new distinc-
tion for economizer ash. As presently
defined, economizer ash is considered
fly ash when “it is collected with the
fly ash systems” and bottom ash when
“it is collected with the bottom ash sys-
tems.” With this apparent regulatory
flexibility, plants will have the option
to manage economizer ash as is deemed
“Economizer ash can
be incorporated into
the dry fly ash or dry
bottom ash systems with
proper consideration
for generation rates,
particle size distribution
and unique material
characteristics.”

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRPPPPPPP GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEENNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNEEEEEEEEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTIIIIIIIIIIIOOOOOOOOOONNNNNNNNNNAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTIIIIIIIIIIIOOOOOOOOOOOO WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPOWER WEEK
OWNED&PRODUCEDBY PRESENTEDBY SUPPORTEDBY

ABM
A
SpecialSection
How to Deal
with Ceaseless
Slagging
BY RUSSELL RAY, CHIEF EDITOR
I
t’s no secret that excessive boiler
deposits can lead to serious reli-
ability and performance issues
for power plants. Regular boiler
maintenance that includes thor-
ough boiler cleaning will
lead to lower operating
costs, reduced fuel con-
sumption, greater effi-
ciency, and a longer lifespan of the boiler.
Over time, the burning of coal, bio-
mass and other solid fuels creates molten
ash. The ash accumulates to create a stony
ABM
A
SpecialSection

31www.power-eng.com
compressed air. But these soot blower sys-
tems are powerful and can cause erosion
if they are used on a slag-free section of
tubing.
Power producers have been using soot
blowers to clear their boilers of slag for
decades. But modern-day soot blowing
systems are more sophisticated than tra-
ditional systems. The goal is to provide
just enough pressure to clean the tube
and avoid causing damage.
Intelligent soot blowing systems func-
tion only when the furnace walls and
boiler tubes need to be cleaned. This
technology prevents boiler tube erosion
caused by unnecessary soot blowing.
Traditional systems operate on a specif-
ic sequence and are blind to the actual
conditions inside the boiler. Blowing
high-pressure steam on a bare tube can
damage the tube. On the flip side, some
areas of the boiler accumulate slag more
quickly and require more frequent clean-
ing. Without an intelligent system, slag
can accumulate to excessive levels and
severely restrict heat transfer. This could
lead to unplanned downtime.
But soot blowing systems only temper
slag deposits. More effective methods for
slag removal are typically used during the
next planned outage.
WATER LANCES
Ajetofhigh-pressurewaterisonemeth-
od used to break down the buildup of
slag during a planned outage. The
use of hydro-blasting systems
equipped with pumps
capable of sending up
to 1,200 gallons
per minute
through their
hoses can
strip away the
toughest slag
deposits.
The problem
with using high-pressure water lances is
the risk of introducing moisture into the
boiler.
Water lances cover about a 20-foot
generation and equipment maintenance.
According to the Electric Power Research
Institute, slagging and problems associat-
ed with excessive slagging cost coal-fired
power plants more than $2 billion a year.
The cofiring of other fuels with coal, es-
pecially biomass, has created big slagging
problems for power plant boilers not de-
signed to handle ash from these alterna-
tivefuels.Muchthoughtneedstobegiven
to selecting a biofuel and the appropriate
replacement levels for cocombustion. But
the industry has demonstrated that these
problems can be overcome.
Boiler service companies say routine
slag removal can boost boiler efficiency
by as much as 4 percent, in addition to
extending the life of the boiler.
The tools used to combat the buildup of
boiler slag at power plants are wide rang-
ing. Common tools include soot blowers,
soundwaves,hydroblasters,CO2
blasters,
jackhammers, picks, and carefully-aimed
shotguns. In some severe cases, power
plant operators will turn to dynamite to
deal with ceaseless slagging.
SOOT BLOWERS
To clean a boiler while it’s online and
producing power, most power plants
use soot blowers driven by steam or
buildup on the furnace walls of the boiler
known as slag. Slag may also fuse to the
fire side of the boiler tube, preventing suf-
ficient heat transfer. A reduction in heat
transfer from the flue gas to the steam
tubes can cause lower boiler efficiency,
hotter flue gas temperatures and, in some
instances, a boiler shutdown. What’s
more, slag causes boiler corrosion, which
can lead to unexpected failures.
It has been estimated that slagging inci-
dents cost the global power sector several
billion dollars each year in reduced power
If slag is allowed to build up inside a boiler,
it can lead not only to efficiency problems
but can also cause damage because of the
weight.Photo courtesy:N.B.Harty
Retractable sootblower.
Photo courtesy:Diamond Power

ABM
A
SpecialSection
Most acoustic systems have a fre-
quency range of 60 Hz to 420 Hz. They
create a series of very rapid and pow-
erful sound waves that are transmitted
into the dry deposits. This causes the
ash to move at differing speeds, allow-
ing the ash to break away from adjoin-
ing particles and the surface they are
surface they are fused with.
EXPLOSIVES
Using explosives to clean slag from
boilers isn’t a new process, but it’s one
that many plant operators prefer.
The industry began using dynamite
to clean boilers in the 1960s. Dynamite
is still used today, but most operators
prefer to use binary explosives, which
are safer to handle because they require
two different ingredients that will not
explode until they are mixed together.
Explosives are very effective at clear-
ing out large, thick volumes of slag.
However, if the explosives are not
charged properly, the damage it could
do to the boiler can be great and very
expensive to repair. Using a qualified,
licensed and experienced contractor is
crucial.
Norm Harty of N.B. Harty General
Contractor Inc. has been using dyna-
mite to clean boilers for years. He and
his staff have developed the procedure
into a state-of-the art technique that can
quickly clean the slag from a boiler.
To clean a boiler using explosives,
Harty said his company will use prim-
er cord around tubes that are close to
avoid damage. The cord has connectors
to delay the chargers, which he said is
important to avoid destroying the wall
or insulation of the boiler.
Harty said using explosives has sev-
eral advantages, including speed and
convenience. “With dynamite,” he said,
“you can put all of it in a pickup truck
and clean any boiler.”
cause significant damage to the boiler.
What’s more, handling and disposing the
chemical waste is costly and risky. The
risk of a spill and environmental damage
should be considered.
ACOUSTIC CLEANING
To dislodge large volumes of dry de-
posits, power producers will use built-in
horns or speakers to unleash powerful
sound waves. The waves loosen the build-
up without risking damage or fatigue to
the boiler.
While this can be done by using acous-
tic horns, other acoustic technologies can
be engineered specifically for a power
plant. They are part of an engineered, in-
tegrated system in which the frequency is
determined by 3D modeling.
Deposits are dislodged amid a change
in pressure that breaks the bond of the
particles from themselves and the struc-
ture. Acoustic cleaning systems typically
remove deposits more effectively at lower
frequencies. Lower frequencies produce
higher levels of displacement in larger ar-
eas, but extremely low frequencies could
cause structural damage to the boiler.
diameter area. They have a small nozzle
area and require high purity water. Some
companies provide hands-free hydro-
blasters, which are operated remotely and
safely outside the boiler.
CHEMICAL CLEANING
Using chemical solutions is an effec-
tive method for cleaning boilers because
it ensures that all of the treated surfaces
will be clean, allowing operators to see
the true condition of the metal inside the
boiler. Previously unnoticed pits or goug-
es will become clearly visible, allowing for
a more effective inspection.
The advantages of chemical cleaning
include:
• The quality of steam can be main-
tained at the turbine inlet
• Corrosion of the metal surface of the
boiler can be minimized
• Under deposit corrosion of the metal
can be avoided
• Better heat transfer
• Minimizing downtime due to boiler
tube failures
But chemical cleaning is expensive and
dangerous. The chemical solutions can
Norm Harty has been using explosives to clean boilers for
nearly 50 years.Photo courtesy:N.B.Harty

33www.power-eng.com
Technician Checking For Air In-Leakage Around Valves 1
Photo courtesy:Conco
Leak Detection
“Ins”and“Outs”BY BARRY VAN NAME
you an indication that there is a problem
that could be traced to a leak. You might
also experience a need for more frequent
maintenance of equipment that could
lead to increased risk to turbine compo-
nents. Also, high levels of dissolved O2
in
the feedwater will cause increased corro-
sion and deterioration of your boiler and
feed systems.
All plants need to test for leaks, but the
test can be either reactive or proactive.
When it’s reactive, the condenser is telling
you when to test. Emergency inspections
are performed as a result of catastrophic
failure or because inleakage has exceeded
the capability of your air removal system.
Waiting for an emergency situation can
be very costly and result in damage to an-
cillary equipment. With proactive testing,
W
hen considering
the damaging
and costly effects
resulting from
condenser air in-
leakage and water leakage, we must also
consider methods to avoid these condi-
tions and maintain condenser reliability.
Effective cleaning and testing strategies
will maximize megawatt output while
minimizing condenser-related outages
during normal operating cycles. Properly
performed, your results can be quanti-
fied, permitting an accurate calculation of
return-on-investment.
To achieve maximum condenser per-
formance,wemustconsiderthecombined
efforts of cleaning, leak detection and
testing. Many plants have an established
cleaning regimen, usually annually, as
well as an eddy current testing regimen
that could take place up to every few
years, depending on the age and condi-
tion of the condenser. However, many of
the leak detection programs occur on an
as-needed basis. By combining proactive
cleaning, leak detection and eddy current
testing, the result will be improved total
performance of your condenser and con-
denser components.
Condensers are designed with air
removal systems to handle a certain
amount of air inleakage and keep the unit
runningatpeakefficiency. Wheneveryou
have a leak that exceeds the capability of
the air removal system, the efficiency of
the condenser is adversely affected. An in-
creased plant heat rate will certainly give
ABM
A
SpecialSection

