2022_2nd lecture_CoT.ppt

Cloud of Things
Lecture 2
Dheyaa Jasim Kadhim
Dept. of Electrical Eng.
Baghdad University
2022.03

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Outline
What is Cloud Computing ?
1
Essential Characteristics
2
Service Models
3
Deployment Models
4
Virtualization
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Cloud Storage
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Challenges and Opportunities
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Advantages and Disadvantages
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What is the Cloud Computing?
 According to NIST, Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released
with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
 Generally speaking, cloud computing can be thought of as anything
that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet.
 This cloud model is composed of
 Five essential characteristics,
 Three service models, and
 Four deployment models.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
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Conventional
 Manually Provisioned
 Dedicated Hardware
 Fixed Capacity
 Pay for Capacity
 Capital & Operational Expenses
 Managed via Sysadmins
Cloud
 Self-provisioned
 Shared Hardware
 Elastic Capacity
 Pay for Use
 Operational Expenses
 Managed via APIs
Conventional Computing vs. Cloud Computing
What is the Cloud Computing?
application programming interface (API)
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1. On-demand Self-Service
 A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as
server time and network storage, as needed automatically without
requiring human interaction with each service provider.
2. Broad Network Access
 Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through
standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or
thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and
workstations).
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3. Resource Pooling.
 The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and
virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to
consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that
the customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact
location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at
a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).
Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, and
network bandwidth.
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4. Rapid Elasticity.
 Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases
automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand.
To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be
unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.
5. Measured Service.
 Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a
metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service
(e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage
can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the
provider and consumer of the utilized service.
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Service Models
 Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS):
 The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s
applications running on a cloud infrastructure.
 The applications are accessible from various client devices such as a
web browser (e.g., web-based email).
 The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems,
storage,…
 The customer accesses the applications over the internet.
 Examples: Caspio, Google Apps, Salesforce, Nivio, Learn.com.
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Service Models
 Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS):
 The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created
using programming languages and tools supported by the provider.
infrastructure.
 Consumer has control over the deployed applications and possibly
application hosting environment configurations.
 The customer uses their own applications.
 Examples: Windows Azure, Google App.
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Service Models
 Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
 The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage,
networks, and other fundamental computing resources.
 The consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can
include operating systems and applications.
infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed
applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components
(e.g., host firewalls).
 The customer uses their own platform (Windows, Unix), and applications.
 Examples: Amazon EC2, GoGrid, iland, Rackspace Cloud Servers,
ReliaCloud.
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Service Models
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Comparison of the traditional IT infrastructure to
cloud computing service models
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Service Models
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Deployment Models
 Private cloud:
The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization
comprising multiple consumers (e.g., business units). It may be owned, managed,
and operated by the organization, a third party, or some combination of them, and
it may exist on or off premises. (Created from resources owned—either
physically or contractually—by the end users).
 Community cloud:
The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a specific community of
consumers from organizations that have shared concerns (e.g., mission, security
requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be owned, managed,
and operated by one or more of the organizations in the community, a third party,
or some combination of them, and it may exist on or off premises.
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Deployment Models
 Public cloud:
The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open use by the general public. It may be
owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government
organization, or some combination of them. It exists on the premises of the cloud
provider. (Created from resources not owned by the end users.)
 Hybrid cloud:
The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures
(private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together
by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application
portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing between clouds). (Created from
a variety of resources, both private and public).
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Deployment Models
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Example services using cloud computing
 Scalable Usage - Netflix
 Big data Analytics - Hadoop, Cassandra, HPCC etc.
 Chatbots - Siri, Alexa and Google Assistant
 Business Process - Salesforce, Hubspot, Marketo etc.
 Communication - Skype, WhatsApp, Microsoft Outlook, Yahoo! Mail,
Google Mail etc
 Backup & Recovery - Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, Apple iCloud,
Dropbox etc.
 Social Networking -Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter etc.
 Cloud Hardware - Google Chromebook Laptop (with google chrome as
the interface of OS and online apps)
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Traditional vs Cloud Architecture
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How do businesses know if they should
use a true cloud solution?
 Outsourced IT —Free up internal IT resources for higher-value business support
and allow you to put IT budget dollars toward efforts that advance your business.
 Quick setup — Cloud startup is relatively quick and easy. Plus, servers,
appliances and software permanent licenses go away when you use such a
service.
