2.foot notes

mdol igyka ( Foot Notes ) & -
1. Wail, Pierre ,The nature of human values, UNESCO,Paris,1990,p.47.
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
2. Do,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,p.33-39.
3. llport,G.W,Vernon, P.E.,& Lindzey, G., A Study of values, Houghton,Miffin Company,Bowton,
1960, p.43.
4. Rokeach, Milton ,The nature of human values, The Free Press,New York,1973,p.39.
5. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Do ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, p.40.
6. Bandura,A,Social Learning theory, Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs,1977,p.61.
7. Bandura A.and R.H.Walters,Holt Social Learning and personaity development, Rinchart &
Winston,New York,1963,p.13-22.
8. Bandura,A,Educational Psychology,Prentice Hall,New Delhi,1978,p.32
9. Bandura A,and Walters, R.H,Holt,Social Learning and personaity development, Rinchart & Winston,
New York,1963,p.13-22.
10. The Development of Moral Values in Children,Eysenk,Brith Journal of Psychology,London,1971,p.34
11. lZMwdrpzps"fla'ta'tia'mS"ixjsOdk prAhdj"l;!D m@ldYk"ud;f,a"41 msg'
12. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 42 msg'
13. Skinner B.F,An experimental analysis, ,N.J.Prentice Hall Englewood Ciffs,1953,p.54.
14. ghs,r Ata ta iudcj, olakg ;snQ jsoHd;aul oshqKqjg wkql~,j mrsKduSh pska;kh yev.efiknj jsYajdi
lf<ah' TzkEu ixialD;shl wjsoHd;aul ,CIKj,ska tu ixialD;shg .efkk cj;djf.a islùzme;ùzj, uq.aO
nj o m@lgjkafka hehs olajhs' huz ixialD;shla oshqKq hehs ms<s.ekSug n,mdkqfha ck;djf.a ;rAldkQl~,
nqoaOshhs' w;drAlsl wjsoHd;aul is;ùz me;ùz;`,ska nsys jkqfhao fkdoshqKq ;dCIKsl Ys,aml@uhs' kj
mrsKdujdoS pska;kh js.@ylsrSu iZoyd ghs,rA jsiska yZ|=kajdfokq ,enQ ixl,am folls' tkuz ixikaokd;aul
l@uh (Comparative method) yd ixialD;sl meje;au (Cultural Survival)hs.
Primitive Culture,E.B.Tylor,John Murry,1871
15. Skinner, B.F,The Behavior of Organism, New York,1916,p.42.
16. tosrsixy"ohd"fmfrArd"Z{dkodi"ufkdajsoHd jsurAYk"j;aud m@ldYlfhda"foysj,"2005"77 msg'
17. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 77 - 78 msgq'
18. mgsiuzNsod u.a.x"fu;a;d l:d"nq'c'uq"316-317 msgq
19. jsiqoaOs u.af.d" ixia' muqKqfjz nqoaOo;a; f:r" ;@smsgl uq|@Kd,h" fldgqj" fld<U" 1920" 219-232 msgq
20. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 78 msg'
21. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 78 - 79 msgq'
22. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 79 - 80 msgq'
23. George, F. H,Cognition, Methuen & Co. Ltd, First published, 1961,p.11
24. , ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Do ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, p.12
25. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Do ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, p 13
26. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Do ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, p. 14
27. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Do ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, p. 15
28. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Do ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, p. 17
29. t=mZeh` kAlAmA mA an<s`sevZn mA prmZprAy,mA itfkfrAy mA pfxksmZpdAen`n.mA tk`keh`t=, mA aAkAr
prfvftk`kt,mA dfxZXf nfj~ODAnk`Kn`tfyA mA BbZbr{ptAy mA smeNA enA gr{tf.
wx.`;a;r ksldh"1 ;sl ksmd;h" uydj.a.h"ld,du iq;a;" nq' c'uq" 337-343 msgq
30. ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,,
31. ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,,
32. ,, ,, ,, ,, tu ,, ,, ,, ,,
33. k f;k NslLfld fyd;s - hdj;d NslaLf; mfr
jsiaix Ouzux iudodh - NslaLq fyd;s k ;dj;d
fhdO mqZ[aZ[x p mdmx p - ndysFjd n@yauprshx jd
iXzLdh f,dfl pr;s - i fj NslaLQ;s jqpzp;s
ixhq;a; ksldh 1"NslaLl iq;a;"nq'c'uq"326 msg'
34. i. fihH:dms kdulaLS il`fKd fhk fhfkj fv;s im;a;dydfrda 'p fv;s" tj fuj NslaLq ika;`gzfGd fyd;s
ldhmrsydrsfhk pSjfrk l`pzPsmrsydrsfhk msKavmdf;k fhk fhfkj mlalu;s iudofhj mlalu;s'
ucACOsu ksldh 1" uyd;Kayd ixLh iq;a;" nq' c'q uq" 628 msg'
ii. inzn mdmiai wlrKx - lì,iai Wmiuzmod
ips;a; mrsfhdomkx - t;x nqoaOdkidikx
Lka;s mrux ;fmd ;s;slaLd
ksnzndKx mrux joka;s nqoaOd
kys mnzncsf;d mrEm>d;s
iufKd fyd;s mrx jsfyGhkaf;d
wkqmjdfod wkQm>df;d - md;sfudlafL p ixjfrd
u;a;Z[aZC|=;d p N;a;iausx - mka:x p ihkdikx