Chart Recording of aTypical Leak Response
Base Line
Response
Gas
Release
Response
Time
Initial
Response
RateofResponse
Magnitude of
Response
Time
Clearout time
ABM
A
SpecialSection
a tube or a bellows. Dissolved oxygen oc-
curs below the water line and that would
be a clue to your contractor’s crew as to
where the leakage exists and where they
need to concentrate their efforts to resolve
the situation.
With water leakage, the condenser
tubes themselves may be leaking, so on-
line injections may be needed. You may
have two or more boxes in your system, so
it is important to determine which box on
which to concentrate. An on-line injec-
tion will give you that information. Once
inside the box, a tubesheet inspection
using helium is performed. One techni-
cian at the condenser with another at the
analyzer will pinpoint the leaking tube.
Again, we look at the leak characteristics,
determining whether it is a large or small
leak, whether in the tube, or perhaps a
tube-to-tubesheet leak.
The helium mass spectrometer was de-
veloped during World War II to find ex-
tremely small leaks in the gas diffusion
process in the Manhattan Project. Later,
it was found to be effective in many other
applications, including finding leaks in
power plants. Helium is quick, reliable,
non-toxic and non-hazardous. Very sen-
sitive, detection range is in parts-per-mil-
lion, so only a few puffs are needed to
corrosion that is now causing tube failure.
An experienced crew will be able to test
quickly and accurately to determine the
cause, or causes, of water leakage.
Some of the old methods of leak detec-
tion that are still used today, especially
in under-the-gun circumstances include
smoke, shaving cream, plastic wrap, and
dependency on sight and sound. Howev-
er,thesemethodsareofteninaccurateand
certainly not easy to replicate. What we
have come to rely on today are tracer gas-
es, helium and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6
).
Choosing the most appropriate tracer gas
for your site-specific conditions is import-
ant. While some contractors may only
have experience with one type of gas, it is
important to choose a contractor that has
extensive experience since the less ideal
tracer will cost you time and money.
When it comes to air inleakage, it is im-
portant to determine the total amount of
that leakage and whether it has happened
over a length of time or perhaps it is a sud-
den increase. If you have the appropriate
sensor on your system, it will provide you
with the answer that you can pass on to
your contractor. It would be helpful for
your contractor to know the characteris-
tics of a specific leakage, such as location
below the water line or association with
routine inspection is scheduled to let you
understand where potential failures will
occur. By doing this before a scheduled
outage, components in need of repair can
be scheduled for those repairs. After un-
dergoing an outage is also a good time to
schedule testing to make sure all repairs
were made successfully.
One of the indicators of air inleakage is
climbing condenser backpressure. While
other factors, such as fouled condenser
tubes, can contribute to increased back-
pressure, an air inleakage inspection
should be the first option since it can be
performed online and at minimal cost.
Your systems engineer or maintenance
personnel should be able, based on
past condenser performance, to tell you
whether a fouled tube or air inleakage
scenario is most likely the culprit. An
increased level of dissolved 02
is another
indicator and should be routinely mon-
itored, as should any change in water
chemistry, especially an increased use of
phosphates.
Because there are many sources of air
inleakage, it is important to have an ex-
perienced crew come in to do the inspec-
tion, to keep their time on site, and there-
fore costs, at a minimum. Air inleakage
can be related to the shell, rupture discs,
shaft seals, man ways, vacuum pumps,
flanges, and one or more of the many bolt
holes in your equipment. Let’s not forget
test probe penetrations, as well. With to-
day’s technology, there are more sensors
tapped into the system than ever before.
Any time there is a penetration of a test
probe, there is the potential for a leak.
There are also many sources of water
leakage,suchaswaterboxflanges,leaking
hot well components, through-wall pen-
etrations and tube-to-tubesheet joints.
Faulty tube plugs are another source.
There may be temporary plugs that have
been left in too long and loosened up over
time, or permanent plugs that were put in
incorrectly and are permitting leakage.
Last but not least, the condenser tubes
themselves. Fouling may have resulted in

35www.power-eng.com
determine where the leak is. Helium is
plentiful enough to have a supply always
on hand. It is suitable for detecting up to
90% of leaks with an experienced crew.
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6
) was used
as recently as 1976 as an airborne trac-
er gas to track plume migration and the
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
explored its use as a tracer in power plant
leak detection. SF6
is inert, odorless and
incombustible. Very sensitive, it has a de-
tection range measured in parts-per-bil-
lion, making it suitable for small or hard
to locate leaks. Non-reactive to H2
O, it is
the ideal gas to inject below the water line
to identify which bundle is the problem.
It is important to use a contractor who is
familiar with the use of both helium and
SF6,
can analyze the problem and work
with you to determine which gas should
be used and how much is needed in your
particular case. In most cases, helium
will be suitable, but in those 10 percent
of instances when SF6
is required, it is al-
ways preferable to have an experienced
crew who knows how to and how much
to use. Comparing the two systems, they
are very similar. A mass spectrometer is
for helium and a Fluorotracer™ analyzer
is for SF6
, while the air monitor, desiccant
dryer and strip chart recorder are basical-
ly the same for both. The difference is in
the analyzer itself and the experienced
technicians who know how to use it.
At the point where you know you have
a leak, you understand some of the leak’s
characteristics and have determined an
area you want to inspect, there is some-
thing you must provide the contractor.
That is some amount of power. A min-
imum of 15% turbine power is required
for successful leak detection. It is the
steam that drives the gas down through
the system. Without this steam, the gas
will just float in pockets and may never
reach the leak, especially if it is down-
stream. Also with steam, you get fewer
false reads and much quicker response
time. Without steam flow, the tracer
gas background will continue to rise,
making isolation of the leak virtually
impossible.
When it comes to the crew’s equip-
ment, the strip chart recorder is essential.
There is a technician out in the field, ei-
therinthetubesheetbox,orgoingaround
the plant, releasing puffs of tracer gas in
suspect areas to determine where the air
inleakage is. There is also a technician
back at the analyzer and the strip chart
recorder that will tell him when the field
technician has located a leak. They are
in constant contact. The rate of response
may be very gradual,
telling them they are
close to the leak, but
not quite there. The
time between the gas
release and the initial
response has been al-
ready told to the field
technician, who will
move along the sys-
tem to determine ex-
actly where the leak
is. As he moves closer
to the leak, the rate
of response increases
and the strip chart recorder tells when
the field technician is right at the leak.
There is now a dedicated report that gives
you and the technician the ability to see
where the leak is and whether it is occur-
ring, for example, at a valve’s packing or
the valve itself, or some other area.
Condenser tube leak detection is a
little different. There is the same tech-
nician in the field at the condenser and
the technician watching the strip chart,
but when you get into the condenser it-
self, after identifying the proper bun-
dle, plenums are used. Plenums range
in size from one by two feet down to
four by four inches. A “gun” is used,
once the problem has been narrowed
down to a single tube. Starting at one
section of the tubesheet, say the up-
per left corner, a shot of helium is sent
down the tubes. Once there is a “hit,”
smaller and small plenums are used as
the problem area is narrowed down.
The crew has now determined which
specific tubes are leaking. If no tubes
are indicating leaks at this point, it is
pretty certain that the problem is ac-
tually tube-to-tubesheet and the situa-
tion can be properly addressed.
The properties of SF6
tracer gas al-
lows it to be injected online into water
boxes under full load to determine the
leaking bundle. While a Fluorotracer™
analyzer is sampling the off-gas, a SF6
cylinder is connected to an injection
point below the wa-
terline. Gas is then
injected into circulat-
ing water. Using SF6
,
leaks as small as 1
gallon-per-day can be
identified.
When summariz-
ing leak detection
technology, it’s im-
portant to under-
stand that air inleak-
age and water leakage
continue to cost the
power generators
hundreds of thousands to millions of
dollars each year from lost megawatts,
to emergency repair costs, to wear and
tear on equipment if you get 02
into
your system. Realize, too, that con-
denser tube leaks cause more than
6,000 forced outages annually and
rank as one of the highest concerns
among plant chemists. In addition
to reactive leak detection, a proactive
regimen of testing will keep total air
inleakage in check and ROI for leak
detection maintenance dollars spent is
usually in the 1,000%+ range. While
this discourse on leak detection has
been limited to water-cooled systems,
an experienced contractor will also
be able to handle leakage problems
in air-cooled condensers as well. The
important message here is to get into a
routine of proactive testing and not let
emergencies control your action.
“It’s important to
understand that
air inleakage and
water leakage
continue to cost the
power generators
hundreds of
thousands to
millions of dollars
each year from lost
megawatts.”

Natural Gas
Generator Sets:
Poised
for GrowthBY RUSSELL RAY, CHIEF EDITOR
MMBtu, the lowest monthly average since
March 1999, according to the EIA’s re-
port. EIA expects natural gas prices at the
benchmark Henry Hub to average $2.65
per MMBtu in 2016 and $3.22 per MMB-
tu in 2017.
The report’s authors said price increases
will reflect growth in consumption, pri-
marily from the industrial sector.
What follows are few examples that
demonstrate the increasing demand for
natural gas gensets.
ROLLS-ROYCE TO
DELIVER GAS GENSETS FOR
PENNSYLVANIA PLANTS
At the end of 2015, the power genera-
tion provider IMG Development LLC and
Rolls-Royce signed a long-term strategic
P
ublic demand for cleaner
burning power, low pric-
es for natural gas, and a
quest for more reliability
have led to a sharp in-
crease in the use of natural gas gener-
ator sets for prime and standby power
needs in the U.S.
The natural gas genset market is ex-
pected to experience substantial growth
over the next decade. As a source of emer-
gency standby, prime, peaking, or contin-
uous power, natural gas-fired gensets are
poised for significant growth, especially
in the U.S., where low-priced natural gas
is widely available.
Natural gas gensets cannot match the
performance or convenience of diesel
gensets, because diesel has a higher en-
ergy content and is easier to transport
than natural gas. However, the difference
between natural gas and diesel gensets is
a diminishing concern thanks to the in-
creasing popularity of dual-fuel gensets,
which offer the performance of diesel
while taking advantage of the low price
and low emissions of cleaner burning
natural gas. But the lack of adequate nat-
ural gas infrastructure is preventing this
emerging market from maximizing its
potential.
Duel fuel gensets provide an interest-
ing middle ground, and they are seeing
growth markets in developing coun-
tries where natural gas infrastructure is
expected to follow. According to Navi-
gant Research, annual natural gas genset
installations are expected to reach 27.2
GW by 2024 and generate $146.8 billion
in cumulative revenue between 2015 and
2024. A 2013 report from Pike Research
predicts the market for natural gas genera-
tors will rise to nearly $10 billion by 2018,
which represents about 60 GW of new in-
stallations.
Rising diesel costs, coupled with a cor-
responding drop in natural gas prices, are
often cited as a reason for the increased
interest in natural gas engines and gen-
sets. As is often the case with market
changes, the growth of the natural gas
engine and genset markets is far more
complex than that. Several factors, from
regulatory and environmental compli-
ance pressures to new developments in
genset and engine features, are driving
demand and compelling commercial
and industrial facilities to power their
generators with natural gas.
Natural gas prices will rise in 2016 and
2017, according to a recent report by the
Energy Information Administration, the
statistical arm of the U.S. Department of
Energy. But prices will remain between $2
and $4 per million British thermal units
(MMBtu) during that period, low enough
to incentivize the continued construction
of gas-fired projects in the U.S.
The average natural gas spot price at
Henry Hub in December was $1.93 per
GAS-FIRED GENERATION