 Pay-as-you-go —Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) applications allow the offloading
of basic IT requirements to cloud service providers. Pay for what you need and
use. But you do not have to continue to invest in many of the products used to
support the network and systems, such as spam/anti-virus, encryption, data
archiving, email services and off-site storage.
 Scalability — Temporarily scale your IT capacity by off-loading high-demand
compute requirements to an outside provider. Pay for only what you need and
use, only at the time when you need it.
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Virtualization Technology
 In computing, virtualization is the creation of a virtual (rather than actual)
version of something, such as a hardware platform, operating system, storage
device, or network resources.
 The usual goal of virtualization is to centralize administrative tasks while
improving scalability and overall hardware-resource utilization.
 With virtualization, several operating systems (OSs) can be run in parallel on a
single CPU. This parallelism tends to reduce overhead costs and differs from
multitasking, which involves running several programs on the same OS.
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Top 5 Reasons to Adopt Virtualization Software:
1. Get more out of your existing resources: Pool common infrastructure resources and break
the legacy “one application to one server” model with server consolidation.
2. Reduce datacenter costs by reducing your physical infrastructure and improving your
server to admin ratio: Fewer servers and related IT hardware means reduced real estate and
reduced power and cooling requirements. Better management tools let you improve your server
to admin ratio so personnel requirements are reduced as well.
3. Increase availability of hardware and applications for improved business continuity:
Securely backup and migrate entire virtual environments with no interruption in service.
Eliminate planned downtime and recover immediately from unplanned issues.
4. Gain operational flexibility: Respond to market changes with dynamic resource management,
faster server provisioning and improved desktop and application deployment.
5. Improve desktop manageability and security: Deploy, manage and monitor secure desktop
environments that users can access locally or remotely, with or without a network connection,
on almost any standard desktop, laptop or tablet PC.
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Transform your Business with Virtualization
 Improve the efficiency and availability of IT resources and applications through virtualization.
Start by eliminating the old “one server, one application” model and run multiple virtual
machines on each physical machine.
 An automated datacenter built on the production-proven VMware virtualization platform lets you
respond to market dynamics faster and more efficiently than ever before. VMware delivers
resources, applications—even servers—when and where they’re needed. VMware customers
typically save 50-70% on overall IT costs by consolidating their resource pools and delivering
highly available machines with VMware . So we can summarize the advantages as follows:
1. Run multiple operating systems on a single computer including Windows, Linux and more.
2. Reduce capital costs by increasing energy efficiency and requiring less hardware while
increasing your server to admin ratio
3. Ensure your enterprise applications perform with the highest availability and performance
4. Improve enterprise desktop management & control with faster deployment of desktops and
fewer support calls due to application conflicts
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What is a Virtual Machine?
 A virtual machine is a tightly isolated software container that can run its own operating systems
and applications as if it were a physical computer. A virtual machine behaves exactly like a
physical computer and contains it own virtual (ie, software-based) CPU, RAM hard disk and
network interface card (NIC).
 An operating system can’t tell the difference between a virtual machine and a physical machine,
nor can applications or other computers on a network. Even the virtual machine thinks it is a
“real” computer. Nevertheless, a virtual machine is composed entirely of software and contains
no hardware components whatsoever. As a result, virtual machines offer a number of distinct
advantages over physical hardware.
What is a Virtual Infrastructure?
 A virtual infrastructure lets you share your physical resources of multiple machines across your
entire infrastructure. A virtual machine lets you share the resources of a single physical
computer across multiple virtual machines for maximum efficiency.
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What is a Virtual Infrastructure?
 A virtual infrastructure consists of the following
components:
1. Bare-metal hypervisors to enable full virtualization of
each x86 computer.
2. Virtual infrastructure services such as resource
management and consolidated backup to optimize
available resources among virtual machines
3. Automation solutions that provide special capabilities
to optimize a particular IT process such as provisioning
or disaster recovery.
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 Decouple your software environment from its underlying hardware infrastructure so you can
aggregate multiple servers, storage infrastructure and networks into shared pools of
resources. Then dynamically deliver those resources, securely and reliably, to applications as
needed.
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Virtual Machines Benefits
In general, VMware virtual machines possess
four key characteristics that benefit the user:
1. Compatibility: Virtual machines are
compatible with all standard x86 computers
2. Isolation: Virtual machines are isolated
from each other as if physically separated
3. Encapsulation: Virtual machines
encapsulate a complete computing
environment
4. Hardware independence: Virtual
machines run independently of underlying
hardware
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Virtualization vs. Cloud Computing
 Virtualization can make 1 resource act like many, while cloud computing lets
different departments (through private cloud) or companies (through a public
cloud) access a single pool of automatically provisioned resources.
