![Dennis D. Long
Xavier University
6
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Names: Cox, Lisa E., author. | Tice, Carolyn J., author. | Long,
Dennis D., author.
Title: Introduction to social work : an advocacy-based
profession / Lisa E. Cox, Stockton University, Carolyn J. Tice,
University of Maryland,
Dennis D. Long, Xavier University.
Description: Second edition. | Los Angeles : SAGE, [2019] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017030913 | ISBN 9781506394534
(hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Social service.
Classification: LCC HV40 .C69 2019 | DDC 361.3—dc23 LC](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/23introductiontosocialworkseconded-211010131041/85/23-introduction-to-social-worksecond-ed-3-320.jpg)
![Senior Content Licensing Specialist: Ann Marie Jannette
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Schaefer, Richard T., author.
Title: Sociology : a brief introduction / Richard T. Schaefer,
DePaul
University.
Description: 13th Edition. | Dubuque : McGraw-Hill Education,
[2019] |
Revised edition of the author’s Sociology : a brief introduction,
[2016]
Identifiers: LCCN 2018039145| ISBN 9781259912436 (alk.
paper) | ISBN
1259912434 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Sociology.
Classification: LCC HM585 .S324 2019 | DDC 301—dc23 LC
record
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23 introduction to social worksecond ed
- 1. 2 3 Introduction to Social Work Second Edition 4 5 Introduction to Social Work An Advocacy-Based Profession Second Edition Lisa E. Cox Stockton University Carolyn J. Tice University of Maryland
- 2. Dennis D. Long Xavier University 6 FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd.
- 3. 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Copyright © 2019 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Cox, Lisa E., author. | Tice, Carolyn J., author. | Long, Dennis D., author. Title: Introduction to social work : an advocacy-based profession / Lisa E. Cox, Stockton University, Carolyn J. Tice, University of Maryland, Dennis D. Long, Xavier University. Description: Second edition. | Los Angeles : SAGE, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017030913 | ISBN 9781506394534 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Social service. Classification: LCC HV40 .C69 2019 | DDC 361.3—dc23 LC
- 4. record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017030913 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Acquisitions Editor: Joshua Perigo Editorial Assistant: Alexandra Randall Production Editor: Andrew Olson Copy Editor: Cate Huisman Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Annette Van Deusen 7 https://lccn.loc.gov/2017030913 Indexer: Kathy Paparchontis Cover Designer: Gail Buschman Marketing Manager: Jennifer Jones 8 Brief Contents 1. Preface 2. Acknowledgments 3. About the Authors
- 5. 4. Part 1 Understanding Social Work 1. 1. The Social Work Profession 2. 2. The History of Social Work 3. 3. Generalist Social Work Practice 4. 4. Advocacy in Social Work 5. Part 2 Responding to Need 1. 5. Poverty and Inequality 2. 6. Family and Child Welfare 3. 7. Health Care and Health Challenges 4. 8. Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges 5. 9. Mental Health 6. 10. Substance Use and Addiction 7. 11. Helping Older Adults 8. 12. Criminal Justice 6. Part 3 Working in Changing Contexts 1. 13. Communities at Risk and Housing 2. 14. The Changing Workplace 3. 15. Veterans, Their Families, and Military Social Work 4. 16. Environmentalism 5. 17. International Social Work 7. Epilogue: Social Work and Self-Care 8. Appendix: Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers: Summary of Major Principles 9. Glossary 10. References 11. Index 9
- 6. Detailed contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Part 1 Understanding Social Work 1: The Social Work Profession Learning Objectives Mary Considers Social Work The Professional Social Worker Social Work’s Unique Purpose and Goals Social Work and Human Diversity Diversity and Social Justice Intersections of Diversity Theory and Practice Social Work Values The NASW Code of Ethics Professionalism Advocacy Social Work Education Social Work Degrees Bachelor of Social Work Master of Social Work Doctor of Philosophy in Social Work or Doctor of Social Work Field Education Certificates and Certifications Social Work Practice
- 7. Social Work Roles and Settings Levels of Practice Social Work as a Career Opportunity Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 2: The History of Social Work Learning Objectives Brian Organizes Farmworkers Social Welfare 10 Social Welfare Policy Conservative and Liberal Ideologies Social Control Social Justice The Intertwined History of Social Welfare Policy and Social Work Colonial America: 1607 to 1783 Nineteenth Century America: 1784 to 1890 The Progressive Era: 1890 to 1920 World War I: 1914 to 1918 The Great Depression: 1929 to Early 1940s Rank and File Movement World War II: 1939 to 1945 America’s War on Poverty: 1960 to 1967 Reaganomics: 1981 to 1989 Partisan Gridlock
- 8. The Limitations of Social Welfare Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 3: Generalist Social Work Practice Learning Objectives Layla Intervenes at All Levels to Help People Who Are Homeless Knowledge Base for Generalist Social Workers Theoretical Foundations of Generalist Practice Systems Theory Ecological Perspective Empowerment Theory Strengths Perspective Evidence-Based Practice Roles for Generalist Social Workers Levels of Generalist Practice Social Work With Individuals (Micro Level) Social Work With Families and Groups (Mezzo or Meso Level) Social Work With Organizations, Communities, and Society (Macro Level) The Change Process Engagement Assessment Planning 11
- 9. Implementation Evaluation Advocates for Change Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 4: Advocacy in Social Work Learning Objectives Nancy Advocates to Professionalize Social Work in Her State The Need for Professional Advocates Power and Social Inequality The Ethics of Advocacy Client Self-Determination Self-Interest and Advocacy Individual Benefit Versus Community Benefit Pathways to Community Benefit Human Aspects of Helping Social Workers and Social Change Cause and Function Responses to Hard Times Cause Advocacy Today The Cost of Advocacy A Model for Dynamic Advocacy The Cycle of Advocacy
- 10. The Advocacy Model in Action Tenets of Advocacy Practice and Policy Model Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources Part 2 Responding to Need 5: Poverty and Inequality Learning Objectives 12 Steve Sees the Face of Poverty Poverty Measures of Poverty Poverty and Inequality The Face of Poverty Women People of Color Children People Who Are Homeless Social Service Programs for The Those Who Are Poor
- 11. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Medicaid Supplemental Security Income Healthy Meals for Healthy Americans Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Earned-Income Tax Credit Public Housing Diversity and Poverty Advocacy on Behalf of the People Living in Poverty Current Trends in Advocacy With People Who Are Poor Dynamic Advocacy and Poverty Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access The Cycle of Advocacy Your Career and Poverty Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 6: Family and Child Welfare Learning Objectives Rosa Works to Strengthen Families for the Sake of Children Today’s Families Diverse Family Forms Divorce Separation Blended Families