37www.power-eng.com
are changing. We are excited about this
partnership and growing our distributed
power generation model with Rolls Royce
in the U.S. market.”
Matthias Vogel, Head of Power Gen-
eration Business at Rolls-Royce Power
Systems, added: “We are delighted with
the new long-term cooperation with IMG
Development LLC and the trust IMG has
placed in our products.”
The deal between IMG Development
and Rolls-Royce includes:
• Long-term supply agreement and
long-term service agreement signed
• First delivery: six medium speed Ber-
gen gas gensets to supply 40 MW of
electric power
• IMG will feed the generated electrici-
ty into the local grid
agreement for the supply of Rolls-Royce
medium-speed gensets for a minimum of
five plants extending into 2020.
The first part of the agreement involves
the delivery of six B35:40 gas generating
sets designed for two new power plants
in Pennsylvania that will be operated by
affiliates of IMG Midstream LLC. The
two companies also signed a long-term
service agreement for the systems being
supplied to the two plants.
The power plants will feed up to 40
MW of power into the local grid. Bergen
Engines is part of Rolls-Royce Power Sys-
tems.
Three gensets, each of which will pro-
duce 7,010 kW of power, are to be in-
stalled in each power plant. The gensets
are based on the medium-speed 16-cyl-
inder B35:40 gas engine from Bergen En-
gines.
Ron J. Kiecana, Senior Managing Direc-
tor and Board Member at IMG said: “Rolls
Royce has the right end-to-end power
generation solution to help us rapidly de-
ploy our distributed generation model in
infrastructure constrained areas with the
type of flexible power needed to address a
dynamic energy market where traditional
energy supply and consumption patterns
According to Navigant Research,annual
natural gas genset installations are expected
to reach 27.2 GW by 2024 and generate
$146.8 billion in cumulative revenue be-
tween 2015 and 2024.
The long-term strategic agreement between IMG and
Rolls-Royce includes the supply of medium-speed
gensets which are based on the B35:40 gas engine
from Bergen Engines.Photo courtesy:Rolls-Royce

enclosure and rugged running gear for
easy towing.
GE RECEIVES LARGEST
SINGLE JENBACHER ORDER
IN CHINA
General Electric says it has received its
largest single order of Jenbacher gas en-
gines in China.
GE will supply 12 Ecomagination
qualified 3.35-MW J620 gas engines to
the Shanxi Jincheng Coal Group for an
expansion of a coal mine methane gas-
fired power plant at the Chengzhuang
coal mine in Jincheng City.
Phase1ofthepowerplantfeaturesnine
older gas engines from another supplier.
The 40-MW expansion is slated for
completion in 2016 and will bring the
plant’s total capacity to 58 MW of on-site
power to be sold to the local grid.
Capturing the mine’s methane-rich gas
andproducingpoweron-sitewiththeJen-
bacher engines sends fewer greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere and supports
the country’s efforts to reduce its carbon
footprint.
GE is providing commissioning ser-
vices for the generator sets and related
equipment. The Jereh Combined Energy
Corporation will provide equipment, in-
cluding radiators, silencers, control pan-
els, exhaust boilers, associated equipment
as well as installation and other services.
Delivery was expected in December
2015. Commercial operation is expected
to begin in March 2016.
DOOSAN INTRODUCES
GAS GENERATORS WITH
PARALLELING CAPABILITIES
Doosan Portable Power recently in-
troduced paralleling capabilities for the
NG225 and NG295 models of its popular
natural gas generator product line.
Paralleling natural gas generators are
ideal for use in oil and gas exploration,
site preparation and water well drilling
where remote locations, emissions reg-
ulations and 24-hour production sched-
ules pose challenges for operators. Paral-
leling multiple natural gas units together
is a means for avoiding downtime while
still achieving acceptable emissions lev-
els by consuming wellhead natural gas as
a fuel source.
Paralleling generators share the load,
and therefore should one machine shut
down or need to be taken offline for
scheduled maintenance, the other unit
seamlessly takes on the full load, pre-
venting any lost production time.
Doosan Portable Power natural gas
generators utilize a factory-installed
paralleling solution that is built into
the machine design. The units include
a new control panel and electronically
controlled circuit breaker that ensures
the machines effectively communicate,
bringing the units into synchronization
without risk of system failure or machine
damage that can occur when paralleling
conditions are not precisely met.
“The integrated control panel commu-
nicates digitally between the generators,
providing each machine the information
necessary to synchronize and equally
share the load,” said Todd Howe, global
generator products manager. “A standard
generator is only able to monitor its own
operating conditions and remain within
the limits of its own operating condi-
tions.”
In addition to a Doosan-installed
paralleling solution, the paralleling
NG225 and NG295 also include a num-
ber of features that have become syn-
onymous with Doosan Portable Power
natural gas generators, such as the pat-
ent-pending Onboard Scrubber System
(OBSS) that improves machine perfor-
mance by removing excess dirt and water
from wellhead gas.
The OBSS includes a heated drain
valve to prevent water removed from
the gas from freezing in the hose —
an event that could disrupt the flow
of natural gas and possibly cause the
machine to shut down. The OBSS is
fully enclosed to protect against harsh
weather, possible damage during
shipping and vibration that would
occur if attached to the drawbar.
Doosan natural gas generators are
equipped with an automatic dual-fuel
switch, allowing the generator to oper-
ate on natural gas, as well as propane
from an external tank. This ensures
continuous generator operation in the
event that wellhead gas flow is inter-
rupted or unavailable.
Dual frequency and optional voltage
increase versatility. Operators can select
50 Hz or 60 Hz, with the simple flip of
a switch, and choose between 480 volts
and 600 volts alternator output.
All Doosan Portable Power genera-
tors are designed to withstand rugged
transport and jobsite needs. Built on
heavy-duty skid bases, the generators
boast a 14-gauge, galvannealed steel
Doosan Portable Power natural gas generators utilize a
factory-installed paralleling solution that is built into the
machine design.Photo courtesy:Doosan
GAS-FIRED GENERATION

www.power-eng.com40
WHAT WORKS
construction equipment responsible
for completing the demolition.
The supplementary generator set
enabled the parking deck to be safely
demolished without causing further
complications.
RESULTS
Supported by a network of rental
power experts in the field, Altorfer Cat
immediately outfitted
a system, delivered it with all the
necessary ancillary equipment, sup-
plied the connection, fuel,
start-up, service and maintenance,
and remained onsite to provide sup-
port when necessary.
“By the end of the day of the initial
power outage, we had the entire atri-
um building back online so
all doctors’ offices and the phar-
macy could open Monday morning, as
scheduled,” said Vinson.
In all, the rental generator sets were
onsite for one week, providing tem-
porary power to the mission-critical
needs of UnityPoint Health.
U
nityPoint Health -
Methodist is a full
service 330-bed
healthcare facility offering
healthcare in the most ap-
propriate setting: whether
that is a clinic, a hospital or
at home.
The Peoria, Illinois, hos-
pital has about 600 board-
certified physicians and a
network of primary care and
specialty providers through-
out central Illinois.
The hospital was found-
ed through the efforts of
deaconesses of the Meth-
odist Episcopal Church in
1900. With more than 280
physician clinics, 32 hospitals in met-
ropolitan and rural communities, and
home care services, UnityPoint Health
entities employ more than 30,000
healthcare professionals throughout
Iowa, western Illinois and southern
Wisconsin.
PROBLEM
As part of its most recent expansion
project in late 2014, the hospital de-
cided to demolish a five-story parking
garage adjacent to an atrium building,
which houses doctor’s offices, a phar-
macy and active physicians.
During the demolition, a portion of
the deck collapsed and the transformer
caught on fire, compromising the power
that served the atrium. Although the inci-
dent occurred on Sunday, outside regular
business hours, the facility could not af-
ford any interruptions in power.
“We immediately reached out to our
local utility company, who was unable
to supply a replacement transformer
for at least 3 to 4 days,” said Vance
Vinson, director of facility services at
UnityPoint Health. This delay forced
the facility to immediately seek an al-
ternative standby power source.
SOLUTION
Altorfer Cat was an option because
of the support they delivered to Unity-
Point Health in the fall of 2013, when
a tornado outbreak struck the area.
Those tornadoes brought significant
power outages to the immediate com-
munity, including a prompt care facil-
ity on the UnityPoint health campus.
Altorfer Cat quickly supplied a Cat
XQ175 rental generator set to serve as a
standby power source.
A Cat XQ2000 diesel generator set
with 1,000 feet of cable was delivered
late Sunday morning and positioned
within 100 feet of the compromised
transformer to provide 2 MW of power.
“The XQ2000 is the largest diesel
rental power module that Caterpillar
builds,” said Melanie Wallinger, rental
manager with Altorfer Cat.
Additionally, a Cat XQ230 generator
set was later brought in to power the
Standby PowerBY DAVID RUSH, CATERPILLAR
The parking deck adjacent to the atrium
building of UnityPointHealth under
demolition.Photo courtesy:Caterpillar