 But, Cloud computing is use of computing resources over a network, such as the
Internet.
 In, cloud computing all the applications and software are loaded on to remote
machines and servers, which are owned and managed by third parties.
 These applications could include anything from e-mail to word processing to
complex data analysis programs.
 In order to use the applications and software, one can simply log onto the
network and access the applications through a Web-based service that hosts all
the programs.
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 VM technology allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single
physical machine. (Virtualization Layer)
Hardware
Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) / Hypervisor
Guest OS
(Linux)
Guest OS
(NetBSD)
Guest OS
(Windows)
VM VM VM
App
App App
App
App
Xen
VMWare
UML
Denali
etc.
Performance: Para-virtualization (e.g. Xen) is very close to raw physical performance!
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The Virtual Server Concept
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Hypervisor layer between Guest OS and hardware
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Hypervisors And Hosts
 A hypervisor is a piece of computer software, firmware or
hardware that creates and runs virtual machines.
 A computer on which a hypervisor is running one or more virtual
machines is defined as a host machine.
 Each virtual machine has a guest operating systems, which
is managed by the hypervisor.
 Multiple instances of a variety of operating systems may share
the virtualized hardware resources.
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Hypervisors and Virtual Machines
x86 Architecture
Hypervisor
Server
1
Guest OS
Server
2
Guest OS
Clustering
Service
Console
Intercepts
hardware
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 Virtual servers can still be referred to by their function i.e. email
server, database server, etc.
 If the environment is built correctly, virtual servers will not be
affected by the loss of a host.
 Hosts may be removed and introduced almost at will to
accommodate maintenance.
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 Virtual servers can be scaled out easily.
 If the administrators find that the resources supporting a virtual
server are being taxed too much, they can adjust the amount of
resources allocated to that virtual server
 Server templates can be created in a virtual environment to be
used to create multiple, identical virtual servers
 Virtual servers themselves can be migrated from host to host
almost at will.
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 Pros
 Resource pooling
 Highly redundant
 Highly available
 Rapidly deploy new servers
 Easy to deploy
 Reconfigurable while services are
running
 Optimizes physical resources by
doing more with less
 Cons
 Slightly harder to conceptualize
 Slightly more costly (must buy
hardware, OS, Apps, and now the
abstraction layer)
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Cloud Storage
 Storage is the collection of methods and technologies that can capture and hold digital
information on media. Storage is normally described as the data storage devices that are
connected to the computer through input or output operations that includes flash devices, hard
disks, SAN, NAS, old tape systems and other different types of medium.
1. DAS (Direct Attached Storage)
2. NAS (Network Attached Storage)
3. SAN (Storage Area Network)
4. Cloud storage - can be any
combination of above three but provides
RESTful interface for storage access.
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Cloud Storage
1. DAS Storage
 This is as simple as it sounds DAS (Directly Attached Storage) device. A simple example of DAS is an external
hard drive connected through a Universal Serial Bus (USB) cable. When we discuss about storage, we mean
multiple drives, array of disks acting together in some way. The DAS concept is the same whether it’s one or 24
drives. In the same way it is the same concept regardless if we use a different cable. Basically, USB is much slow
for large DAS units. DAS is well suited for a small-to-medium sized business where enough amounts of storage
can be configured at a low startup cost. The DAS enclosure can be a separate cabinet that contains the additional
disk drives. An internal PCI-based RAID controller is typically configured in the server to connect to the storage.
 Advantages of DAS
1. It is simpler to setup and configure over NAS / SAN
2. It is very cost effective than NAS / SAN in terms of raw storage medium
3. It does not use IP addresses. Network is not necessary, Faster,
more preformat and better latency over SAN/NAS
4. Easier to deal with overall considering all things
 Disadvantages of DAS
1. Dedicated resources are needed for a single computer
2. No economies of scale in sharing the storage
3. We cannot manage the DAS via a network
4. DAS needs a special hardware connection
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Cloud Storage
2. NAS Storage
 Every computer that is irrespective of number of disks and the size of storage space available, can be considered a
NAS if it acts as a file server on the network. Another way, a network attached storage (NAS) device is just a
computer that shares files over the network. Theoretically it is almost identical to the external USB hard drive,
except instead of a USB cable connection, a NAS will be using an Ethernet connection or some networking cable
like LAN. NAS devices have a shareable resource. Multiple users and computers can use that resource. The disk
arrays in both NAS and DAS are similar in function and operation, meaning you can create similar RAIDS and
partition styles on both. NAS is perfect for SMBs and organizations that need a minimal-maintenance, reliable and
flexible storage system that can quickly scale up as needed to accommodate new users or growing data.