82

wOsps;af; p wfhdf.d - t;x nqoaOdkidikx
wdkkao ffu;@sh ysus"n,xf.dv"YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaZOd:!f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"iuhjO!k m@ldYk"
fld<U" 1986"161 msg'
35. fid Ouzux fofi;s wdos l,HdKx ucAfCO l,HdKx mrsfhdaidk l,HdKx idF:x ijHZf[ckx flj,
mrsmqKaKx mrsiqoaOx n@yauprshx mldfi;s'
oS> ksldh 1" iduZ[aZ[M, iq;a;" nq'c'uq" 108 msgqj'
36. hf;d p fLd idrsmq;a; bfOlpzfpz wdijgzGdkShd Ouzud ixf> md;`Njka;s" w: iJ:d idjldkx islaLd mox
mZ[aZ[dfm;s" Woaosi;s md;sfudlaLx f;iZ[afZ[j wdijgzGdkShdkx Ouzudkx mgs>d;dh
mdrdcsld md,s"nq'c'uq"22 msgqj
37. mdrdcsld md,s"nq'c'uq"54 msgqj
38. "" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" "" "
39. hkakQkdyx hdks uhd NslaLQkx mZ[aZ[;a;dks islaLdmodks ;dks fkix md;`fudlaLqoafoix wkqcdfkhHx fid
f;ix Njsiai;s Wfmdi: luzux
uyd j.a. md,s 1"nq'c'uq"250 msgqj
40. uyd j.a. md,s 11"nq'c'uq"764 msgqj
41. k ys fjfrk fjrdks - iuka;S p lòdpkx
wfjfrk p iuzuka;s - ti Ouzfud ikka;fkd
Ouzumo jsjrKh"rkafodfUz isrsjdpsiair ysus yd fudr.,af,a isrsZ[dfKdNdi;siai ysus"bJ|@d uq|@Kd,h"
uSgshdf.dv"1956"9 msgqj
42. mfr p jscdkka;s - uhfu;a: hudufi
fh p ;;a: jscdkka;s - ;f;d iuzuka;s fuO.d
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "11 msgqj
43. wlafldpzPs ux wjOs ux - wcsks ux wfydis fu
fh p ;x Wmkhayka;s - fjrx f;ix k iuzu;s
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "6 msgqj
44' wlafldpzPs ux wjOs ux - wcsks ux wydis fu
fh ;x k Wmkhayka;s - fjrx f;iQmiuzu;s
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "7 msgqj
45' k mfrix jsf,dudks - k mfrix l;dl;x
w;a;fkd j wfjlafLhH - l;dks wl;dks p
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "90 msgqj
46' ;Z[ap luzux l;x idOq - hx lFjd kdkq;mam;s
hiai m;Sf;d iqufkd - jsmdlx mgsfij;s
'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" "" "123 msgqj
47' wkj;iai ps;a;iai - wkkajdy; fp;id
mqZ[aZ[ mdm mySkiai - kF:s cd.rf;d Nhx
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "68 msgqj
48' iiaisJ|@shdks iu:x .;dks - wiaid h:d idr:skd iqoka;d
mySKudkiai wkdjiai - fojd ms ;iai msyka;s ;dosfkd
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "172 msgqj
49' "" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" "" "71 msgqj
50' hiaidkqNdjfhd" hlaLd - fkj oiafika;s ysxikx
huzNs fp jx kqhqZ[ackaf;d - r;a;sx osju;osf;d
iqLx iqm;s iq;af;d p - mdmx lsZ[aps k miai;s
tajudos .`fKdfma;x - mrs;a;x ;x NKdufy
lreKdOdr mS'fcA"msrejkd fmd;a jykafia fyj;a uy msrs;a fmd;" ijsh hka;@d,h"mdk|=r" .x.drduh"
1924"12 msgqj'
51' lrKShu;a: lìf,k - hx ;x ika;x mox wNsifupzp
ilafld WcQ p iQcQ p - iqjfpd piai uq|= wk;sudks
( ksrAjdKh ,nd .ekSug jSrAhh jvkakd jQ mqoa.,hd jsiska hula l< hq;` kuz th fkdue<sj l< hq;` jkafkah'
fy;u lSlre wjxl mqoa.,fhl` jsh hq;`h' tfiau uD|= ksy;udks ldreKsl mqo.,fhl` jSu o wjYHh' )
lreKdOdr mS'fcA"msrejkd fmd;a jykafia fyj;a uy msrs;a fmd;" ijsh hka;@d,h"mdk|=r" .x.drduh"
1924"12 msgqj'
52' ika;ìaifld p iqNfrd p - wmam lspzfpd p i,a,yqljq;a;s
ika;ska|@sfhd p ksmfld p - wmam .nzfNd l`f,iq wkkq.soafOd
( i;`gq is;a we;af;l` fjz' flfkl`g nrla fkdjkakd jQ mqoa.,fhl` fjz' w,am jQ lD;Hhka we;s wfhl` fjz' ixisZ|=kq
.;s .`Ke;af;l` o fjz' bJ|@shhka ixisZ|=kq fnfyjska m@ikak fmkqula we;s wfhl` o fjz' Z{dK iuzmkak
mqoa.,fhla o fjz' l`, msrsiays ( mrsjdr iuzmf;ys )" jxYfhys" mruzmrdfjys Wiia nj is;uska thska udkh
fkd Wmojd .;af;l`"fkd we,qfkl` njg m;a fjz' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "12 msgqj'
53' kp Lqoaox iudpfr - lsxpsfhak jsZ[aZC|+ mfrA WmjfohH=x
( kqjKe;shkaf.a fodaIhg ,lajk iqZM jrolaj;a fkdlrkafkl` fjz' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "12 msgqj'