- 12. 13 Single-Parent Households Same-Sex Marriage and Parenting Marriage Equality Cohabitation Family Problems Domestic Violence Child Maltreatment Child Welfare Services History of Child and Family Services Parental Versus Child Rights A Global Context for Child Protection Key Child and Family Services Social Policy and Legislation Supporting Child and Family Services Public Attitudes Toward Services for Children and Families Social Workers’ Attitudes Toward Child and Family Services Social Work in Schools Challenges Facing School Social Workers Violence and Bullying Economically Disadvantaged and Homeless Students Students With Physical and Mental Challenges Teen Pregnancy Improvements in Education to Help Parents and Children Diversity and Family and Child Welfare Advocacy on Behalf of Families and Children
- 13. Current Trends in Advocacy for Child and Family Services Dynamic Advocacy and Family and Child Welfare Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Family and Child Welfare Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 7: Health Care and Health Challenges Learning Objectives Gayle Practices Social Work in a Teaching Hospital Health Challenges and the American Health Care System 14 Threats to Americans’ Health Chronic Illness Heart Disease Stress Health Disparities and the Uninsured Health Care Policy in the United States Health Insurance Affordable Care Act
- 14. Health Care Trends Integrative Medicine Slow Medicine Prevention and Wellness Recovery, Rehabilitation, and Resilience Inflammation Managed Care Electronic Medical Records Health Care and Social Work History of Health Social Work Social Workers’ Roles in Health Care Practice Health Care Settings Emergency Rooms and Trauma and Urgent Care Centers Hospitals and Acute Care Veterans Affairs Hospitals Home Health Care Long-Term Care Hospice, End-of-Life, and Palliative Care Rehabilitation Services Clinics Public Health Services Diversity and Health Care Advocacy on Behalf of People With Health Care Challenges Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Health Care Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions
- 15. Exercises 15 Online Resources 8: Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Learning Objectives Joe Advocates for People With Intellectual Challenges Definitions of Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Types of Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Developmental Challenges Physical or Mobility Challenges Mental/Cognitive Challenges Stigma and Discrimination Against People With Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Social Work With People Living With Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Historical Background of Services for People Living With Physical, Cognitive, or Developmental Challenges Deinstitutionalization Americans With Disabilities Act Social Work Practice With Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Person-First Language Services for Persons With Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges
- 16. Diversity and Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Advocacy on Behalf of People With Physical, Cognitive, or Developmental Challenges Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career Working With People Who Have Physical, Cognitive, and Developmental Challenges Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 9: Mental Health Learning Objectives Joyce Seeks Knowledge to Help With Her Broad Caseload at a Mental Health Center Mental Health and Mental Illness Definitions of Mental Health Status Normal Versus Abnormal Mental Health Mental Health Disorders and the DSM Evolution of the Mental Health System 16
- 17. Institutionalization and Deinstitutionalization Medicalization of Mental Illness Social Work Perspectives Mental Deficits Versus Personal Assets Mental Health Parity and the Affordable Care Act Social Work Practice in Mental Health Social Work Roles in Mental Health Services Mental Health Literacy Mental Health Settings Digital Mental Health Information and Therapy Diversity and Mental Health Advocacy on Behalf of People With Mental Health Issues Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Mental Health Social Work Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 10: Substance Use and Addiction Learning Objectives Clayton Uses His Addiction Experience in Community Outreach Substance Use as a Mental Disorder Causes of Substance Use Codependency Addictive Substances and Behaviors
- 18. Alcohol Prescription Drugs Illegal Drugs and Marijuana Anabolic Steroids Tobacco and Nicotine Food and Caffeine Gambling Sex Addiction Policies Related to Substance Use Social Work Practice in Substance Use and Addiction Prevention of Substance Use Disorder 17 Treatments and Interventions for Substance Use and Addiction Detoxification and Recovery Motivational Interviewing Alcoholics and Narcotics Anonymous Needle-Exchange Programs Methadone Treatment Programs Diversity and Substance Use and Treatment Advocacy and Substance Use Disorder Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Substance Use and Addictions Certifications in Substance use: cadc and ladc
- 19. Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 11: Helping Older Adults Learning Objectives Emilee Adores Gerontological Social Work Aging and Older Adults Meanings of “Aging” and “Old” Stages of Older Adulthood Longevity An Aging Populace Gerontological Social Work Practice Evolution of Gerontological Practice Social Work Roles in Gerontology and Geriatrics Resources for Successful Aging Living Options Day Programs Benefit Programs Culturally Competent Care of Older Adults Issues of Aging and Old Age Biological and Physiological Aspects of Aging Cognitive and Psychological Aspects of Aging Neurocognitive Disorders (Dementias) Depression, Mental Health, and Other Emotional Problems 18
- 20. Substance Use/Addictions Sexual Activity Loneliness Suicide Social Aspects of Aging Ageism Aging in Place Caregiving Long-Term Care Elder Abuse Spiritual Aspects of Aging Benefits of Spirituality and Religion in Old Age Illness, Death, and Faith Policies Affecting Older Adults Diversity and Aging Age Class Ethnicity and Race Gender Sexual Orientation Ability Intersections of Diversity Advocacy and Aging Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Gerontology Summary
- 21. Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 12: Criminal Justice Learning Objectives Michelle Combats Racial and Ethnic Imbalances in the Juvenile Justice System Central Concepts in Criminal Justice and Crime Types of Crimes The Contextual Nature of Crime The Correctional System 19 Juvenile Justice and Corrections Conflicting Attitudes About Those Who Commit Crimes Attitudes Toward Punishment Attitudes Toward Rehabilitation Social Workers and the Criminal Justice System Forensic Social Work Social Work Values Regarding Criminal Justice Interactions With the Criminal Justice System Police Courts Attorneys Corrections Officers Victim Assistance Programs
- 22. Deviant Behavior and Social Status Mental Health and Criminal Justice Issues Affecting Children and Youth Exposure and Desensitization to Violent Behavior Parental Imprisonment Diversity and Criminal Justice Specific Disparities in the Criminal Justice System Racial Women Advocacy and Criminal Justice Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Criminal Justice Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources Part 3 Working in Changing Contexts 13: Communities at Risk and Housing Learning Objectives Tonya Supports Residents of Federally Subsidized Housing Central Concepts Regarding Communities and Housing Community Practice At-Risk Communities
- 23. 20 Housing Homeownership Rental Housing Subsidized Housing Shared Housing Halfway Houses Shelters Residential Treatment Centers and Hospitalization Social Work Practice in Housing and Communities Clients’ Housing Issues Foreclosure Landlords Eviction Substandard Housing Social Work With At-Risk Communities Segregated Communities Equal Opportunities for Housing Transportation and Connectivity Community Development and Resources Policy Issues Related to Communities and Housing Homelessness Affordable Housing Community Asset Building Segregation Diversity and Housing Advocacy and Housing