GENERATING BUZZ
2005 largely through coal retirements.
Duke also operates the largest utility ‘reg-
ulated’ nuclear fleet in the United States,”
Ghanta said.
“Auctions” could result in an “abrupt”
increase in retail power prices without
any real difference in CO2
reduction,
Ghanta said. Duke wants allocation rath-
er than auctions. This would prevent or
minimize rate spikes while still achiev-
ing CO2
reduction, said the Duke official.
State utility commissions can ensure that
ratepayer concerns are protected, Ghanta
said.
Wilcoxon noted that Dynegy is a mer-
chant power generator that operates in
eight states total. Dynegy has dramatical-
ly increased its size in the recent past and
is split about equally between gas and
coal. It owns no nuclear or renewables.
The company’s website says Dynegy
has 35 power stations that can generate
26,000 MW. About a quarter of Dynegy
facilities covered by the EPA CO2
rule are
in Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
(RGGI) states, Wilcoxon said.
Dynegy essentially thinks the market
should be allowed to play out, Wilcox-
on said. (Dynegy does think that states
should draft their own plans, rather than
running the risk of a federal implementa-
tion plan, Wilcoxon said).
“We do believe that emission allow-
ances should be auctioned,” Wilcoxon
said. Dynegy thinks this can be done in
a manner that rate increases would be
moderate.
RFF’s Dallas Burtraw has written ex-
tensively on emission allowance issues.
When CO2
emissions become regulated
they will become scarce, and therefore
valuable, Burtraw said.
“The decision we are talking about
now is how to distribute that value into
the economy. Burtraw said. Don’t expect
this EPA rule to be the last word on CO2
emissions.
A replay of the BPC panel discussion
will soon be available on the BPC web-
site.
T
he Bipartisan Policy Center
(BPC) think tank tackled the is-
sue of how states might elect to
divvy up carbon dioxide (CO2
) emission
allowances under the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Power
Plan during a recent panel discussion in
Washington, D.C.
Representatives of merchant generator
Dynegy and Duke Energy, which does
most of its business in traditional regulat-
ed utility states, differed on the best way
for states to distribute CO2
emissions.
“It’s controversial because there’s so
much money at stake,” said Bruce Phil-
lips, director of the NorthBridge Group.
Allowance distribution will involve “bil-
lions of dollars,” Phillips said.
Some of the splinter issues concern
whether to allocate or auction the right
to emit CO2
; whether distribution should
be based on historical electric generation
or new sources; and whether some gen-
erators could reap “windfall profits,” vari-
ous panelists said.
EPA released its final Clean Power Plan
last August. The rule was published in the
Federal Register in October. It is already
the subject of several legal challenges in
federal appeals court. The rule requires
states to cut power sector CO2
32 percent
by 2030.
States are trying to decide whether
to opt for a rate-based or mass-based
implementation plan. For states that use
mass-based trading, the decision of how
to allocate emissions allowances is a key
political choice, Phillips said.
While the approach that a state selects
might not affect the environmental out-
come, it can affect who bears the cost of
the program, according to BPC panelists.
Other panelists included Duke Energy
Environmental and Energy Policy Direc-
tor Venu Ghanta; Dynegy Director of En-
vironmental Affairs Bruce Wilcoxon; and
Resources for the Future (RFF) Senior Fel-
low Dallas Burtraw. The discussion was
moderated by BPC Senior Advisor Jenni-
fer Macedonia.
“The states are thinking now about
whether to go rate-based or mass-based,”
Macedonia said.
Phillips of NorthBridge said allowance
allocation is a complicated and contro-
versial topic that raises “dread” in a lot of
people. But it will help states decide how
they wish to implement the EPA plan in
their state.
The choices can be bewildering but
states should remember what their objec-
tives are, Phillips said.
A mass-based approach would focus
on “short tons” rather than rate-based
(lbs/MWh). Under mass-based goals,
each generating unit must hold an emis-
sion allowance for each ton emitted.
“Allocation refers to the way allowances
are initially distributed within a state,”
Phillips said. Once allocated, they could
presumably be bought and sold, Phillips
said.
States should set priorities, Phillips
said.
Some states might put priority on
mitigating retail rate increases; provide
asset compensation for fossil generating
companies; or supporting new low-CO2
sources, Phillips said.
Luckily, there are already models that
states can look at, Phillips said, including
the SO2 and NOx trading programs, he
noted.
Duke has regulated utilities in six
states, Ghanta noted. Duke has already
reduced CO2
emissions 22 percent since
Distributing CO2
Allowances a Big
Deal Under CPPBY WAYNE BARBER, CHIEF ANALYST, GENERATIONHUB

PRODUCTS
Emissions Analyzer
E
Instruments introduced its E8500 PLUS emis-
sions analyzer as a complete portable tool for
EPA compliance level emissions monitoring and
testing.
The analyzer
features upgraded
software with auto-
matic data logging,
new PID VOC sensor
option, new display
screen and keypad design, easier filter replace-
ment and inspection, expanded internal memory
and new sample conditioning system for low NOx
and SO2.
E Instruments International
Info http://powereng.hotims.com RS#: 400
Water-Resistant In-Line Connector
H
irose developed a water resistant in-line con-
nector series with a simplified, slim design and
smooth contour for connecting inside small spaces.
Providing IP67-rated protection, the DF62W Series
dimension is only 27.10mm x 10.20mm x 12mm
when mated. The water resistant feature is accom-
plished utiliz-
ing a wire seal
and housing
seal that are
pre-assembled
in the housing.
The crimped
contacts and wire are easily inserted through the
seals to complete the cable assembly.
The wire-to-wire connector series has a multi-
row pin layout arranged in a grid pattern that
significantly reduces the size of the diagonal
diameter, making the DF62W Series connector
well suited for space-constrained applications.
Utilizing a highly reliable two-point contact de-
sign, the DF62W Series delivers ruggedized con-
nectivity that is resistant to shock and vibration.
The small size and high durability of the DF62W
Series connector makes it an ideal choice for LED
lighting, robotic machinery, consumer and home
appliances, motorized bicycles, medical devices,
security systems, automatic ticket gates, and
food process machinery applications.
The DF62W Series features a current rating
of up to 3A, a voltage rating of 250V AC/DC and
is Halogen-free as defined by IEC61249-2-21.
Contact resistance for this series is a maximum
of 30 m ohms, and the mating durability is as-
sured for up to 30 full insertion/withdrawal cycles.
Supporting #22, #24 and #26 AWG, the DF62W
connector is available with pin counts of 2, 3,
4, 6, and 9 positions. The DF62W Series has an
operating temperature range of -35°C to +105°C.
Hirose Electric
Proportional Output Controllers
C
arlo Gavazzi announced the launch of their
new Single Phase RGx1P Proportional Output
Controllers.
The RG Series devices are equipped with user
selectable switching modes to address different
application requirements. Apart from three full
cycle switching modes for basic heating appli-
cations, the RG Series also features advanced
full cycle control for short wave infrared heaters,
phase angle switching mode for resistive heaters,
light dimming and speed control of AC fans and
soft starting for heating elements with low cold
state resistance. RGC1P Contactors offer the sim-
plicity of an ‘out of the box’ ready-to-use solution
with integrated heat sink, while RGS1P Relays re-
quire a proper external heat sink before they can
be used in an application.
Typical applications include (but are not lim-
ited to) proportional control of resistive heating
elements and speed of AC motors in HVAC appli-
cation, control of short wave infrared heaters in
semiconductor equipment or intensity of incan-
descent lighting in an agricultural application.
Carlo Gavazzi
Filter Dehydrator
F
iltration Group Corporation’s Hydraulics Group
announced today the release of the Bowser
Technology Filter Dehydrator 929-300 by Kaydon
Filtration. The Bowser Technology Filter Dehydrator
929-300 minimizes system downtime while maxi-
mizing performance by removing water and particu-
late from industrial oils.
The principle technology of the Bowser
Technology Filter Dehydrator 929-300 vacuum
distillation system differentiates itself from other
dehydration systems by transforming water from
the liquid state to the vapor state so that even the
most stubborn, stable oil/water emulsions can be
separated.
The 929-300 unit removes damaging water
from lubricating oil, such as turbine oil, paper
machine oil, gear oil, and hydraulic oils deliver-
ing 40 ppm water content with an ISO 16/14/12
cleanliness level providing longer equipment life,
dependable equipment operation, and increased
oil life and reliability with fewer forced outages,
downtime and failures related to oil contamina-
tion. The system has a flow of 5 GPM, comes
standard with a claw vacuum pump with an op-
tion for a rotary vane pump, requires no water
source and is designed for use with oil reservoirs
up to 900 gallons.
Filtration Group Corp.
Touch Display Interface
E
merson Network Power offers the ASCO 5370
Touch Display Interface.
The ASCO 5370 Touch Display Interface dra-
matically facilitates management of an automat-
ic transfer switch and critical power system, and
helps increase power reliability, code compliance

43www.power-eng.com
power stability, and resiliency for commercial &
industrial, microgrid, and utility customers. It
is uniquely suited for buildings, campuses, dis-
tribution circuits, and other applications. Each
ReFlex is rated at 100kWAC, with up to a five-hour
duration.
The ReFlex is fully enclosed in one standard
twenty-foot container, which includes AC conver-
sion, supporting systems, and controls. No exter-
nal inverter, cooling, or control is required. Each
ReFlex has a footprint of only 160 square feet, and
can be stacked. This provides a compact, power-
ful advanced energy tool to manage customers’
energy needs.
Like UET’s larger-scale Uni.System
(500kWAC/2MWhAC), the ReFlex utilizes UET’s
next generation advanced vanadium technolo-
gy. That technology has a proven safety record,
with no thermal runaway risk and a flammability
rating of 0. Each system has a 20-year life with
no capacity degradation validated by third party
testing, and is environmentally safe and recycla-
ble. The ReFlex controller includes a peak shaving
application which autonomously enables cus-
tomer savings through demand charge reduction.
Frequency and voltage regulation can also be
performed simultaneously. Regular operational
reporting to customers is standard. Advanced
analysis is available by customer request.
UniEnergy Technologies
High-Current Power Element
E
RNI has expanded its robust, high-current pow-
er element series to include combined flexi-
ble/massive press-fit and purely massive press-fit
technologies. Part of the BLUEcontact Solutions
portfolio, the expanded PowerElements product of-
fering delivers superior torque support and optimal
power transmission. The high-power wire-to-board
connectors with press-fit terminations provide a
engine consists of DOC with selective catalytic re-
duction after-treatment. Another customer-driven
feature of the new G25, G50 and G70 is increased
onboard fuel capacity for runtimes in excess of
24-hours at any load factor. An optional 48-hour
runtime solution is available on the G25 and G70
models. The newly packaged generators are also
quieter than previous models, most notably the
G25 which features one of the industry’s lowest
sound levels at 63 dBA.
The new generators also feature enhanced
controls for easy operation. The new Doosan
engine controller includes a backlit LCD screen
for easy viewing of common parameters while
analog gauges allow at-a-glance monitoring for
operator convenience. Fault codes are displayed
in simple text for faster diagnostics and trouble-
shooting. The new controls are also designed to
allow integration of a variety of telematics pack-
ages for customers that desire remote monitoring
capability.
Doosan Portable Power
Automatic Data Logging
T
he E4500 portable emissions
analyzer now automatically
saves emission data.
The user can select an exact
number of data points for a giv-
en time interval. It has internal
data memory for up to 2,000
tests. It features up to four gas
sensors for O2, CO, NO, NO2,
SO2, and CxHy.
E Instruments International
Energy Storage System
UniEnergy Technologies (UET) announced
commercial availability of the ReFlex energy stor-
age system. The ReFlex provides energy savings,
and operational efficiency. These benefits are
the end result of simplifying and summarizing
volumes of raw data with unified controls and dy-
namically visualizing them as easily understood
graphics on a single touch screen. For example,
a single audible and visual alarm indicator, a
dynamic one line of a bypass-isolation transfer
switch, power metering graphic and a countdown
timer clearly indicate which control action will
occur and when. Eight display pages provide a
wealth of finger-on-the-pulse, actionable informa-
tion: Overview, Energy, Power Quality, Metering,
Charts, Event Log, Notes and Setpoints.
Event Logging time stamps and stores up to
1000 events and 128-bit AES encryption secures
data. The diary-like Notes page enables field sales
and service technicians to record their transfer
switch-related activities, communicate among
each other and provide a complete service his-
tory. Two USB ports accept flash drives for down-
loading a range of information, including reports,
logs, notes and settings. The ASCO Touch Display
Interface automatically asks which files should be
copied to the drives. Downloadable events allow
for sequence-of-events analysis and NFPA 110
transfer testing compliance.
Emerson Network Power
Doosan Mobile Generators
D
oosan Portable Power introduced three newly
designed models to its mobile generator line-
up: G25, G50 and G70.
The G25, G50 and G70 mobile generators
incorporate numerous innovations based on cus-
tomer input and are aimed at improving operator
experience. The newly packaged Tier 4 Final–
compliant generators offer improved fuel efficien-
cy, extended runtimes and the industry’s lowest
sound levels — all without sacrificing reliability
and performance.
The G25, G50 and G70 models are the first
mobile generators equipped with Doosan-built
engines — the D18, D24 and D34 respectively.
The high-performance engines deliver increased
fuel economy, unrivaled motor starting capability
and reliable operation in extreme conditions. The
D18 and D24 engines are designed with a diesel
oxidation catalyst (DOC) after-treatment system,
which is virtually maintenance-free. The D34