83

54' iqLsfkd jd fLzusfkd fydka;` - inzfnz i;a;d Yjka;` iqLs;;a;d
( f,dj ish,qu i;`ka ksrANh Ndjfhka ji;ajd' tfiau iqjm;a fjzjd' ksrka;rfhka u iqjm;a jQ is;skau ld,h
f.j;ajd' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "12 msgqj'
55' fh flps mdK N~;;a:s - ;id jd :djrd jd wkjfiid
oS>d jd fh uyka;d jd - ucACOsud riaildKql:Q,d
( flf,ia we;s yd ke;s osla jQ uy;a jQ uOHu m@udK jQ iQCIu wKq iy.; jQ yd jsYd, jQ ish,q ;ek jikd jQ
ffcj m@cdj )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "12 msgqj
56' osgzGd jd fhaj woaosgzGd - fha p |+frA jika;s wjs|+frA
N~;d jd iuzNfjziS jd - inzfnz i;a;d Njka;` iqLs;;a;d
( weig fmfkk yd fkdfmfkk <Z. fuka u |=r jikd jQ yg.kakd ,o fukau yg.ekSu msKi fya;` m@;H
Ou!hka fiajkh lruska isgskakd jQ ish,qu ffcj m@cdj ks|=la fj;ajd' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "12 msgqj
57' kmfrd mrx ksl`nzfnz: - kd;suZ[afZ[: l;a: ps kx lxps
nHdfrdikd mgs>iZ[aZ[d - kdZ[aZ[uZ[aZ[iai |=laLuspzfPhH
( flfkl`g ;j flfkla jxpdjka fkdflfr;ajd' flfkl`g ;j flfkl` jsiska wjuka fkdflfr;ajd' fl@daO
iy.;j oafjzIh msrsKq is;lska ;j flfkl`yg |=la mSvd we;s lsrSug lsis|= flfkl` fkdleu;s fj;ajd' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "12 msgqj
58' ud;d h:d kshx mq;a;x - wdhqid tlmq;a;ukqrlafL
tjuzms inzn N~f;iq - udkiuzNdjfh wmrsudKx
( ujla ish mK fuka ;u tlu mq;` rlskakd fia ish,qu ffcj m@cdj jsIfhys fu;a is; m;`rkq uekjs' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "12 msgqj
59' fu;a;x p inzn f,dliausx - udk iuzNdjfh wmrsudKx
WoaOx wfOdp ;srshx p - wiuzndOx wfjzrx wim;a;x
( Wv o hg o iri o tajdfhys fjki |=re fldg oud ( iSud iuzfNaoh bj;alr ) ish,q wdldrfha |=lalror yd
ffjr is;a |=re jk wdldrhg f,dal jdiS yeu fok fj; uyd fu;a is; m;`rjkq uekjs' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "13 msgqj'
60' ;sgzGx prx ksiskafkda jd - ihdfkd jd hdj ;iai js.;usoafOd
t;x i;sx wOsgzfGhH - n@yau fu;x jsydrx bOudyq
( isgsk" wejsosk" ysZosk" ksokd yd fkdksokd wjia:djkays oS ieu l,aysu fuz ms<snZoju isysfhka hq;` jkq uekjs' nU
jsyrKh hkq fuz msrsis|= mej;`ug jHjydr lrkq ,nk kduhhs' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "13 msgqj'