 Advantages of NAS
1. It is the economical way to provide large storage to many persons or computers
2. It is several times easier to setup and configure versus SAN
3. It is easier way to provide RAID redundancy to mass amount of users
4. It allows users permissions, folder privileges, restricted access to documents, etc
5. It has higher utilization of storage resources
 Disadvantages of NAS
1. It requires IP Address and takes up network space
2. It has slower latency and potentially maximum data-transfer issues
3. It performance can be affected by network status
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Cloud Storage
3. SAN Storage
 SAN stands for Storage Area Network. With SAN we typically see the solutions that are used with medium-to-large
size businesses, primarily due to the larger initial investment. SANs require a setup consisting of disk controllers,
SAN switches, host bus adapters and fiber cables. The main benefit to a SAN-based storage solution is the ability to
share the storage arrays to multiple servers. This allows you to configure the storage capacity as needed, usually
by a dedicated SAN administrator. Higher levels of performance throughput are typical in a SAN environment and
data is highly available through redundant disk controllers and drives. SAN is typically used in data centers,
enterprises or virtual computing environments. It offers the speed of DAS with the sharing, flexibility and reliability
of NAS. SAN storage is a very sophisticated option that’s meant to support complex, mission-critical applications.
 Advantages of SAN
1. It has economies of scale similar to that of NAS
2. It has higher hardware utilization, similar to that of NAS
3. It has speed similar or comparable to DAS
4. It allows virtual environments, cloud computing, etc.
 Disadvantages of SAN
1. Its performance is affected by other SAN users
2. Its performance is limited by network if configured incorrectly
3. Better performance will still be found using DAS hardware
4. It requires multiple static IP Addresses
5. It generally consumes more IP addresses than NAS devices
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Cloud Storage
 So, which storage type is best for my network?
 The choice of the network type that you will use is all depends upon the best storage
option for your business. Once you know which factors are essential to your business
operations, you can find the storage option to fit your particular need there.
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Cloud Storage
 Cloud storage is defined as "the storage of data online in the cloud,"
wherein a company's data is stored in and accessible from multiple
distributed and connected resources that comprise a cloud.
 Cloud storage can provide the benefits of greater accessibility and
reliability; rapid deployment; strong protection for data
backup, archival and disaster recovery purposes; and lower overall
storage costs as a result of not having to purchase, manage and
maintain expensive hardware. There are many benefits to using cloud
storage, however, cloud storage does have the potential for security and
compliance concerns that are not associated with traditional storage
systems.
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Cloud Storage
 Types of Cloud Storage: There are four main types of cloud storage —
personal, public, private and hybrid;
1. Personal Cloud Storage: Also known as mobile cloud storage, personal
cloud storage is a subset of public cloud storage that applies to storing
an individual's data in the cloud and providing the individual with access
to the data from anywhere. It also provides data syncing and sharing
capabilities across multiple devices. Apple's iCloud is an example of
personal cloud storage.
2. Public Cloud Storage: It is where the enterprise and storage service
provider are separate and there aren't any cloud resources stored in the
enterprise's data center. The cloud storage provider fully manages the
enterprise's public cloud storage.
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Cloud Storage
3. Private Cloud Storage: A form of cloud storage where the enterprise
and cloud storage provider are integrated in the enterprise's data center.
In private cloud storage, the storage provider has infrastructure in the
enterprise's data center that is typically managed by the storage
provider. Private cloud storage helps resolve the potential for security
and performance concerns while still offering the advantages of cloud
storage.
4. Hybrid Cloud Storage: It is a combination of public and private cloud
storage where some critical data resides in the enterprise's private cloud
while other data is stored and accessible from a public cloud storage
provider.
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Cloud Storage
 Cloud storage is a cloud computing model in which data is stored on remote
servers accessed from the Internet, or "cloud." It is maintained, operated and
managed by a cloud storage service provider on a storage servers that are
built on virtualization techniques.
 Cloud storage is also known as Utility Storage – a term subject to
differentiation based on actual implementation and service delivery.
 Utility Storage is a type of storage that is accessed remotely from a cloud
storage service provider through pay-as-you-go or on-demand billing
method.
