Research types
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This document outlines different types of research categorized by inquiry, purpose, and method. There are two main types of inquiry: rationalistic, which begins with a theory and uses instruments to test relationships between variables, and naturalistic, which studies individuals' perceptions to understand behavior. Research can also be basic/fundamental, applied/action-oriented, or developmental. Methodologically, research can be qualitative (e.g. case studies, ethnography) or quantitative (e.g. surveys, experiments) and can examine populations descriptively, comparatively, or experimentally.
Research types
- 2. Types of research Based on inquiry Based on purpose Based on method
- 4. Rationalistic Inquiries Begin with an existing theory Formal instruments are used Findings are generalized Problem is converted into dependent and independent variables after which the researcher develops strategies and instruments to control relationships between and among naturally occurring variables.
- 5. Naturalistic Inquiries State that we must understand the framework within which the subjects under study interpret their environment to be able to understand human behavior The individual’s thoughts, values, perceptions and actions are studied.
- 7. Basic Research Directed towards developing new or fuller scientific knowledge or understanding of the subject rather than its practical application Researcher’s intellect is triggered and social implications of existing social problems are uncovered.
- 8. Applied Research Also known as action research Directed towards the practical application of knowledge Theory may be supported, modified or revised. New theory may even be provided. Covers mostly social science areas Entails large-scale studies with subsequent problems on data collection
- 9. Developmental Research Refers to the systematic work drawing on existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical experience that is directed to producing new materials, products and devices; to installing new processes, systems and services; and to improving substantially those already produced or installed Often used in engineering and technology areas
- 11. Historical Research Critical investigation of events, developments and experiences of the past, the careful weighing of evidence of the validity of sources of information on the past and the interpretation of the weighed evidence (Kellinger, 1972) Data are gathered through the collection of original documents or interviewing eye witnesses.
- 12. Descriptive Research Describes the population’s characteristics A study where the major emphasis is on the discovery of ideas and insights (Selltiz, et.al., 1979)
- 13. Correlational Research Involves the collection of two or more sets of data from a group of subjects with the attempt to determine the subsequent relationship between those sets of data (Tuckman, 1972)
- 14. Ex Post Facto Research A systematic empirical inquiry in which the researcher does not have direct control of the independent variables
- 15. Evaluation Research Judges the value, worth or merit of an existing program Formative and summative evaluation are applied in training programs, textbooks, manuals or curricula.
- 16. Experimental Research A study conducted in the laboratory Involves two groups: Experimental group Control group