- 24. Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Housing Services and Community Practice Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 14: The Changing Workplace Learning Objectives Deidre Experiences Firsthand the Realities of the Contemporary Workplace The History of Work 21 Traditional Societies Agricultural Era: 1630 to 1760 Industrial Revolution: 1760 to 1840 Urbanization: 1860 to 1950 Information Age: 1960 to Present Current Social Trends Related to Work Work-Related Issues Unemployment Underemployment Minimum Wage Gender Inequality Harassment
- 25. Lack of Union Participation Occupational Health Hazards Social Welfare and the Changing Workplace Social Insurance Programs Unemployment Insurance Workers’ Compensation Social Security Social Welfare Policies Affirmative Action Americans With Disabilities Act Diversity and the Changing Workplace Age Class Gender Sexual Orientation Intersections of Diversity Advocacy and the Changing Workplace Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in the World of Work Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 15: Veterans, Their Families, and Military Social Work
- 26. 22 Learning Objectives Veteran Javier Experienced Military Life and Now Counsels Families The Armed Services and Military Culture What It Means to Be a Soldier How War Affects Soldiers How the Military Takes Care of Its Own Social Work With the Military and Veterans A History of Military Social Work Behavioral Health Problems of Service Members and Veterans Traumatic Brain Injury Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Substance Use Disorders Suicide Issues Affecting Wounded Military Veterans Issues Affecting Military Families Programs and Policies for Military Personnel, Veterans, and Their Families Social Work Assessment and Intervention Skills Common Types of Therapy Multidisciplinary Team Approach Diversity and Military Social Work Age Class Ethnicity/Race Gender
- 27. Sexual Orientation Intersections of Diversity Advocacy for Veterans and Members of the Military Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Military Social Work Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 16: Environmentalism Learning Objectives Betty Confronts a Natural Disaster 23 Environmentalism and Social Work Social Work Leadership in Environmentalism Mary Richmond Jane Addams National Association of Social Workers Council on Social Work Education Ecological Social Welfare and Practice Sustainability Ecological Justice Ecological Ethics
- 28. Environmental Issues Overpopulation Pollutants Climate Change Environmental Disasters Flooding Drought Hurricanes Famine Diversity and Environmentalism Age Class Gender Sexual Orientation Intersections of Diversity Advocacy and Environmentalism Economic and Social Justice Supportive Environment Human Needs and Rights Political Access Your Career in Environmentalism Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources 17: International Social Work Learning Objectives Teresa Applies Her Multicultural Background to Social Work International Social Work
- 29. 24 Level of National Development Social Work Principles for International Practice Transnational Identities Cultural Competence Bilingualism and Multilingualism Comparative Social Policy Principles of Ethics Charity and Empowerment Social Development Current Issues Facing International Social Workers HIV/AIDS Child Welfare Poverty Refugees Safety and Self-Care Diversity and International Practice Age Class Ethnicity Race Gender Sexual Orientation Intersections of Diversity Advocacy and International Social Work Economic and Social Justice Environmental Justice Human Needs and Rights
- 30. Political Access Your Career in International Social Work International Job Opportunities Volunteering, Experiential Learning, and Field Education Summary Top 10 Key Concepts Discussion Questions Exercises Online Resources Epilogue: Social Work and Self-Care Appendix: Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers: Summary of Major Principles Glossary References 25 Index 26 27 Preface When the idea of writing a book was first proposed, our thoughts turned to those people with whom we
- 31. wanted to work over a long period of time. Said another way, we recognized that successful writing partnerships are built on trust, honesty, and commitment. We feel fortunate that those essential elements culminated not only in lasting friendships but in dedication to a profession that is very much part of our lives. The completion of this second edition of our book further confirms the worth of highly valued relationships, lasting friendships, and collective professional commitment. 28 Our Impetus for Writing This Book We think the second edition of Introduction to Social Work continues to be a timely new text for adoption in introductory social work courses. Why? Because our book has been crafted to align with the profession’s historical roots of advocacy for human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice. We know through our practice and community involvement with social service agencies that many social workers have been urging and taking a much more active approach in client and community-based advocacy. Throughout our book, advocacy is described at a clinical/client level and also at organizational, community, national, and international levels. We encourage readers to connect the needs of individuals with those of society by linking direct practice to policy development. Engaging in such analytical thinking integrates micro and macro practice into a holistic perspective of practice underpinned by human needs and rights. A unique aspect of Introduction to Social Work continues to be
- 32. its advocacy framework for understanding the historical development of social work, important figures influencing social work history, multiple practice settings, and the types of practice performed. The advocacy practice and policy model comprising four interlocking components—economic and social justice, supportive environment, human needs and rights, and political access—provides a lens for viewing social issues of the day. Additionally, the model serves as a vehicle to place special emphasis on human diversity, cultural competence, and intersections of diversity. Pertinent information is provided regarding professional use of self and contemporary applications to practice settings to adapt to a changing digital workplace and world. These applications view social workers as professional practitioners and client and community advocates, thereby offering a clear alternative to the perspectives of competing books. Features such as Time to Think boxes, Social Work in Action, Spotlight on Advocacy, and Current Trends provide examples of social work’s dynamic force and contribution to confronting complicated life situations on individual, group, local, state, national, and international levels. Vignettes appear across all chapters and are modeled after real - life situations faced by professional social workers. Perhaps more important, the book’s features prompt readers to pause in thought and consider their opinions, perspectives, reactions, and strategies related to events often far from their own reality. Our book encourages readers to stretch and think beyond, to connect the dots, and to critically analyze issues, beliefs, concepts, and environments. These aspects of cognitive discourse set our book apart from other introductory textbooks.