 Utility storage is a cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) solution that
provides storage space that users can access over the Internet. It can also be
hosted on a remote cloud server or storage area network (SAN).
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Cloud Storage
 The management of storage and data is becoming difficult and time
consuming. Storage virtualization helps to address this problem by
facilitating easy backup, archiving and recovery tasks by consuming less
time. Storage virtualization aggregates the functions and hides the actual
complexity of the storage area network (SAN).
 Storage virtualization can be implemented by using software applications
or appliances. There are three important reasons to implement storage
virtualization:
1. Improved storage management in a heterogeneous IT environment
2. Better availability and estimation of down time with automated
management
3. Better storage utilization
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Cloud Storage
 Storage virtualization can be applied to any level of a SAN. The virtualization
techniques can also be applied to different storage functions such as physical
storage, RAID groups, logical unit numbers (LUNs), LUN subdivisions,
storage zones and logical volumes, etc.
 The storage virtualization model can be divided into four main layers:
1. Storage devices
2. Block aggregation layer
3. File/record layer
4. Application layer
 Some of the benefits of storage virtualization include (1) automated
management, (2) expansion of storage capacity, (3) reduced time in
manual supervision, (4) easy updates and (5) reduced downtime.
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Cloud Storage Examples
 Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3)
 Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) is a global Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
solution provided by Amazon Web Services (AWS). Amazon S3 facilitates highly-scalable, secured
and low-latency data storage from the cloud.
 The Amazon S3 interface may be used for data storage or retrieval from any location and at any
time. Amazon S3's flexible back-end infrastructure eliminates in-house storage requirements and
provides unlimited or add-as-you-grow storage that is billed per usage.
 Amazon S3 features and benefits include:
1. Allows unlimited data and object storage of most data types in a variety of formats. A stored data
set, which is an object, ranges from 1 B to 5 TB.
2. Provides Reduced Redundancy Storage (RRS), which reduces latency by storing data in regionally
separated buckets. This saves resources and facilitates application efficiency for users in
geographically dispersed locations.
3. Strong authentication ensures the security of regionally stored data.
4. Provides Representational State Transfer (REST) and Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Web
service interfaces that are built to operate with any type of Web development toolkit.
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 Representational state transfer (REST) is a software architectural style
that defines a set of constraints to be used for creating Web services. Web
services that conform to the REST architectural style, called RESTful Web
services, provide interoperability between computer systems on
the Internet. RESTful Web services allow the requesting systems to access
and manipulate textual representations of Web resources by using a
uniform and predefined set of stateless operations.
 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is a protocol for implementing
Web services. SOAP features guidelines that allow communication via the
Internet between two programs, even if they run on different platforms, use
different technologies and are written in different programming languages.
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 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2)
 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a cloud infrastructure offered under Amazon Web
Services (AWS) that provides raw computing resources on demand.
 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud is a pioneer cloud infrastructure product that allows users to
create powerful virtual servers on demand. Amazon EC2 is hosted on the server
consolidation/virtualization concept, where the entire computing power of server hardware can be
divided into multiple instances and offered to the end-user over the Internet as a computing
instance.
 Because the computing instances provided are software based, each unique instance is scalable
and users can create an entire virtual data center over the cloud. Amazon EC2-created instances
can be accessed by open-source Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) application programming
interface (API) support, giving developers the liberty to create various types of applications, just
as with an on-premises computing infrastructure. The instance provided by EC2, commonly
known as a virtual machine, is created using Amazon Virtual Image and is hosted over Xen
Hypervisor, a server virtualizing software.
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Opportunities and Challenges
 The use of the cloud provides a number of opportunities:
 It enables services to be used without any understanding of their
infrastructure.
 Cloud computing works using economies of scale:
 It potentially lowers the outlay expense for start up companies, as
they would no longer need to buy their own software or servers.
 Cost would be by on-demand pricing.
 Vendors and Service providers claim costs by establishing an ongoing
revenue stream.
 Data and services are stored remotely but accessible from “anywhere”.
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Opportunities and Challenges
 In parallel there has been backlash against cloud computing:
 Use of cloud computing means dependence on others and that could possibly limit flexibility
and innovation:
 The others are likely become the bigger Internet companies like Google and IBM, who may
monopolise the market.
 Some argue that this use of supercomputers is a return to the time of mainframe
computing that the PC was a reaction against.
 Security could prove to be a big issue:
 It is still unclear how safe out-sourced data is and when using these services ownership of
data is not always clear.
 There are also issues relating to policy and access:
 If your data is stored abroad whose policy do you adhere to?