61' osgzGsZ[p wkqm.uzu iS,jdoiaifkak iuzmkafkd
'
ldfuziq jsfkhah f.Ox - kyscd;` .nzNfihahx mqkfrA;S;s
( usiosgq njla fkdf.k iS,fhka wdrAh orAYkfhka hq;`j ldufhys .scqnj yer fy;u h<s;a lsisod fuf,dj
W;a;m;a;s jYfhka fkdmeusfKkafkah' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" "13 msgqj'
62' wx.`;a;r ksldh" Pll ksmd;h" nq' c' uq' 591 msgqj
63. isrs jdpsiai ysus"rkafodfUz yd isrsZ[dfKdNdi;siai ysus fudrf.d,af,a" Ouzumoh"wry;a; j.a.h" 10 .d:dj"
bka|@d uq|@Kd,h" 1959< 183 yd 184 msgq
64' ucACOsu ksldh" i<dh;k j.a." nq' c' uq'" 227 msgqj'
65' ksiairKx fy;x wdjqfid jHdmdoiai hosox fu;a;d fpzf;d jsuq;a;s" ksiairKx fy;x wdjqfid jsfyidh hosox
lreKd fpzf;d jsuq;a;s" ksiairKx fy;x wdjqfid wr;shd hosox uqos;d fpf;d jsuq;a;s" ksiairKx fy;x
wdjqfid rd.iai hosox WfmalaLd fpzf;d jsuq;a;s
ucACOsu ksldh" i<dh;k j.a." nq' c' uq" 228 msgqj'
66. jsiqoaOs u.af.d" ixia' muqKqfjz nqoaOo;a; f:r" ;@smsgl uq|@Kd,h" fldgqj" fld<U" 1920" 217-235 msgq
67' fu;a;iai ps;a;iai iqNdjs;iai l,uzms f; kdkqNjka;s fid,is pkaomamNd ;dr.kd p inzfn h;d k
w.a.ka;s l,uzms fid,is' fhd k .df;;s k cskd;s k cdmfh fu;a;x fid inznN~;dkx fjzrx ;iai k
flkps;s'
wx.`;a;r ksldh" wgzGl ksmd;h"nq'cuq'"798 msgqj'
68'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
69' ;f;d Fjx NslaLq bux iudOsx ijs;laluzms ijspdrx NdfjhHdis" wjs;laluzms jspdru;a;x NdfjhHdis"
wjs;laluzms wjspdrx NdfjhHdis" imams;sluzms NdfjhHdis" ksmamS;sluzms NfjhHdis" id;iy.;uzms NdfjhHdis"
WfmalaLd iy.;uzms NdfjhHdis h
N.j;a nq|=ks uuz nq|=kaf.a huz Ou!hla wid yqol,dj .Khd flfrka fjkaj wm@u;a;j flf,ia ;jk jShH!
we;sj ksjka msKsi fufyhk is;a we;sj jdih lruzo tnZ|= Ou!hla ug ieljska jod< uekjehs tla NsCIq kula
Ou! foaYkdj msKsi nq|=ka wheosfhah' ta NsCIq fmr;a nq|=kaf.a Ou!h wid Bu /fZoa' uyKqjuz lrkakg fldys;a
fkdfha' tfyhska Tyqg N.j;a nq|=yq tfiah fud>mqreIh we;euz flfkla ug Ou! foaYkd msKsi whos;s' Ou!h
foiQ l, ud u ,qyqneZosh hq;` fldg is;;shs kskaod jodrd h<s ry;a njg fya;` iuzm;a we;s ta NsCIqyg wjjdo
lrk fiala fufia jod< fial'
uyK tfia kuz ;d jsiska fufia yslaush hq;`h' uf.a is; wOHd;aufhys u ia:s; - iqmia:s; jkafkah' Wmka

