2.5 research and its types-jan-ppt
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This document provides an overview of research and types of research. It defines research and discusses types including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical. It also outlines some other types such as field research, clinical research, and exploratory vs formalized research. Qualities of good research are discussed as being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable.
![Definition of Research
Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are
similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is
embraced by all who engage in it.
One definition of research is used by the OECD, "Any creative systematic activity
undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man,
culture and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications.
Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that "research
is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our
understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect
data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question.
The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as "studious
inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the
discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light
of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws"
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental economic
organisation with 37 member countries,[1] founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2-200716113513/85/2-5-research-and-its-types-jan-ppt-2-320.jpg)
2.5 research and its types-jan-ppt
- 1. Course: Research Methodology (GEN-401) Topic: Research and Types of research Class instructor: Dr. Abdul Khaliq Jan Director ORIC/ AP in Chemistry SBB University Sheringal Dir
- 2. Definition of Research Research has been defined in a number of different ways, and while there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, all-encompassing definition that is embraced by all who engage in it. One definition of research is used by the OECD, "Any creative systematic activity undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this knowledge to devise new applications. Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that "research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines research in more detail as "studious inquiry or examination; especially : investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws" OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 37 member countries,[1] founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
- 3. TYPES OF RESEARCH The basic types of research are as follows: Descriptive vs. Analytical: includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds etc. In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. Often called Ex post facto research, for descriptive research studies. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables, he can only analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material. researcher has no control over the variables, he can only report what has happened or what is happening. for example, frequency of shopping, preferences of people, or similar data. The methods of research utilized in descriptive research are survey methods of all kinds,
- 4. Applied (or action) vs. Fundamental (to basic or pure) aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business organization concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory. but research aimed at certain conclusions (say, a solution) facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied research. Research to identify social, economic or political trends that may affect a particular “Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research.”* Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research TYPES OF RESEARCH trends that may affect a particular institution or the copy research (research to find out whether certain communications will be read and understood) or the marketing research or evaluation research are examples of applied research. fundamental research Similarly, research studies, concerning human behaviour carried on with a view to make generalisations about human behaviour, are also examples of fundamental research Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some pressing practical problem whereas basic research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of applications and thus, adds to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge. *Pauline V. Young, Scientific Social Surveys and Research, p. 30.
- 5. Quantitative vs. Qualitative based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. For instance, when we are interested in investigating the reasons for human behaviour (i.e., why people think or do certain things), we quite often talk of ‘Motivation Research’, TYPES OF RESEARCH we quite often talk of ‘Motivation Research’, an important type of qualitative research. Qualitative research is specially important in the behavioural sciences where the aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behaviour.
- 6. Conceptual vs. Empirical related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment “experimental type of research” In such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand, at their source, and actively to go about doing certain things to stimulate the production of desired information. In such a research, the researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results. TYPES OF RESEARCH working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results. He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then sets upexperimental designs which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials concerned so as to bring forth the desired information. Such research is thus characterised by the experimenter’s control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its effects. Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis.
- 7. Some Other Types of Research: 1. All other types of research are variations of one or more of the above stated approaches, based on either the purpose of research, or the time required to accomplish research, on the environment in which research is done, or on the basis of some other similar factor. 2. Research can be field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research, depending upon the environment in which it is to be carried out. 3. Research can as well be understood as clinical or diagnostic research.3. Research can as well be understood as clinical or diagnostic research. 4. The research may be exploratory or it may be formalized. The objective of exploratory research is the development of hypotheses rather than their testing, whereas formalized research studies are those with substantial structure and with specific hypotheses to be tested. 5. Historical research is that which utilizes historical sources like documents, remains, etc. to study events or ideas of the past, including the philosophy of persons and groups at any remote point of time.
- 8. • Research can also be classified as conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented. While doing conclusionoriented research, a researcher is free to pick up a problem, redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and is prepared to conceptualize as he wishes. Decision-oriented research is always for the need of a decision maker and the researcher in this case is not free to embark upon research according to his own inclination. Operations research is an example of decision oriented research since it is a scientific method of providing executiveoriented research since it is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding operations under their control.
- 9. Qualities of a good research*: 1. Good research is systematic: It means that research is structured with specified steps to be taken in a specified sequence in accordance with the well defined set of rules. Systematic characteristic of the research does not rule out creative thinking but it certainly does reject the use of guessing and intuition in arriving at conclusions. 2. 2. Good research is logical: This implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and the logical process of induction and deduction are of great value in carrying out research. Induction isdeduction are of great value in carrying out research. Induction is the process of reasoning from a part to the whole whereas deduction is the process of reasoning from some premise to a conclusion which follows from that very premise. In fact, logical reasoning makes research more meaningful in the context of decision making. *See, Danny N. Bellenger and Barnett, A. Greenberg, “Marketing Research—A Management Information Approach”, p. 107–108.
- 10. 3. Good research is empirical: It implies that research is related basically to one or more aspects of a real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a basis for external validity to research results. 4. Good research is replicable: This characteristic allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building a sound basis for decisions.decisions.