gas-tight interface to the PCB via, eliminating the
need for high temperature soldering and its nega-
tive effects on the PCB substrate.
Utilizing ERNI’s field-proven press-fit technol-
ogy, the high-current PowerElement Series is
well suited for power distribution assemblies and
hybrid applications demanding high power solu-
tions and reliability requirements. The combined
flexible and massive press-fit zone BLUEcontact
PowerElements are available in M5, M6, M8 and
M10 versions. They are rated up to 290A per pow-
er element at 20°C, with an operating tempera-
ture range from -40°C to +135°C.
The BLUEcontact PowerElements with a pure-
ly massive press-fit terminal are available in the
versions M3, M4, M5, M6, M8 and M10. With a
current carrying capacity of 10A per pin (6 to 36),
these power elements operate in a temperature
range from -40°C to +135°C. Various versions of
the PowerElements are available with a massive
press-fit zone including: with male thread and
full pin population, with female thread and full
pin population, with female thread and two rows
pin population, with female thread and circular
pin population; angled with thread and full pin
population, angled without thread and full pin
population, angled with thread and two rows pin
population, in addition to angled without thread
and two rows pin population.
ERNI
Hybrid Converter
I
deal Power Inc. introduced its award-winning
3-port 30kW Hybrid Converter Family, for off grid,
grid-tied and grid resilient applications.
Ideal Power’s Hybrid Converter Family is the
first to use the company’s patented Power Packet
Switching Architecture (PPSA) in a 3-port product.
This enables the integration of solar PV inverter
functions on one DC port and bi-directional bat-
tery converter functions on the second DC port
while a third AC port is used to support both grid-
tied and microgrid applications. The DC port func-
tionality is software-defined, enabling integration
of other power sources including diesel gensets,
EV charging infrastructure or DC microgrids. The
Hybrid Converter supports these numerous func-
tions with only a modest increase in product size
and weight over the company’s established 2-port
battery converter, with no loss of system efficien-
cy. Conventional hybrid converters that combine
storage and solar PV require multiple hardware
units, which increase size, weight and cost, and
multiple power conversion stages, which reduce
efficiency.
Ideal Power Inc.
Flame-Retardant Labels
C
ILS launched the CILS-8100FR flame retardant
durable label range to help prevent the spread
of fire in a wide variety of products and electronic
devices.
The new CILS-8100FR durable labels are halo-
gen free, REACH & RoHS, BSS 7238 & 7239 com-
pliant, perfect for a wide range of applications
including product identification labels, power
supplies, wires, battery labels, electrical com-
ponents, printed circuit boards etc. CILS-8100FR
durable labels are able to resist chemicals and
solvents (IPA, acetone, MEK, etc.), extreme tem-
perature (-55°C to +155°C), abrasion, cleaning
agents and comply fully with UL94 VTM-0 & VTM-
01 plus FAR specification for smoke and toxicity.
CILS flame retardant durable labels are made
to any size, shape, format and design can be
printed in-house, on demand straight from a stan-
dard Thermal Transfer printer.
CILS International
Hydrogen Leak Detection
M
idsun Specialty Products Inc. partnered with
Boulder, Colorado-based Element One Inc.
to bring a new visual leak detection technology to
industries and companies that use hydrogen. The
technology is designed for use by inspection and
maintenance teams with the intent of expediting
the leak identification process in hydrogen fuel cell,
generation, storage, and transmission facilities.
It is one of the first reliable, low-cost, and easily
deployable leak detectors to hit the market.
DetecTape employs a patent pending color
changing pigment that is dispersed into a UV
protected gas permeable silicone membrane.
Within minutes of a hydrogen gas leak, the highly
sensitive pigment reacts with the hydrogen and
changes color from light gray to black, allowing
inspectors to visually identify leaks from a dis-
tance and initiate repair protocols. DetecTape is
meant to be used in conjunction with other leak
detection tools, such as sniffers and electronic
sensors, and provide a localized visual signal to
quickly find leaks.
The technology is available in tape roll form
with perforated strips designed to accommodate
many common diameter hydrogen transmission
lines. DetecTape utilizes a self-fusing technology
that contains no glues, but chemically bonds to
itself on contact to prevent extreme condition re-
lated adhesive failure. The tape can be wrapped
around valves, flanges, joints, welded seams and
other miscellaneous connections. Installation is
performed by wrapping the tape around the pipe
fixture so that it overlaps and seals to itself.
Midsun Specialty Products Inc.
Welding Equipment
and Wire Feede
L
incoln Electric launched new CrossLinc
Technology-enabled welding equipment. The
Flextec 350X welder and LN-25X wire feeder use a
proprietary communications protocol to transfer op-
erator voltage adjustments at the feeder to the pow-
er source hundreds of feet away using a common,
copper weld cable. No additional control cable is
required. The result is greater safety, quality and
productivity for job-site and fab-shop environments.
Flextec 350X
Lincoln Electric’s Flextec 350X multi-process
welding power source delivers premium arc

45www.power-eng.com
FUEL | AIR | GAS | ASH
processbarron.com/power
205-663-5330
FUELFUEL || AIRAIR || GASGAS || ASHASH
processbarron.com/power
205-663-5330
environments and the demands of Oil and Gas
Exploration. Ruggedness, ease installation and the
ability simply set the end points in the field lowers
the cost of ownership is dramatically reduced with-
out sacrificing accuracy specifications. The SS-7 is
designed to be embedded into a hydraulic cylinder
and utilizes the gun-drilled piston rod as a target,
sensing it’s position with-out the need for a magnet.
The SS-7 series can be submerged to a depth of
12,000 ft or installed in a PBOF (pressure balanced
oil filled) chamber to provide position feedback on
Blow Out preventers, ROVs and relief valves.
SS-7 sensors use a simple coil design rather
performance for all DC wire, stick and TIG pro-
cesses and gouging up to 3/16 inch (4.8 mm).
Engineered for outdoor use and harsh environ-
ments, this IP23-rated welder features fully pro-
tected components.
With an output range of 5 to 425 amps, the
Flextec 350X is rated at 300 amps, 32 volts at
100 percent duty cycle or 350 amps, 34 volts at
60 percent duty cycle. Lightweight and portable,
the compact new model weighs only 77 pounds
(34.9 kilograms).
LN-25X
The LN-25X feeder is designed to be simple, re-
liable and easy to service when necessary. LN-25
PRO feeders feature a rugged Maxtrac drive sys-
tem, dual range wire feed speed, encapsulated
and protected electronics and a tough, flame-re-
sistant case.
This feeder is rated 450 amps at 60 percent
duty cycle, with a wire feed speed range of 50-
700 inches per minute. Wire diameters range
from .023-1/16 inch (0.6-1.6 millimeters) for
GMAW wires and .030-5/64 inch (0.8-2.0 milli-
meters) for cored wires. The LN-25X can handle
12 inch (305 millimeters) or 8 inch (203 millime-
ters) spools and weighs less than 37 pounds (16
kilograms).
Lincoln Electric
Inductive Linear Sensors
A
lliance Sensors Group is pleased to announce
the introduction of the SS-7 series LVIT (Linear
Variable Inductive Transducer) designed for subsea