84

,dul wl`Y, Ou! is; w,ajd fkd f.k isgskafkah' uyK ;d jsiska fufia yslaush hq;`h'
"" ""
"" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
70' ;iaud;sy f; NslaLq tjx islaLs;nznx wcACO;a;x fu ps;a;x Gs;x Njsiai;s" iqiKaGs;x" kpqmamkakd mdmfld
wlì,d Ouzud ps;a;x mrshdodh Giaika;S ;s tjxys f; NslaLq islaLs;nznx
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
71' hf;d fLd f; NslaLq wcACO;a;x ps;a;x Gs;x fyd;s iqiKaGs;x" kjqmamka;d mdmld wlì,d Ouzud ps;a;x
mrshdodi ;sgzGka;s' ;f;d f; NslaLq tjx islaLs;nznx fu;a;d fu fpf;d jssuq;a;s Ndjs;d Njsiaika;s nyq,Sl;d
hdkSl;d jF:ql;d wkqgzGs;d mrsps;d iqiruoaOd ;s' tjx ys f; NslaLq islaLs;nznx' hs ffu;@S jyfhka Ndjkdj
jodrk ,oafoah' jodrd h,s hf;d fZLd NslaLq whx tjx Ndjsf;d fyd;s nyq,Slf;d ;f;d Fjx NslaLQ bux iudOsx
ijs;laluzms ijspdrx NdfjhHdis fm WfmalaLd iy.;uzms NdfjhHdis
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
72' hf;d fLd f; NslaLq whx iudOs tjz Ndjsf;d fyd;s nyq,slf;d"
;f;d f; NslaLq tjuzms islaLs;nznx lreKd fpf;d jsuq;a;s
uyK huzz l,l ;d jsiska fuz uQ, iudOsh fufia ffu;@S jYfhka jvk ,oafoao" wl, f;da tmuKlska i;`gg
fkdmeusK fuz uQ, iudOsh fiiq mGjs lisKdos wruqKqj, p;Ìal – mZ[apl OHdkhkag muqKqjuska ips;l! –
ijspdrdos jYfhka jvj hs jod<y' h<s lreKdos fiiq n@yau jsydr mQj!x.u jQ Ndjkdj wkH wruqKqj,
p;Ìal mZ[apl jYfhka jevsh hq;`fjz'
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
73' ixhq;a; ksldh" fndcACOx. ixhq;a;" nq' c' uq' 885 msgqj'
74' GdkdGdkx jsmdlZ[px – u.a.x inznF:.duskx
wfklOd;`fhd f,dfl - wOsuq;a;sZ[ap mdKskx
cdkd;s bJ|@shdkZ[ap - mfrdmrshdkx uqkS
COdkdos ixlsf,idos - Z[dKx jscAcd;a;hx ;:d ( fuh oY n, kus' )