- 33. In this second edition of our book, special attention was given to feedback from readers and reviewers of our first edition. Noteworthy changes contained in our second edition are captured below: Areas for advocacy in social work shift over time. With the election of President Trump and a republican Senate and House of Representatives, contemporary topics involving social work advocacy and political action at the federal level have been added and updated, especially in the area of health care reform. Increased attention has been given to ethics and the need to apply ethical considerations in social work practice. 29 A concerted effort has been made to include additional person- first language throughout the text. Content involving the intersections of diversity and multicultural practice has been enriched. Additional attention has been given to substance use and addiction services. 30 Structure of the Book Introduction to Social Work is organized into three parts. Part I introduces readers to a definition of social work, reviews the history of the profession, and describes advocacy as
- 34. a major aspect of social work. In this section of the book, the advocacy practice and policy model is defined through examples and applications. Throughout the book, the elements of the model serve as themes for exploring practice and policy content areas and connecting them to vignettes that highlight critical features of each chapter. In Part II, the chapters examine how social workers respond to human needs—poverty and inequality, family and child welfare, health care and health challenges, physical and mental challenges, mental health, substance use and addiction, helping older adults, and criminal justice. The chapters in this section assess the strengths of people and communities in support of possible advocacy strategies. At every juncture, social workers are seen as leaders, experts, cofacilitators, and innovators who understand complexities, value diversity, appreciate the role of culture, and address ethical dilemmas. We are pleased to write that Part III of Introduction to Social Work goes beyond the standard text coverage by including chapters on communities at risk and housing; the changing workplace; veterans, their families, and military social work; environmentalism; and international social work. Each of these chapters introduces material especially selected to stimulate intellectual curiosity about current topics of relevance, such as climate change and posttraumatic stress disorder. Additionally, the role of housing is examined in reference to quality of life and opportunity, the culture of the military is defined so as to better frame the needs of service personnel and their families, and environmental issues are described innovatively to encourage social work professionals to be more involved in all forms of life and service.
- 35. Each chapter ends with a list of online resources that correspond to the chapter’s content and offer readers the option to explore multiple topics in more detail. Discussion questions and key concepts are also provided to support class discussions and possible in-class and out-of-class assignments. A high-interest end-of-chapter feature titled “Your Career . . .” introduces possible career paths in social work related to the chapter content, along with thought-provoking questions and/or applications. 31 Making Course Content Come Alive Although we now primarily identify as educators, we have been molded by our social work practice experiences, current service endeavors, and the evolving world around us. No matter our work responsibilities, the classroom remains our playing field where we hope to convey the important role social workers play in society and people’s lives. We contend that advocacy is critical to teaching, research, and service. Consequently, Introduction to Social Work is designed to generate critical thinking and discussion, encourage interactive learning and reflective thinking, and expand horizons. The text will be in e-book format, and ancillaries are also available. In other words, we took a multisensory approach to teaching and learning that extends the walls of the classroom to the community and well beyond. To facilitate teaching, Introduction to Social Work is closely aligned with the Council on Social Work
- 36. Education’s new Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards and incorporates reflective practice, encouraging students to engage in critical thought and reflection and to contemplate a professional social work career. As suggested by the butterfly on the cover, life is precious, colorful, fragile, and ever changing. We hope this book will contribute to each reader’s transformation as a person and aspiring professional. 32 SAGE edge SAGE edge offers a robust online environment featuring an impressive array of tools and resources for review, study, and further exploration, keeping both instructors and students on the cutting edge of teaching and learning. SAGE edge content is open access and available on demand. Learning and teaching has never been easier! SAGE edge for Students provides a personalized approach to help students accomplish their coursework goals in an easy-to-use learning environment. Here is a list of features: Mobile-friendly eFlashcards strengthen understanding of key terms and concepts. Mobile-friendly practice quizzes allow for independent assessment by students of their mastery of course material. Carefully selected chapter-by-chapter video links and multimedia content enhance classroom-based explorations of key topics.
- 37. Interactive exercises and meaningful web links facilitate student use of Internet resources, further exploration of topics, and responses to critical thinking questions. EXCLUSIVE! SAGE edge for Students includes access to full - text SAGE journal articles that have been carefully selected to support and expand on the concepts presented in each chapter. SAGE edge for Instructors supports teaching by making it easy to integrate quality content and create a rich learning environment for students. These features include the following: Test banks provide a … Page iii sociology a brief introduction 13th edition Richard T. Schaefer DePaul University Page iv
- 38. SOCIOLOGY: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION, THIRTEENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2017, 2015, and 2013. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19 18 ISBN 978-1-259-91243-6 (bound edition) MHID 1-259-91243-4 (bound edition) ISBN 978-1-260-15379-8 (loose-leaf edition) MHID 1-260-15379-7 (loose-leaf edition) Executive Portfolio Manager: Claire Brantley Lead Product Developer: Dawn Groundwater Marketing Manager: Will Walter Lead Content Project Manager, Core: Susan Trentacosti Content Project Manager, Assessment: George Theofanopoulos Content Project Manager: Sandra Schnee Senior Buyer: Laura M. Fuller Design: Jessica Cuevas
- 39. Senior Content Licensing Specialist: Ann Marie Jannette Cover Image: ©Tassii/Getty Images Compositor: Aptara®, Inc. All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Schaefer, Richard T., author. Title: Sociology : a brief introduction / Richard T. Schaefer, DePaul University. Description: 13th Edition. | Dubuque : McGraw-Hill Education, [2019] | Revised edition of the author’s Sociology : a brief introduction, [2016] Identifiers: LCCN 2018039145| ISBN 9781259912436 (alk. paper) | ISBN 1259912434 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Sociology. Classification: LCC HM585 .S324 2019 | DDC 301—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018039145 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these
- 40. sites. mheducation.com/highered Page v dedication To my grandchildren, Matilda and Reuben. May they enjoy exploring life’s possibilities. Page vii about the author Richard T. Schaefer: Professor Emeritus, DePaul University BA, Northwestern University, MA, PhD, University of Chicago Growing up in Chicago at a time when neighborhoods were going through transitions in ethnic and racial composition, Richard T. Schaefer found himself increasingly intrigued by what was happening, how people were reacting, and how these changes were affecting neighborhoods and people’s jobs. His interest in social issues caused him to gravitate to sociology courses at Northwestern University, where he eventually received a BA in sociology.