than “time-of-flight” technology or resistive film.
They are based on contactless LVIT inductive
sensing technology that employs a solid probe
construction style which requires only a simple
conductive tubular target or a small diameter gun
drilled hole in the cylinder rod for operation rather
than needing a permanent magnet ring or some
other type of special target.
The SS-7 series, and its sister products ME-7,
MR-7, and MHP-7, can withstand intense shock
and vibration, and operating temperatures up to
105 C with the extended range option. The 1-inch
(25.4 mm) diameter sensor head is compact
making efficient use of space, mounting with a
common male o-ring SAE-8 port threads, and has
an excellent stroke-to-length ratio.
Alliance Sensors Group
Silicon Carbide Power Device
W
olfspeed, a Cree Company, continues its in-
novation in silicon carbide (SiC) power device
technology and packaging with the introduction
of the industry’s first 1700V SiC MOSFET offered in
an optimized surface mount package designed for
commercial use in auxiliary power supplies in high
voltage power inverter systems. The higher blocking
voltage enables design engineers to replace lower
rated silicon MOSFETs with the new SiC MOSFETs,
delivering higher efficiency, simplified driver circuit-
ry, and lower thermal dissipation, and resulting in
lower total sys-
tem costs.
The new
SMD package,
specific ally
designed for
high voltage
MOSFETs, has
a small foot-
print with a
wide creepage
distance: 7mm
between drain and source. This is made possible
by the small die size and high blocking capabili-
ty of Wolfspeed SiC planar MOS technology. The
new package also includes a separate driver
source connection, which reduces gate ringing
and provides clean gate signals.
Application of the new 1700V SiC MOSFET is
anticipated in auxiliary power supplies within high
power inverters such as solar power inverters,
motor drives, UPS equipment, wind-energy con-
verters, and traction power systems which typical-
ly buck down DC voltages to operate system logic,
protection circuitry, displays, network interface,
and cooling fans. They can also be used in the
power supplies of three-phase e-meters, or in any
converter application that requires high blocking
voltages and low capacitance.
Designated the C2M1000170J, the new 1700V
SiC MOSFET features an avalanche rating greater
than 1800V, and RDS(on) of 1. These characteris-
tics ensure reliable performance in flyback con-
verter circuits, including those in noisy electrical
environments, such as those found in high-power
inverters. By enabling the design of single-switch
flyback topologies from input voltages spanning
200V to 1000V, the 1700V SiC MOSFET simplifies
the complex drive and snubber circuit elements
required for silicon devices.
Wolfspeed
Packaged Water
Treatment System
P
all Corp. announced the introduction of its new
packaged water treatment system, the Pall Aria
FIT water treatment system. Extending the Pall Aria
AP platform’s long history of producing consistent
and reliable high-quality water for both municipal-
ities and industry, the Pall Aria FIT system offers a
flexible, configurable platform which enables the
system to suit even the most challenging space
requirements.
Pall Aria FIT water treatment systems are de-
signed to produce drinking water that meets
today¹s strict purity standards around the world,
and also provide clean process and waste water
for many industries. The systems use propri-
etary filtration modules to remove a wide range
of contaminants from surface and ground water
sources.
The pre-engineered, factory-tested, and
pre-assembled skids ensure fast, problem-free
installation and start-up. Smart diagnostics and
an intuitive dashboard interface allow the system
to be quickly learned and easily operated.
Pall Corp.
Nuclear Valve Positioning Sensor
M
acro Sensors Radiation Resistant LVDT Linear
Position Sensors provide accurate feedback
of control valve position within nuclear power
generation plants. Constructed of stainless steel,
the HSTAR 750 Series of Hermetically Sealed LVDT
Linear Position Sensors can be specified to with-
stand exposure to radiation at 3x107 Rads for 40
years.
In nuclear power plants, radiation levels can be
100 Mega Rads. As radiation values often exceed
the limits of sensor internal electronics, the sensing
element of Macro Sensors AC-operated, Radiation
Resistant LVDTs are segregated from the electronic
circuitry and operate with remotely-located elec-
tronics that power the sensor and amplify and
demodulate its output. In the extreme conditions
of nuclear power plants, the distance required be-
tween the sensor and electronics can range up to
several hundred feet, limiting the use of inductive
and magnetic technologies. As a result, LVDTs are
more commonly used in power generation with
extreme environments due to their robustness and
high Mean Time Between Failures.
Operating within the harsh environment of a
nuclear power plant, Macro Sensors HSTAR 750
Series LVDT Linear Position Sensors provide highly
accurate position feedback of valve position, sup-
plying output to remote electronics or into a com-
puter-based data acquisition system for statistical
process control. Available in ranges of ±0.050 inch
(±1.25 mm) to ±10.0 inches (±250 mm), the LVDT
sensors feature high resolution, excellent repeat-
ability, and low hysteresis as well as the highest
sensitivity consistent with good linearity. Electrical
termination of the HSTAR 750 Series LVDTs is made
through a sealed radial connector located near
one end. The radial connector results in a through-
bore design that permits access to either or both
ends of the unit’s core for better mechanical sup-
port and core guidance, and easier cleanout in

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Siemens Mobile Panel Addition
S
iemens has added a small mobile operating and
monitoring device to its cable-connected Mobile
Panel product line. The new Simatic HMI KTP400F
Mobile Panel has a bright, 4-inch widescreen display,
and offers the same performance flexibility, comfort
and quality features as the 7- and 9-inch panels.
Complex process and system images are displayed
clearly and in detail on the 16:9 aspect ratio display
in 16 million colors.
The Simatic HMI KTP400F Mobile Panel IP65 op-
erator panel can be used within a wide temperature
range from 0 to 45 degrees Celsius; it is also dust-
tight, protected against splashwater and resistant to
dusty or dirty locations. The radial connector also
has a shorter installed length, making the length
of the Radiation Resistant LVDT Linear Position
Sensors at least 2” shorter than comparable units
with an axially mounted connector for easier instal-
lation in tight spaces.
Macro Sensors
Gate Drive Transformers
P
ulse Electronics Corp. introduced its gate drive
transformers for high efficiency DC/DC convert-
ers.ThePG1427serieshasahighHIPOTof2700VDC
and functional insulation between the gate and the
drive windings. These surface mount devices of-
fer excellent coplanarity for easy solderability. The
transformers have a small footprint and low profile of
8.25 x 6.9 x 3mm, high functional isolation, and an
operating temperature of -40°C to +125°C. The op-
erating frequency of 50 KHz up to 500 KHz enables
optimal functionality in wireless base stations and
power switching telecom applications.
Pulse Electronics’ PG1427 series consists of the
PG1427.001NL, PG1427.002NL, PG1427.003NL,
and the PG1427.004NL. They use an industry
standard lead frame in the internal design which
improves the coplanarity. Gate drive transformers
provide the same insulation to the feedback loop
as the power transformer provides to the power
train. The gate drive also provides insulation from
the IC to the drive transistor to meet functional
isolation standards. The parts are RoHS compliant
and available packaged in tape and reel.
Pulse Electronics
High-Flow Pump
S
undyne launched their low NPSHr, high-flow
pump.
The Sundyne LMV-803Lr is an API 610 compliant
pump available in either OH3 or OH5 motor mount-
ing configuration that provides ultra-low NPSHr
performance – approximately 5 ft (1.5 m), across
the entire performance range – for flows to 800
GPM (180 m3/ hr) and heads to 1,000 ft (305 m).
The ultra-low NPSHr allows the pump to be installed
at grade level, eliminating the expense of installa-
tion in a pit and performing maintenance in a con-
fined space. The vertical design is ideal for use in
refineries, NGL, petrochemical and chemical plants.
Based on highly reliable Sundyne direct drive
technology, the LMV-803Lr is our most rugged
pump to date, delivering a compact footprint,
low vibration and increased efficiency. Featuring
innovative Sundyne inducer technology and a
newly redesigned backswept impeller, this model
is capable of meeting lower NPSHr requirements
than either BB2 or VS style pumps without risk of
cavitation. The LMV-803Lr also boasts a robust
new 6x4 casing that is engineered to operate
reliability in extremely high-pressure applications
with maximum case working pressures equivalent
to 1,000 psig (70 kg / cm2).
Sundyne

chemicals. The operator panel has touch and key op-
eration, and is integrated into an automation solution
via Profinet. All Mobile Panels are configured in the
TIA Portal with the Simatic WinCC engineering tool.
With the new-style editor, operating screens can be
adapted to different design requirements at the touch
of a button. Simatic HMI Mobile Panels of the second
generation have a rugged industrial design that can
withstand a drop of up to 1.2 meters, and have the
same functionality and performance as Simatic HMI
Comfort Panels. Operating screens can thus be con-
figured for both stationary and mobile applications,
and then, for example, supplemented with mobile
specifications. The widescreen format display deliv-
ers a pin-sharp, bright, detailed image. It can be fully
dimmed for adaptation to different environments.
Siemens
Chip Resistors
S
tackpole’s RMCF Series thick film general pur-
pose chip resistors are now available in 5%
tolerance design kits. The 5% kits have been added
to supplement the popular 1% design kits. Each kit
contains two decades of all E24 standard values for
48 total values per kit. For the RMCF Series 0603
chip size for example, one kit will contain every value
from 10 ohms through 910 ohms, the next will have
1K through 91K ohms, and the last kit has values
from 100K to 10M, excluding a 9.1M value.
These kits are useful in the design or prototype
stage of the development cycle and the 4.5 inch
square binders are compact enough to keep al-
most anywhere. They are designed for use in en-
gineering test labs, circuit design phase, design
prototyping and PCB repair.
Stackpole Electronics Inc.
Steam Generator
S
pirax Sarco released the CSM-C 600 compact
clean steam generator.
The unit is a skid-mounted system designed
to provide dry saturated steam that meets the
requirements of HTM2031, HTM2010 and EN285
standards. The CMS-C 600 generator can pro-
duce up to a maximum of 1,275 lbs./hr of clean
steam at 45psig – dependent on plant steam
pressure and feedwater temperature. The genera-
tor can be used across a wide range of industries,
and in any application that relies on sterilization
or humidification as part of its process.
The generator features compact footprint that
frees up space in a mechanical room, modulating
control of water level and plant steam inlet, PLC
with color touch screen HMI, easy interface with
Building Automation Systems and long tube bun-
dle life expectancy.
Spirax Salco
Nickel-Based Tungsten
Carbide Consumables
Stoody an ESAB brand, added new nick-
el-based tungsten carbide consumables to its
product line, including several new wire formula-
tions as well as new PTA and laser cladding pow-
der families, all designed for extreme abrasion
resistance.
Stoody’s nickel-based tungsten carbide
consumables are developed for and utilized in
some of the harshest industrial applications.
Recognized for durability and performance in the
face of extreme abrasion, impact and other wear
conditions, these stick electrodes, wires and now
PTA and laser cladding powders are used to re-
store damaged components and to overlay parts
to extend serviceable life.
Stoody’s premium nickel-based tungsten car-
bide consumables line includes the following re-
cently released wires and powders:
Stoody 155FC (25 percent WC) A gas shielded
build up and buffer layer alloy, 155FC is ideal for
thick build up deposits up to four layers. This alloy
is perfect for use as an underlay for a hardfacing
overlay alloy for extreme wear resistance. It has a
maximum hardness of 35-45 HRC.
Stoody 160FC (48 percent WC) Originally
available for the GMAW process and developed
in conjunction with the 155FC build-up alloy, this
highly wear resistant hardfacing overlay wire is
now available in an open arc formulation. It has a
maximum hardness of 40-50 HRC.
Stoody 160FS (50 percent WC) This entirely
new wire consumable for the GMAW process in-
corporates spherical tungsten carbides that de-
liver better performance in friction applications
and improved wear performance compared to
standard nickel-based tungsten carbide alloys. It
has a maximum hardness of 40-50 HRC.
Stoody 6040-PLC, 6040-PLM, 6040-PLS -
Stoody recently introduced its first PTA and laser
cladding powder consumables available in a 60%
tungsten carbide, 40% nickel alloy formulation.
The PLC blend incorporates standard cast and
crushed eutectic tungsten carbides in the matrix.
The PLM variant incorporates macrocrystalline
tungsten carbides more appropriate for high pow-
er systems. The PLS formulation contains spheri-
cal tungsten carbides especially suited for laser
cladding operations. It has a hardness range of
40-45 HRC.
Stoody 6030-PLC, 6030-PLM, 6030-PLS - The
Stoody 6030 powders are also 60/40 blends of
tungsten carbide in a nickel alloy and can be for-
mulated with the same three choices of tungsten
carbides as the original Stoody 6040 powders.
The primary difference is the Stoody 6030 pow-
ders form a ductile nickel-chrome alloy matrix. It
has a hardness range of 30-35 HRC.
Stoody 6051-PLC, 6051-PLM, 6051-PLS - Like
the Stoody 6040 and 6030 powders, the new
6051 blends are formulated with the 60/40
tungsten carbide and nickel alloy matrix - with
a notable difference. Stoody 6051 powders are
chromium-free formulations with the same tung-
sten carbide options available to choose from -
standard cast and crushed (-PLC), macrocrystal-
line (-PLM), or spherical (-PLS). It has a hardness
range of 48-52 HRC.
Stoody’s new nickel-based tungsten carbide