fjircAcdks p;a;drs - nqoaO;af; wdijlaLfh
wka;rdfh j kShdfk - fhys nqoafOd jsidrfod ( fuh p;`ffj!YdroH kus )

bJ|@sh mfrdmrsh;a; Z[dKh
wdihdkqih Z[dKh
hul mdgsysr Z[dKh
uyd lreKd iudm;a;s Z[dKh
inznZ[aZC|=; Z[dKh
wkdjrK Z[dKh ( fuh Ivz widOdrK Z{dk kus' )

lsZ[a[dKuoaOdiq wkd.;dosiq - ;sluzuZ[dKx js.;x jsiqoaOx
wydks PFoiai j foikdh - iudOs m.a.dy jsuq;a;s OS;x

ojdrjd wmaMq;fujx kF:sx - fj.d;jHdjg pska;;d p
fkjF:s ;iaimamgs>xpqfmlaLd – f; fydka;s wgzGsri nqoaO Ouzud
jsiqoaOs u.af.d" ixia' muqKqfjz nqoaOo;a; f:r" ;@smsgl uq|@Kd,h" fldgqj" fld<U" 1920" 218-234 msgq
75' w;a;~mudh inzfnzix - i;a;dkx iqLldu;x
miaisFjd luf;d fu;a;x - inzn i;af;iq Njfh

iqLS NfjhHx ksoa|=lafLd - wyx kspzpx wyx jsh
ys;d p fuz iqLS fydka;` - ucACO;a;d pd: fjrsfkd

buuzys .dulafL;a;uzyS - i;a;d fydka;` iqLS iod
;f;d mrxp rcAfciq - plaljdf<iq cka;`fkd

iuka;d plaljdf<aiq - i;a;dkkaf;aiq mdKsfkd
iqLsfkd mq.a.,d N~;d - w;a;Ndj.;d ishqx

;:d b;a:s mqudfpzj - wrshd wkrshd msp
foajd krd wmdhgzGd - ;:d oiosidiq pd;S
( ;ud Wmud jYfhka i,ld il, i;a;ajhkaf.a iemf;ys leue;a; kqjKska n,d l@ufhka ish,q i;a;ajhka
flfrys fu;a is; m;`rejkafkah' )
( uu ish,q l,ays iemj;a fjuzjd ks|=la fjuzjd ud fuka ys;jka;fhda o ueoy;a wh o ffjrS i;a;ajfhda o
iemj;a fj;a jd' )
( fuz .uz fmfofiys o ishq,a i;a;ajfhda yeu l,ays iqjm;a fj;a jd ta .uz fmfofika wkH jQ .uzys o fl;ays o
rdcHhkays o ilajf<ys o i;a;ajfhda yeu l,ays iemj;a fj;a jd' )
( fiiq ilajf<ys o wkka; ilajf<ys o i;a;ajfhda o m@dKSyq o mqoa.,fhda o N~;fhda o wd;auNdj we;a;yq o
iemj;a jQjdyq fj;a jd' )
( ish,q ia;@Syq o ish,q mqreIfhda o wdrAhfhda o wkdrAhfhda o fojsfhda o ukqIHfhda o wmdfhys jkakd jQ