- 41. “Originally as an undergraduate I thought I would go on to law school and become a lawyer. But after taking a few sociology courses, I found myself wanting to learn more about what sociologists studied, and fascinated by the kinds of questions they raised.” This fascination led him to obtain his MA and PhD in sociology from the University of Chicago. Dr. Schaefer’s continuing interest in race relations led him to write his master’s thesis on the membership of the Ku Klux Klan and his doctoral thesis on racial prejudice and race relations in Great Britain. Dr. Schaefer went on to become a professor of sociology at DePaul University in Chicago. In 2004 he was named to the Vincent DePaul professorship in recognition of his undergraduate teaching and scholarship. He has taught introductory sociology for over 35 years to students in colleges, adult education programs, nursing programs, and even a maximum-security prison. Dr. Schaefer’s love of teaching is apparent in his interaction with his students. “I find myself constantly learning from the students who are in my classes and from reading what they write. Their insights into the material we read or
- 42. current events that we discuss often become part of future course material and sometimes even find their way into my writing.” Dr. Schaefer is the author of the thirteenth edition of Sociology (McGraw-Hill, 2012), Sociology in Modules, fourth edition (McGraw- Hill, 2018), the seventh edition of Sociology Matters (McGraw - Hill, 2018), and, with Robert Feldman, Sociology and Your Life with P.O.W.E.R. Learning (2016). He is also the author of Racial and Ethnic Groups, now in its fifteenth edition (2019), Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the USA (first edition, 2014), and Race and Ethnicity in the United States, (ninth edition, 2019), all published by Pearson. Together with William Zellner, he coauthored the ninth edition of Extraordinary Groups, published by Waveland Press in 2015. Dr. Schaefer served as the general editor of the three-volume Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, published by Sage in 2008. These books have been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, and Spanish, as well as adapted for use in Canadian colleges. Dr. Schaefer’s articles and book reviews have appeared in many journals, including American Journal of Sociology; Phylon: A Review of Race and Culture; Contemporary Sociology; Sociology and Social Research; Sociological Quarterly; Patterns of Prejudice; and Teaching Sociology. He served as president of the Midwest Sociological
- 43. Society in 1994–1995. Dr. Schaefer’s advice to students is to “look at the material and make connections to your own life and experiences. Sociology will make you a more attentive observer of how people in groups interact and function. It will also make you more aware of people’s different needs and interests—and perhaps more ready to work for the common good, while still recognizing the individuality of each person.” 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
- 44. Page viii brief contents Chapter Opening Excerpts xiv Boxed Features xv Social Policy Sections xvii Maps xvii Tracking Sociological Perspectives Tables xviii Summing Up Tables xviii Understanding Sociology . . . 1 Sociological Research . . . 25 Culture . . . 48 Socialization and the Life Course . . . 69 Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure . . . 90 Mass Media and Social Media . . . 117 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control . . . 138 Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States . . . 163 Global Inequality . . . 190 Racial and Ethnic Inequality . . . 208 Stratification by Gender and Sexuality . . . 239 The Family and Household Diversity . . . 261 Education and Religion . . . 284 Government and the Economy . . . 313 15 16 Health, Population, and the Environment . . .
- 45. 339 Social Change in the Global Community . . . 370 Glossary 395 References 403 Name Index 441 Subject Index 450 Applications of Sociology’s Major Theoretical Approaches 469 Coverage of Race and Ethnicity, Gender, and Social Class 470 Page ix contents Chapter Opening Excerpts xiv Boxed Features xv Social Policy Sections xvii Maps xvii Tracking Sociological Perspectives Tables xviii Summing Up Tables xviii 1 Understanding Sociology 1 ©Cathy Yeulet/123RF What Is Sociology? 3 The Sociological Imagination 3 Sociology and the Social Sciences 3 Sociology and Common Sense 5 What Is Sociological Theory? 6 The Development of Sociology 7 Early Thinkers 7
- 46. Émile Durkheim 8 Max Weber 8 Karl Marx 9 W. E. B. DuBois 10 Twentieth-Century Developments 10 Major Theoretical Perspectives 12 Functionalist Perspective 12 Conflict Perspective 13 Interactionist Perspective 14 The Sociological Approach 15 Research Today: Looking at Sports from Five Sociological Perspectives 16 Taking Sociology with You 17 Applied and Clinical Sociology 17 Developing a Sociological Imagination 18 Sociology in the Global Community: Your Morning Cup of Coffee 19 Appendix: Careers in Sociology 20 2 Sociological Research 25 ©Jim West/PhotoEdit What Is the Scientific Method? 27 Defining the Problem 27 Reviewing the Literature 28 Formulating the Hypothesis 28 Collecting and Analyzing Data 29 Developing the Conclusion 30
- 47. In Summary: The Scientific Method 31 Major Research Designs 32 Surveys 32 Our Wired World: Surveying Cell Phone Users 33 Ethnography 34 Experiments 34 Research Today: Visual Sociology 35 Use of Existing Sources 36 Ethics of Research 37 Confidentiality 37 Conflict of Interest 37 Taking Sociology to Work: Dave Eberbach, Associate Director, Iowa Institute for Community Alliances 38 Value Neutrality 39 Feminist Methodology 39 Queer Theory and Methodology 40 The Data-Rich Future 40 SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: STUDYING HUMAN SEXUALITY 41 Appendix I: Using Statistics and Graphs 42 Appendix II: Writing a Research Report 44 3 Culture 48 ©Nick Fox/Alamy Stock Photo What Is Culture? 50 Cultural Universals 50
- 48. Ethnocentrism 51 Cultural Relativism 51 Sociobiology and Culture 51 Role of Language 52 Language: Written and Spoken 52 Nonverbal Communication 53 Norms and Values 54 Norms 54 Sociology in the Global Community: Symbolizing 9/11 55 Values 56 Global Culture War 57 Sociology on Campus: A Culture of Cheating? 58 Sociological Perspectives on Culture 58 Cultural Variation 59 Subcultures 59 Countercultures 60 Research Today: How Millennials View The Nation: Racial and Ethnic Vantage Points 61 Culture Shock 61 Page x Development of Culture around the World 62 Innovation 62 Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology 62 Sociology in the Global Community: Life in the Global Village 63 Sociology in the Global Community: Cultural Survival in Brazil 64