49www.power-eng.com
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COMBUSTORSGAS TURBINES
GENERATORSCOMPRESSORS
DISCOVER
BETTER
DESIGNS.
FASTER.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY SIMULATION FOR CLEAN, EFFICIENT ENERGY AND
ECONOMICAL, RELIABLE POWER
for monitoring of engine performance and critical
over-temperature conditions. The unique flexible
stem design allows for installation in high tempera-
ture areas with limited clearance.
Features include Type K Thermocouple, a
temperature measuring range between -40°C
to +1000°C, available in 10, 12, 14, or 18 mm
OD bolts/spark plugs, and custom flexible stem
lengths available.
The Sensor Connection
Measurement and Control
Instrumentation
T
he Sensor Connection expanded its line of
measurement and control instrumentation with
the addition of the model TCA-MS-K-1. This Single
Channel Type K Thermocouple Amplifier Module
converts the low output voltage signal from a Type
K thermocouple probe to a single independent lin-
earized 0 to 5 VDC output voltage. This output is
wire products come in various diameters rang-
ing from 1/16² to 3/32² (1.6 mm to 2.8 mm), and
come spooled on 33 lb. (15 kg) wire baskets or in
50 lb. (22.7 kg) polypacks. PTA and laser cladding
powders come bottled in 10-pound increments.
Stoody 6040, 6030, and 6051 formulations are
currently available in either a 10-pound single
carton or a 40-pound standard four-pack.
Stoody
Fast-Drying Topcoat
C
ortec Corp. now offers VpCI-280 - a fast drying,
solvent based alkyd topcoat. VpCI-280 has ex-
cellent UV resistance, which allows for great color
and gloss retention; and can even be matched to
most custom colors.
VpCI-280 was developed as a versatile, in-
dustrial finishing enamel for manufacturers
of metal products. This enamel offers a quick
dry time, high gloss, and good color and gloss
retention. It is ideal for industrial OEM uses, in-
cluding agricultural and construction equipment.
Regulatory benefits include very low levels of
VOC and Hazardous Air Pollutant Solvents. This
one coat system can be applied DTM (direct to
metal) and provides protection in harsh, outdoor,
unsheltered applications. The complex mixture of
non-toxic, organic inhibitors offers protection that
competes with most paints and zinc-rich primers.
VpCI-280 utilizes Cortec’s patented Vapor
phase Corrosion Inhibiting (VpCI) Technology.
VpCI Technology is an innovative, environmental-
ly safe, cost-effective option for corrosion protec-
tion. Cortec products protect with a thin, mono-
molecular protective barrier. The barrier re-heals
and self-replenishes, and can be combined with
other functional properties for added protective
capabilities. VpCI forms a physical bond on the
metal surface creating a barrier layer against ag-
gressive ions.
VpCI-280 is available in 5 gallon (19 liter) pails,
55 gallon (208 liter) metal drums, liquid totes,
and bulk.
Cortec Corp.
Temperature Sensors
T
he Sensor Connection a division of Harold G.
Schaevitz Industries LLC, has expanded its line
of temperature sensors with the addition of the
CHT-FS series Cylinder Head Temperature (CHT)
Sensor. Installed under the spark plug or head bolt

ideal for interfacing to instrumentation equipment
including data loggers, temperature indicators,
chart recorders, and controllers. A unique feature
of this product is the fast dynamic response of 1 mS.
Other features include a temperature measur-
ing range of 0 to +1250°C, an analog output of
0 to 5 VDC; supply voltage of 10 to 32 VDC; on-
board CJC; response time of 1 mS; housing rated
at IP 51, includes mini-plug signal input connec-
tor and includes 1m long integral signal cable.
The Sensor Connection
Thermoelectric Module
G
MZ Energy announced the TG16-1.0, a new
thermoelectric module capable of producing
twice the power of the company’s first product, the
TG8. The highly efficient TG16-1.0 directly converts
waste heat into usable electricity and is well suited
for extremely high temperature environments, such
as those in boilers and furnaces.
By doubling the power density, GMZ’s new
module substantially increases performance
while maintaining a minimal footprint. The TG16-
1.0 will augment the TG8, enabling dramatic effi-
ciency improvements and new functionalities in
products requiring high power density.
GMZ Energy
Expanded Wireless Router Series
Siemens has expanded its Scalance M wire-
less router series by adding two new devices. The
Scalance M876-3 is ideally suited for transmitting
data via third generation wireless internet access
(3G). Using the second new addition to the series,
the Scalance M876-4, users can connect to sub-
nets and automation devices via LTE (Long Term
Evolution) wireless standard, widely used through-
out Europe. Thanks to their high bandwidths,
performance capabilities and transmission
speeds, the routers can be deployed in a diverse
range of applications: from industrial remote ac-
cess solutions, such as teleservice to the integra-
tion of distant substations in energy distribution or
water treatment systems, as well as high-band-
width applications, such as video surveillance.
In addition to the integrated 4-port switch,
which can be used to connect up to four end
devices, the new mobile wireless routers each
come with two antenna connections, making it
possible for operators to use multiple antennas
(antenna diversity) and thus increase both signal
quality and bandwidth. Like almost all routers of
the Scalance M series, the new devices are char-
acterized by their compact housing in the design
of Simatic S7-1500, which means that they save
space in the control cabinet. In addition, they
each also come with one digital input and output,
e.g. for setting up secured VPN connections with
key-operated switches. Furthermore, the devices
are equipped with their own redundant power
supply for bridging short-term power failures. The
Scalance M876-3 supports HSPA+ (Evolved High
Speed Packet Access) and EVDO (Evolution Data
Optimized). Depending on the available mobile
service provider infrastructure, this enables high
transmission rates to end devices (downlink) of
up to 14.4 Mbit/s and back to the telecommuni-
cations network (uplink) of up to 5.76 Mbit/s. The
Scalance M876-4 offers downlink speeds of up to
100 Mbit/s and uplink speeds of up to 50 Mbit/s
via LTE. These mobile wireless routers enable us-
ers to connect to IP-based end devices anywhere
in the world. A range of functions, including an in-
tegrated firewall and end-to-end communication
link encryption via VPN tunneling, ensure high
levels of security. The devices also support IPsec
and OpenVPN.
Siemens
Cable Connector
T
he IP67 rated cable connector from METZ
Connect connects/extends data cables up to
Cat 7A data speed.
The cable connector achieves its IP67 rating
due to its heat shrink tubing. The connector com-
plies with Class E to ISO/IEC 11801 Ed.2.2:2011-
06 in combination with Cat 6, Cat 6A, Cat 7 and
Cat 7A cables and Cat 6 connectors. Wires can
be terminated quickly using our LSA-PLUS crimp
tool (P/N 130818-E) and the dual sided cable
feed can accommodate data lines of AWG 26/1 to
22/1. These features, along with a fully shielded
metal housing, strain relief, and separate captive
360-degree shield connection make this connec-
tor ideal for the oil and gas, utility, and shipbuild-
ing industries as well as factory maintenance and
repair applications.
METZ Connect
Power Plant Control System
S
iemens has launched the SPPA-T3000 R7.2,
a new release of its power plant control sys-
tem. This new release focuses even more on the
human-machine interface (HMI). New functions
and simplified operations will help control room
personnel perform their day-to-day work more
efficiently and more effectively, and react reliably
and more quickly in critical situations. The new
SPPA-T3000 R7.2 will be part of all of Siemens’
new power generation control solutions and can
also be integrated or retrofitted to existing control
systems.
The new features in the SPPA-T3000 R7.2 in-
clude integrated functions like shift management,
condition monitoring of the power plant com-
ponents and diagnostics tools, alarm displays,
classification of messages, alarm indicators and
customizable display of the functions.
Daily shift handovers are managed intelligently
and efficiently using R7.2. During a shift change-
over, operators are given a rapid up-to-date