 What happens if the remote server goes down?
 How will you then access files?
 There have been cases of users being locked out of accounts and losing access to data.
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Advantages of Cloud Computing
 Lower computer costs:
 You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer to run cloud
computing's web-based applications.
 Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your desktop PC
does not need the processing power or hard disk space demanded by
traditional desktop software.
 When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be less expensive,
with a smaller hard disk, less memory, more efficient processor...
 In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or DVD drive, as
no software programs have to be loaded and no document files need to be
saved.
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 Improved performance:
 With few large programs hogging your computer's memory, you will see
better performance from your PC.
 Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run faster because they
have fewer programs and processes loaded into memory…
 Reduced software costs:
 Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you can get most of
what you need for free-ish!
 most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google Docs
suite.
 better than paying for similar commercial software
 which alone may be justification for switching to cloud applications.
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 Instant software updates:
 Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no
longer faced with choosing between obsolete software and high upgrade
costs.
 When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically
 available the next time you log into the cloud.
 When you access a web-based application, you get the latest version
 without needing to pay for or download an upgrade.
 Improved document format compatibility.
 You do not have to worry about the documents you create on your machine
being compatible with other users' applications or OSes
 There are potentially no format incompatibilities when everyone is sharing
documents and applications in the cloud.
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 Unlimited storage capacity:
 Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.
 Your computer's current 1 Tbyte hard drive is small compared to the
hundreds of Pbytes available in the cloud.
 Increased data reliability:
 Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and destroy all
your valuable data, a computer crashing in the cloud should not affect the
storage of your data.
 if your personal computer crashes, all your data is still out there in the
cloud, still accessible
 In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up their data on a
regular basis, cloud computing is a data-safe computing platform!
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 Universal document access:
 That is not a problem with cloud computing, because you do not take your
documents with you.
 Instead, they stay in the cloud, and you can access them whenever you have
a computer and an Internet connection
 Documents are instantly available from wherever you are
 Latest version availability:
 When you edit a document at home, that edited version is what you see
when you access the document at work.
 The cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents
 as long as you are connected, you are not in danger of having an
outdated version
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 Easier group collaboration:
 Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
 Many users do this as it is an important advantages of cloud computing
 multiple users can collaborate easily on documents and projects
 Device independence.
 You are no longer tethered to a single computer or network.
 Changes to computers, applications and documents follow you through the
cloud.
 Move to a portable device, and your applications and documents are still
available.
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Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
 Requires a constant Internet connection:
 Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the
Internet.
 Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications
and documents, if you do not have an Internet connection you
cannot access anything, even your own documents.
 A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas where
Internet connections are few or inherently unreliable, this could be
a deal-breaker.
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 Does not work well with low-speed connections:
 Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with dial-up
services, makes cloud computing painful at best and often impossible.
 Web-based applications require a lot of bandwidth to download, as do large
documents.
 Features might be limited:
 This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based applications
simply are not as full-featured as their desktop-based applications.
 For example, you can do a lot more with Microsoft PowerPoint than with
Google Presentation's web-based offering
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 Can be slow:
 Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can
sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software program
on your desktop PC.
 Everything about the program, from the interface to the current
document, has to be sent back and forth from your computer to
the computers in the cloud.
 If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if
the Internet is having a slow day, you would not get the
instantaneous access you might expect from desktop applications.
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 Stored data might not be secure:
 With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
 The questions is How secure is the cloud?
 Can unauthorised users gain access to your confidential data?
 Stored data can be lost:
 Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated across multiple
machines.
 But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have no physical or
local backup.
 Put simply, relying on the cloud puts you at risk if the cloud lets you
down.
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 HPC Systems:
 Not clear that you can run compute-intensive HPC applications that use
MPI/OpenMPI
 Scheduling is important with this type of application
 as you want all the VM to be co-located to minimize communication
latency!
 General Concerns:
 Each cloud systems uses different protocols and different APIs
 may not be possible to run applications between cloud based systems
 Amazon has created its own DB system (not SQL 92), and workflow system
(many popular workflow systems out there)
 so your normal applications will have to be adapted to execute on these
platforms.
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The Future
 Many of the activities loosely grouped together under cloud
computing have already been happening and centralised
computing activity is not a new phenomena
 Grid Computing was the last research-led centralised approach
 However there are concerns that the mainstream adoption of
cloud computing could cause many problems for users
 Many new open source systems appearing that you can install
and run on your local cluster
 should be able to run a variety of applications on these systems
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