- 49. SOCIAL POLICY AND CULTURE: BILINGUALISM 64 4 Socialization and the Life Course 69 ©Mike Kemp/Getty Images. The Role of Socialization 71 Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation 71 The Influence of Heredity 72 The Self and Socialization 74 Sociological Approaches to the Self 74 Sociology on Campus: Impression Management by Students 76 Psychological Approaches to the Self 76 Agents of Socialization 77 Family 77 Research Today: Rum Springa: Raising Children Amish Style 78 Taking Sociology to Work: Rakefet Avramovitz, Program Administrator, Child Care Law Center 79 School 79 Peer Group 79 Mass Media and Technology 80 Research Today: Parental Monitoring of the Digital World 81 Workplace 81 Religion and the State 82 Socialization throughout the Life Course 82
- 50. The Life Course 82 Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization 83 Role Transitions throughout the Life Course 84 The Sandwich Generation 84 Adjusting to Retirement 84 SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH: CHILD CARE AROUND THE WORLD 86 5 Social Interaction, Groups, and Social Structure 90 ©Caia Image/Glow Images Social Interaction and Reality 92 Elements of Social Structure 93 Statuses 93 Research Today: Disability as a Master Status 94 Social Roles 95 Groups 96 Taking Sociology to Work: Sarah Levy, Owner, S. Levy Foods 98 Social Networks 99 Social Institutions 99 Research Today: Twitter Networks: From Wildfires to Hurricanes 100 Understanding Organizations 102 Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies 102 Characteristics of a Bureaucracy 102 Sociology in the Global Community: McDonald’s and the Worldwide
- 51. Bureaucratization of Society 105 Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture 106 Social Structure in Global Perspective 107 Durkheim’s Mechanical and Organic Solidarity 107 Tönnies’s Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Lenski’s Sociocultural Evolution Approach 107 Our Wired World: Becoming Social in a Gesellschaft 108 Sociology in the Global Community: Disney World: A Postmodern Theme Park 111 SOCIAL POLICY AND ORGANIZATIONS: THE STATE OF THE UNIONS WORLDWIDE 112 6 Mass Media and Social Media 117 ©Franziska Krug/German Select/Getty Images Sociological Perspectives on the Media 119 Functionalist Perspective 119 Conflict Perspective 120 Our Wired World: Inside the Bubble: Internet Search Filters 123 Taking Sociology to Work: Lindsey Wallem, Social Media Consultant 125 Sociology in the Global Community: The Global Disconnect 126 Feminist Perspective 127 Interactionist Perspective 127 Our Wired World: Apps for Global Refugees 129 The Audience 129 Who Is in the Audience? 129
- 52. The Segmented Audience 130 Audience Behavior 131 The Media’s Global Reach 131 SOCIAL POLICY AND THE MEDIA: CENSORSHIP 133 7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control 138 ©Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images What Is Deviance? 140 Deviance and Social Stigma 141 Page xi Deviance and Technology 141 Social Control 141 Conformity and Obedience 142 Informal and Formal Social Control 143 Sociology on Campus: Binge Drinking 144 Law and Society 145 Sociological Perspectives on Deviance 146 Functionalist Perspective 146 Research Today: Debtors’ Jails in the Twenty-First Century 147 Interactionist Perspective 148 Research Today: Does Crime Pay? 149 Labeling Perspective 150 Conflict Perspective 151 Feminist Perspective 152
- 53. Crime: A Sociological Approach 152 Sociology on Campus: Packing Firearms on Campus 153 Victimless Crimes 153 Professional Crime 154 Organized Crime 154 White-Collar and Technology-Based Crime 154 Hate Crimes 155 Transnational Crime 155 Crime Statistics 156 Index Crimes and Victimization Surveys 156 Crime Trends 157 International Crime Rates 157 Taking Sociology to Work: Stephanie Vezzani, Special Agent, U.S. Secret Service 158 SOCIAL POLICY AND SOCIAL CONTROL: GUN CONTROL 158 8 Stratification and Social Mobility in the United States 163 ©PeerPoint/Alamy Stock Photo Systems of Stratification 165 Slavery 165 Castes 167 Estates 167 Social Classes 168 Research Today: The Shrinking Middle Class 169
- 54. Sociological Perspectives on Stratification 170 Karl Marx’s View of Class Differentiation 170 Max Weber’s View of Stratification 171 Interactionist Perspective 171 Is Stratification Universal? 172 Functionalist Perspective 172 Conflict Perspective 172 Lenski’s Viewpoint 174 Research Today: Taxes as Opportunity 174 Stratification by Social Class 175 Objective Method of Measuring Social Class 175 Gender and Occupational Prestige 176 Multiple Measures 176 Income and Wealth 176 Poverty 177 Research Today: Calculating Your Risk of Poverty 178 Studying Poverty 179 Who Are the Poor? 180 Feminization of Poverty 180 The Underclass 181 Explaining Poverty 181 Life Chances 181 Sociology on Campus: Student Debt 182 Social Mobility 183 Open versus Closed Stratification Systems 183 Types of Social Mobility 183 Social Mobility in the United States 184 SOCIAL POLICY AND STRATIFICATION:
- 55. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION 186 9 Global Inequality 190 ©Stockbyte/Getty Images The Global Divide 192 Sociology in the Global Community: It’s All Relative: Appalachian Poverty and Congolese Affluence 193 Stratification in the World System 193 The Legacy of Colonialism 193 Poverty Worldwide 196 Millennium Development Goals 196 Sociology in the Global Community: Walking the Last Mile in Uganda: The Avon Approach 197 Multinational Corporations 198 Modernization 200 Stratification within Nations: A Comparative Perspective 201 Distribution of Wealth and Income 201 Social Mobility 201 Sociology in the Global Community: Getting Ahead Globally 203 SOCIAL POLICY AND GLOBAL INEQUALITY: RETHINKING WELFARE IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA 204 10 Racial and Ethnic Inequality 208
- 56. ©Diego G Diaz/Shutterstock Page xii Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups 210 Minority Groups 210 Race 211 Ethnicity 212 Prejudice and Discrimination 213 Prejudice 213 Color-Blind Racism 213 Sociology on Campus: Bias in Awarding Scholarship Money 214 Discriminatory Behavior 214 The Privileges of the Dominant 216 Taking Sociology to Work: Jennifer Michals, Program Assistant, Center for Native American and Indigenous Research, Northwestern University 217 Institutional Discrimination 217 Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity 218 Functionalist Perspective 219 Conflict Perspective 219 Labeling Perspective 219 Interactionist Perspective 220 Spectrum of Intergroup Relations 221 Genocide 221 Segregation 222 Amalgamation 222 Assimilation 222
- 57. Pluralism 222 Race and Ethnicity in the United States 223 African Americans 223 Native Americans 224 Sociology in the Global Community: The Aboriginal People of Australia 225 Asian Pacific Americans 225 Arab Americans 228 Latinos 229 Research Today: Hurricane Maria and the Puerto Rican Community 230 Jewish Americans 231 White Ethnics 232 Immigration and Continuing Diversity 233 SOCIAL POLICY AND RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY: GLOBAL REFUGEE CRISIS 234 11 Stratification by Gender and Sexuality 239 ©Jupiterimages/Getty Images Social Construction of Gender 241 Gender Roles in the United States 241 Cross-Cultural Perspective 243 Sociology in the Global Community: Women in Combat Worldwide 244 Labeling and Human Sexuality 245 Gender and Human Sexuality 245 Sociology in the Global Community: No Gender, Please: It’s