51www.power-eng.com
need for a hot-works permit. All data logging and
readings are easily visible, and the main display also
incorporates real-time trend graphing and alarm
indicators.
Field service
is also uncompli-
cated: the des-
iccant dryer is
easy to remove
and replace on
the sampling panel. The moisture generator has
an average life span of 3 years before replacement
is required and the analyzer will therefore perform
reliably for many years with just basic maintenance
and housekeeping. A full range of service spares are
also available.
The analyzer is fully certified for use in hazardous
areas around the world, with accreditations from
ATEX, IECEx and cCSAus.
Michell Instruments
overview of the condition of the plant, alarm mes-
sages, as well as the shift schedule and available
resources. Pending repairs and open tasks can be
added to the task list of the following shift with just
a single mouse-click, thus saving time, reducing
the error rate and promoting safety.
The “Diagnostic Recommended” function re-
ports the smallest unexpected changes in con-
dition even before DCS limit values are reached.
A click of the mouse opens a text field with root-
cause analysis to help to remedy the problem.
Further diagnostics tools, called “Advanced di-
agnostics,” can be integrated and allow a more
detailed fault analysis. By providing a more trans-
parent picture of the plant’s current and emerging
condition, these two functions help to increase
plant availability.
Siemens
Keystone-Compatible Jack
M
etz Connect introduces our new keystone
compatible EDAT Modul CAT 6A K jack.
Intended for use with screened or fully shield-
ed Ethernet
cable, the K
jack is fully
shielded (zinc
die cast) and
uses IDC
technology to
facilitate an easy to use field termination.
No special tools are required to terminate the
two-piece design which features color coded
terminals for easy loading according to either
TIA568 A or B wiring schemes. In compliance with
ISO/IEC 11801, the K jack is a fully certified CAT 6A
component, and is perfect for use in high speed
applications including storage area networks,
data centers, multimedia, security and more.
Metz Connect
Moisture Analyzer
M
ichell Instruments has launched its latest
quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) mois-
ture analyzer for demanding process applications,
where reliable and accurate readings of low mois-
ture levels are critical.
The QMA601 process moisture analyzer uses
the latest generation of this technology, which gives
it a lower detection limit of 0.1ppmV and an upper
range of 2000ppmV. The QMA601 also features a
built-in auto calibration function – traceable to NPL
and NIST – where an integral moisture generator
provides a reference which is used to verify the mea-
surements to ensure user confidence. In addition to
this, precise temperature control of the moisture
generator, sensor and flow control devices keeps
the analyzer stable independent of changes to the
ambient conditions.
The analyzer is easy to install, use and maintain.
It features a full-color touch-screen interface which
allows interrogation and operation in situ, with no

stands, robotic arms, and packaging equipment,
where the sensing element cannot be attached
to the object being measured. The LRS-18 stroke
to length ratio is excellent. Existing technologies
with similar electrical specifications are 9” long to
measure 1”. The equivalent LRS-18 is only 4-inch
long.
LRS-18 features include excellent stroke to
length ratio, contactless operation that prevents
internal wearout from dithering or rapid cycling,
ranges from 12.5 to 100 mm (0.5 to 4 inches),
M18 x 1 threaded aluminum or stainless steel
body with mounting nuts, and maximum tip force
on the item being measured is 1 pound.
LRS-18 sensors have a 19 mm (0.75 inch) di-
ameter aluminum or stainless steel body with an
M18 x 1 thread and come with two hex jam nuts
for easy installation in place of an 18 mm analog
proximity sensor. These sensors use a 0.25-inch
diameter probe equipped with an AGD No. 9 con-
tact tip, and are offered with either an axial cable
or a connector. Operating from a variety of DC
voltages, the sensors are available with a choice
of four analog outputs and they all include ASG’s
proprietary SenSet field calibration feature.
Alliance Sensors Group
Siemens Profinet Driver
S
iemens Industry now offers a Profinet Driver
for controller applications.
The driver is delivered as a source code, sim-
plifying individual Profinet communications on a
standard PC. No additional hardware is needed
for connections, only a standard PC Ethernet
interface.
The Profinet driver is suitable for standard oper-
ating systems and is configured with an open XML
interface. Engineering tools, including the TIA
Portal or Step 7, may be used to further simplify
configuration.
The new driver supports Profinet with real time
(RT) and achieves cycle times of as little as 1 ms
when using a real-time operating system.
Siemens
Industrial Networking
A
ntaira Technologies LMP-1204G-SFP series has
been designed to fulfill outdoor industrial appli-
cation environments.
Antaira Technologies’ LMP-1204G-SFP se-
ries is a cost effective 12-port industrial giga-
bit PoE+ managed Ethernet switch line with a
48~55VDC power input. Each unit is designed
with eight 10/100/1000Tx gigabit ports that are
IEEE 802.3at/af compliant (PoE+/PoE) with a PoE
power output up to 30W
per port and four dual
rate 100/1000Tx SFP
slots for fiber connectivi-
ty. Four fiber ports allows
for the implementation of
a fiber optic ring as well
as a separate fiber home
run. With a 24 Gigabit
backplane speed, the LMP-1204G-SFP supports
JumboFramesandwidebandwidthforlargeEthernet
data packet transmissions. These switches are also
made with high density port counts for edge-level
connectivity solutions. The LMP-1204G-SFP product
series provides high EFT, surge (2,000VDC) and ESD
(6,000VDC) protection. These units are built to sup-
port a dual power input design with reverse polarity
protection, and there is also a built-in relay warning
function to alert maintainers when any ports break or
power failures occur. This makes it ideal for applica-
tions in a harsh environment requiring high reliability
and distance extension.
This product series is pre-loaded with “Layer 2”
network management software that supports an
ease of use Web Console or Telnet through the serial
console by CLI configuration. All Antaira managed
switches provide the ring network redundancy func-
tion with STP/RSTP/MSTP and the ITU-T G.8032 (ERPS
– Ethernet Ring Protection Switch) protocol which
supports a <50ms network recovery time, eliminating
the compatibility issue for any existing network con-
cerns. The advanced network filtering and security
functions, IGMP, VLAN, QoS, SNMP, Port lock, RMON,
Modbus TCP and 802.1X/HTTPS/SSH/SSL increase
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remote SCADA systems or control networks. Plus, the
advanced PoE ping alarm software function allows
users to recycle power on any remote powered de-
vice (PD) through PoE ports. The external USB2.0 port
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settings. Lastly, the flexible “custom label” feature al-
lows networking planners to name each connection
port. By naming each port, the networking planners
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Antaira Technologies
Nuclear Power Sensors
C
MR Group introduced a series of high perfor-
mance temperature sensors for dedicated appli-
cations in the nuclear power industry.
The range brings together four different sensor se-
ries, all of which are K3 or K3ad environmentally com-
pliantfor theambienttemperaturemonitoringof fluid,
gasandbearingtemperaturesinthenuclearindustry.
CMR’s AN sensor series is designed for the tem-
perature measurement of high pressure fluids and
aggressive gaseous fluids used in nuclear power
generation, although they can also be used effective-
ly with non-pressurised fluids.
For more conventional measurement of ambient
temperaturestoveryloworsub-zerolevelsindampor
refrigerated atmospheres, and ventilation ducts, the
AMB sensor series is recommended.
For temperature measurements associated with
alternators, pumps, steam and gas turbine bearings
and other rotary machine bearings, two CMR sensor
options are available. These are the BS6 nuclear sen-
sor with an insulated platinum resistance tempera-
ture detector (RTD) for use in harsh environments,
and the special BCI6 type K thermocouple sensor for
bearing temperature measurement on rotating/recip-
rocating machines.
CMR Group
LVIT Position Sensors
H
.G. Schaevitz LLC Alliance Sensors is pleased
to introduce its first spring loaded Linear
Variable Inductive Transducer (LVIT) series.
The LRS-18 series are spring loaded, contact-
less devices designed for dimension or position
measuring applications in factory automation
and in various industrial and commercial appli-
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www.power-eng.com56
INDEX
RS# COMPANY PG# SALES OFFICERS# COMPANY PG#
1421 S. Sheridan Rd., Tulsa, OK 74112
Phone: 918-835-3161, Fax: 918-831-9834
e-mail: pe@pennwell.com
Sr.Vice President North
American Power Group Richard Baker
Reprints Foster Printing Servive
4295 Ohio Street, Michigan City, IN 46360
Phone: 866-879-9144
e-mail: pennwellreprint@fosterprinting.com
National Marketing Consultant Rick Huntzicker
Palladian Professional Park
3225 Shallowford Rd., Suite 800
Marietta, GA 30062
Phone: 770-578-2688, Fax: 770-578-2690
e-mail: rickh@pennwell.com
AL, AR, DC, FL, GA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MO,
MS, NC, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV
Regional Brand Manager Veronica Foster
Phone: 918-832-9256; Fax: 918.831.9834
e-mail: veronicaf@pennwell.com
AK, AZ,CA,CO,HI,IA,MN,MT,ND,NE,NM,NV,
OK,OR,SD,UT,WA,WI,WY,AB,BC,SK, Manitoba,
Northwest Territory, Yukon Territory
Regional Brand Manager Ben Stauss
Phone: + 513-295-2155
e-mail: bstauss@pennwell.com
CT, DE, IL, IN, MA, ME, MI, NH, NJ, NY, OH,
PA, RI, VT, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Newfoundland, Ontario
International Sales Mgr Tom Marler
The Water Tower
Gunpowder Mills
Powdermill Lane
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1992 656 608, Fax: +44 1992 656 700
email: tomm@pennwell.com
Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Hungary, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Slovakia, Sweden
International Sales Mgr Roy Morris
The Water Tower
Gunpowder Mills
Powdermill Lane
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1992 656 613, Fax: +44 1992 656 700
email: rmorris@pennwell.com
UK, Austria, Africa, Holland, India, Italy, Ireland,
Israel, Russia, Australia New Zealand, Singapore,
Scotland, Switzerland, Turkey, Greece, UAE/SAUDI
and Iran
Classifieds/Literature Showcase
Account Executive Jenna Hall
Phone: 918-832-9249, Fax: 918-831-9834
email: jennah@pennwell.com
24 POWER-GEN C3
Natural Gas 2016
www.power-gennaturalgas.com
14 Process Barron 45
www.processbarron.com/power
2 ProEnergy Services LLC 3
www.proenergyservices.com
Rentech Boiler Systems
DIGITAL EDITION-COVER
www.rentechboilers.com
9 Rentech Boiler 22-23
Systems
www.rentechboilers.com
5 Roxul Inc 9
www.roxul-rti.com
6 SICK Inc 11
www.sickusa.com
4 VSP Technologies 7
www.vsppower-generation.com
8 Young Franklin Inc 15
www.yf.com
Advertisers and advertising agen-
cies assume liability for all contents
(including text representation and il-
lustrations) of advertisements print-
ed, and also assume responsibil-
ity for any claims arising therefrom
made against the publisher. It is the
advertiser’s or agency’s responsibil-
ity to obtain appropriate releases on
any items or individuals pictured in
the advertisement.
Brandenburg Industrial C4
Service Company
www.brandenburg.com
3 Brawler 5
www.brawler.com
16 CD-adapco 49
www.cd-adapco.com
15 Clearspan Fabric 47
Structures
www.ClearSpan.com/ADPWRE
1 GE Power-Gas C2
Power Systems
17 Graphite 51
Metallizing Corp
www.graphalloy.com
7 Hydrolox 13
www.hydrolox.com
11 Industrial Steam 27
www.industrialsteam.com
10 Industrial Steam 26
www.industrialsteam.com
13 NB Harty General 39
Contractors
www.nbharty.com
12 Power Generation 29
Week 2016
www.powergenerationweek.com

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Growth in Gas Markets
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Large Frame Gas Turbines
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Small Gas Turbines and Gas Engines
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2016 02 Power Engineering

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