- 58. Preschool! 246 Labeling and Identity 246 Sociological Perspectives on Gender 247 Functionalist Perspective 247 Research Today: Measuring Discrimination Based on Sexual Identity 248 Conflict Perspective 248 Feminist Perspective 249 Intersections with Race, Class, and Other Social Factors 249 Interactionist Perspective 250 Women: The Oppressed Majority 251 Sexism and Sex Discrimination 251 The Status of Women Worldwide 251 Sociology in the Global Community: The Head Scarf and the Veil: Complex Symbols 252 The Workforce of the United States 253 Labor Force Participation 253 Compensation 253 Social Consequences of Women’s Employment 255 Emergence of a Collective Consciousness 256 SOCIAL POLICY AND GENDER STRATIFICATION: WORKPLACE SEXUAL HARASSMENT 256 12 The Family and Household Diversity 261 ©Eyecandy Images/AGE Fotostock
- 59. Global View of the Family 263 Composition: What Is the Family? 263 Kinship Patterns: To Whom Are We Related? 264 Authority Patterns: Who Rules? 265 Research Today: An Extraordinary Patriarchy: The Oneida Community 265 Sociological Perspectives on the Family 266 Functionalist Perspective 266 Conflict Perspective 266 Interactionist Perspective 267 Feminist Perspective 267 Marriage and Family 268 Courtship and Mate Selection 268 Our Wired World: Love Is in the Air and on the Web 269 Variations in Family Life and Intimate Relationships 270 Child-Rearing Patterns 271 Research Today: Transracial Adoption: The Experience of Children from Korea 273 Divorce 275 Statistical Trends in Divorce 275 Factors Associated with Divorce 276 Impact of Divorce on Children 276 Lesbian and Gay Relationships 276 Diverse Lifestyles 277 Cohabitation 277 Remaining Single 277 Marriage without Children 278 SOCIAL POLICY AND THE FAMILY: FAMILY
- 60. Page xiii LEAVE WORLDWIDE 279 13 Education and Religion 284 ©Martin Shields/Alamy Stock Photo Sociological Perspectives on Education 286 Functionalist Perspective 286 Conflict Perspective 289 Feminist Perspective 291 Sociology on Campus: The Debate over Title IX 292 Interactionist Perspective 292 Schools as Formal Organizations 293 Bureaucratization of Schools 293 Taking Sociology to Work: Diane Belcher Gray, Assistant Director of Volunteer Services, New River Community College 294 Teachers: Employees and Instructors 294 Student Subcultures 296 Homeschooling 297 Durkheim and the Sociological Approach to Religion 297 World Religions 298 Sociological Perspectives on Religion 299 The Integrative Function of Religion 300 Religion and Social Support 300
- 61. Religion and Social Change 301 Religion and Social Control: A Conflict Perspective 302 Feminist Perspective 302 Components of Religion 303 Belief 303 Ritual 304 Experience 304 Religious Organization 305 Ecclesiae 305 Denominations 305 Sects 306 New Religious Movements or Cults 306 Comparing Forms of Religious Organization 306 Research Today: The Church of Scientology: Religion or Quasi-Religion? 307 SOCIAL POLICY AND EDUCATION: CHARTER SCHOOLS 308 14 Government and the Economy 313 ©Jim West/The Image Works Economic Systems 315 Capitalism 315 Socialism 317 The Informal Economy 318 Power and Authority 318 Power 318 Types of Authority 319
- 62. Types of Government 320 Monarchy 320 Oligarchy 320 Dictatorship and Totalitarianism 320 Democracy 320 Political Behavior in the United States 321 Participation and Apathy 321 Race and Gender in Politics 322 Research Today: The Latino Political Voice 323 Models of Power Structure in the United States 324 Power Elite Models 324 Pluralist Model 325 War and Peace 326 War 326 Our Wired World: Politicking Online 327 Peace 327 Terrorism 328 Taking Sociology to Work: Joseph W. Drummond, Management Analyst, U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command 329 Changing Economies 330 The Changing Face of the Workforce 330 Research Today: Affirmative Action 331 Deindustrialization 331 The Sharing Economy 332 The Temporary Workforce 333 Offshoring 333
- 63. SOCIAL POLICY AND THE ECONOMY: MICROFINANCING 334 15 Health, Population, and the Environment 339 ©Hung_Chung_Chih/Getty Images Sociological Perspectives on Health and Illness 341 Functionalist Perspective 341 Conflict Perspective 342 Interactionist Perspective 343 Labeling Perspective 344 Social Epidemiology and Health 345 Social Class 345 Race and Ethnicity 346 Gender 346 Age 347 Gender Identity 347 Health Care in the United States 347 A Historical View 348 Physicians and Patients 348 Research Today: Health Care, Retail Style 349 Alternatives to Traditional Health Care 349 The Role of Government 350 What Is Mental Illness? 351 Theoretical Models of Mental Disorders 351 Patterns of Care 352 Population 353
- 64. Demography: The Study of Population 353 World Population Patterns 355 Sociology in the Global Community: Population Policy in China 356 Fertility Patterns in the United States 357 Migration 358 International Migration 358 Internal Migration 359 Sociological Perspectives on the Environment 359 Human Ecology 359 Conflict Perspective on the Environment 359 Ecological Modernization 360 Environmental Justice 360 Environmental Issues 361 Air Pollution 361 Sociology in the Global Community: Environmental Refugees 362 Water Pollution 362 Climate Change 363 Page xiv SOCIAL POLICY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: ENVIRONMENTALISM 364 16 Social Change in the Global Community 370 ©Caro/Alamy Stock Photo Social Movements 372 Relative Deprivation Approach 373
- 65. Resource Mobilization Approach 374 Gender and Social Movements 374 New Social Movements 374 Sociology in the Global Community: Women’s Social Movements in South Korea, India, and Bangladesh 375 Communications and the Globalization of Social Movements 376 Our Wired World: Organizing for Controversy via Computer- Mediated Communication 377 Theories of Social Change 377 Evolutionary Theory 377 Functionalist Perspective 379 Conflict Perspective 379 Resistance to Social Change 380 Economic and Cultural Factors 380 Resistance to Technology 381 Global Social Change 382 Anticipating Change 382 Social Change in Dubai 382 Technology and the Future 383 Computer Technology 384 Our Wired World: The Internet’s Global Profile 385 Artificial Intelligence 386 Privacy and Censorship in a Global Village 386 Biotechnology and the Gene Pool 387
- 66. SOCIAL POLICY AND GLOBALIZATION: TRANSNATIONALS 388 Glossary 395 References 403 Name Index 441 Subject Index 450 Applications of Sociology’s Major Theoretical Approaches 469 Coverage of Race and Ethnicity, Gender, and Social Class 470 chapter opening excerpts Every chapter in this textbook begins with an excerpt from one of the works listed here. These excerpts convey the excitement and relevance of sociological inquiry and draw readers into the subject matter of each chapter. Chapter 1 Outcasts United by Warren T. St. John 2 Chapter 2 The Tender Cut: Inside the Hidden World of Self-Injury by Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler 26 Chapter 3 “Body Ritual among the Nacirema” by Horace Miner 49
- 67. Chapter 4 The Wolfpack by Crystal Moselle 70 Chapter 5 “The Psychology of Imprisonment” by Philip Zimbardo 91 Chapter 6 Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age by Sherry Turkle 118 Chapter 7 Cop in the Hood: My Year Policing Baltimore’s Eastern District by Peter Moskos 139 Chapter 8 Speech at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston by Janet Yellen 164 Chapter 9 Portfolios of the Poor: How the World’s Poor Live on $2 a Day by Daryl Collins, Jonathan Morduch, Stuart Rutherford, and Orlanda Ruthven 191
- 68. Chapter 10 Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People by Helen Zia 209 Chapter 11 Everyday Sexism: The Project That Inspired a Worldwide Movement by Laura Bates 240 Chapter 12 The Accordion Family: Boomerang Kids, Anxious Parents, and the Private Toll of Global Competition by Katherine S. Newman 262 Chapter 13 The Death and Life of the Great American School System by Diane Ravitch 285 Chapter 14 Who Rules America? The Triumph of the Corporate Rich, 7th edition, by G. William Domhoff 314
- 69. Chapter 15 Shopping Our Way to Safety: How We Changed from Protecting the Environment to Protecting Ourselves by Andrew Szasz 340 Chapter 16 Social Movements and New Technology by Victoria Carty 371 1-1 2-2 3-3 4-2 4-3 5-1 5-2 7-2 7-3 8-1 8-2 8-3 10-3 11-3 12-1 12-3 13-2 14-1 14-3 15-1 Page xv
- 70. boxed features RESEARCH TODAY Looking at Sports from Five Sociological Perspectives 16 Visual Sociology 35 How Millennials View the Nation: Racial and Ethnic Vantage Points 61 Rum Springa: Raising Children Amish Style 78 Parental Monitoring of the Digital World 81 Disability as a Master Status 94 Twitter Networks: From Wildfires to Hurricanes 100 Debtors’ Jails in the Twenty-First Century 147 Does Crime Pay? 149 The Shrinking Middle Class 169 Taxes as Opportunity 174 Calculating Your Risk of Poverty 178 Hurricane Maria and the Puerto Rican Community 230 Measuring Discrimination Based on Sexual Identity 248 An Extraordinary Patriarchy: The Oneida Community 265 Transracial Adoption: The Experience of Children from Korea 273 The Church of Scientology: Religion or Quasi-Religion? 307 The Latino Political Voice 323 Affirmative Action 331 Health Care, Retail Style 349 1-2 3-1 3-4 3-5
- 71. 5-3 5-5 6-2 9-1 9-2 9-3 10-2 ©Ingram Publishing/Alamy Stock Photo SOCIOLOGY IN THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY Your Morning Cup of Coffee 19 Symbolizing 9/11 55 Life in the Global Village 63 Cultural Survival in Brazil 64 McDonald’s and the Worldwide Bureaucratization of Society 105 Disney World: A Postmodern Theme Park 111 The Global Disconnect 126 It’s All Relative: Appalachian Poverty and Congolese Affluence 193 Walking the Last Mile in Uganda: The Avon Approach 197 Getting Ahead Globally 203 The Aboriginal People of Australia 225 11-1 11-2 11-4 15-2 15-3 16-1
- 72. 2-1 5-4 6-1 6-3 12-2 ©Don Hammond/Design Pics Women in Combat Worldwide 244 No Gender, Please: It’s Preschool! 245 The Head Scarf and the Veil: Complex Symbols 252 Population Policy in China 356 Environmental Refugees 362 Women’s Social Movements in South Korea, India, and Bangladesh 375 OUR WIRED WORLD Surveying Cell Phone Users 33 Becoming Social in a Gesellschaft 108 Inside the Bubble: Internet Search Filters 123 Apps for Global Refugees 129 Love Is in the Air and on the Web 269 14-2 16-2 16-3 3-2
- 73. 4-1 7-1 7-4 8-4 10-1 13-1 ©Eric Audras/ONOKY/Superstock Politicking Online 327 Organizing for Controversy via Computer-Mediated Communication 377 The Internet’s Global Profile 385 SOCIOLOGY ON CAMPUS A Culture of Cheating? 58 Impression Management by Students 76 Binge Drinking 144 Packing Firearms on Campus 153 Student Debt 182 Bias in Awarding Scholarship Money 214 The Debate over Title IX 292 ©Andersen Ross/Blend Images TAKING SOCIOLOGY TO WORK Dave Eberbach, Associate Director, Iowa Institute for Community Alliances 38 Rakefet Avramovitz, Program Administrator, Child Care Law Center 79
- 74. Sarah Levy, Owner, S. Levy Foods 98 Lindsey Wallem, Social Media Consultant 125 Stephanie Vezzani, Special Agent, U.S. Secret Service 158 Jennifer Michals, Program Assistant, Center for Native American and Indigenous Research, Northwestern University 217 Diane Belcher Gray, Assistant Director of Volunteer Services, New River Community College 294 Joseph W. Drummond, Management Analyst, U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command 329 ©Ingram Publishing Page xvii social policy sections Chapter 2 Social Policy and Sociological Research: Studying Human Sexuality 41 Chapter 3 Social Policy and Culture: Bilingualism 64
- 75. Chapter 4 Social Policy and Sociological Research: Child Care around the World 86 Chapter 5 Social Policy and Organizations: The State of the Unions Worldwide 112 Chapter 6 Social Policy and … Week 3 Journal Preparation Read Chapter 11, Stratification by Gender and Sexuality, in the textbook. No outside/web sources, please. Attend the Week 3 Keiser Live! session or review the recording. Review the Purdue OWL for instructions and examples of formatting in text citations and references as these are required. In text citations go in the paragraph and the reference list is located after the Word Count at the end of your paper. https://owl.purdue.edu/ Your essay should be at least 250 words and include a Word Count. Please proof read/edit. Save your essay as a Word document and upload it to “2. Assignment Submission” in the Week 3 Journal portal. Assignment Sociologists describe gender roles as learned patterns of behavior that a society expects of men and women. In
- 76. other words, what we know as masculinity is a set of qualities that we expect to find in a typical man and femininity a set of qualities we expect to find in a typical woman. Increasingly we are becoming aware that there may not be only one typical package of qualities that make up being female or male. Some sociologists prefer to speak of the “performance of gender” since more and more men and women are performing roles once considered the domain of the other gender. In what ways do you “do gender appropriately" according to the social norms described in the chapter? (make sure you reference parts of the chapters where gender role socialization and male/female gender behavior expectations are discussed). In what ways do you violate traditional gender norms? Discuss how following and violating social expectations of gendermake you feel and how others react to them. Please present your response in paragraphs with clear sentences, proper spelling, grammar, sentence structure, tense agreement, etc . You will be graded on both content (did you respond to each prompt and provide a citation/reference for the article you found?) and format (have you followed all structural requirements like proper spelling, grammar, sentence structure, tense agreement?)