85

i;a;ajfhda o tfiau oi osidfjys i;a;ajfhda o iqjm;a fjz jd' )
ffu;@S Ndjkd"foa' wdkkao is,ajd yd isrs,a fyajdjiuz"Ndjkd mrAIoh"nKavdrkdhl wkqiaurK wdhqrAfjzo
mrAfhaIKdh;kh"kdjskak"uyr.u"x msgqj
76' wyx wfjzfrd fydus - wkSf>d fydus
wnznHdmcAfCOd fydus - iqLS w;a;dkx mrsyrdus

inzfnz i;a;d wfjzrd fydka;` - wkS>dfydka;`
wnznHdmcACOd fydka;` - iqLS w;a;dkx mrsyrka;`

inzfnz i;a;d iqLmam;a;d - wfjzrdj wkduhd
oS>dhqld wZ[aZ[uZ[aZ[x - mshd mmafmdka;` ksnznq;sx
( uu wffjr we;af;la fjus' wkS> iajNdjh we;af;la fjus' wjHdmdoh we;af;la fjus' iqj fiaa wd;auNdjh
mrsyrKh lrkafkla fjus' )
( ish,q i;aFjfhda wffjr we;af;da fj;ajd' wkS> iajNdjh we;af;da fj;ajd' wjHdmdo we;af;da fj;ajd' iqj fia
wd;auNdj mrsyrKh lrkafkda fj;ajd' )
( ish,q i;aFjfhda iqj we;af;da fj;ajd' wffjr iajNdjh we;af;da fj;ajd' oSrA>dhqIal we;af;da fj;ajd
' ksrAjdKh fj; t<fUkafkda fj;ajd' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
77' wmdoflys fu fu;a;x - fu;a;x osmdoflys fu
p;`mamfoys fu fu;a;x - fu;a;x nyqmamfoys fu

udux wmdofld ysxis - udux ysxis osmdofld
udux p;`mamdfod ysxis - udux ysxis nyqmamdfod

inzfnz i;a;d inzfnz mdKd - inzfnz N~;d p flaj,d
inzfnz N|@dks miaika;` - udlxps mdm ud.ud

inzfnz i;a;d iqLmam;a;d - wfjzrd p wkduhd
oS>dhqfld wZ[aZ[uZ[aZ[x - mshd mmafmdka;` ksnznq;sx
( mdo ke;s i;ajhka fj; fu;a is; me;sfrAjd' fomd we;s i;aFjhka fj; fu;a is; me;sfrAjd' i;r mdohka
we;s i;aFjhka fj; fu;a is; me;sfrAjd' fndfyda meohka iys; i;aFjhka fj; fu;a is; me;sfrAjd' )
( mdo ke;s i;aFjhkayg ysxid fkd flfrAjd' fomd we;s i;aFjhkayg ysxid fkd flfrAjd' i;r mdohka
we;s i;aFjhkayg ysxid fkd flfrAjd' fndfyda mdohka we;s i;aFjhkayg ysxid fkd flfrAjd' )
( ishZM N~;fhda ishZMu mK we;s i;`ka iy ;ksju yeisfrkakdjQ ishZM i;aFjfhda mym;u ols;ajd' mjsgq
uZ.lg fkdt<fUzjd' )
( ishZM i;aFjfhda iqjm;a fjzjd' ffjr ke;s fj;ajd' Tjqfkdjqka Tjqfkdjqkag m@sh fj;ajd' m@sh jQ ksjKg
t<fUkafka fj;ajd' )
frda. iqjhg Ndjkd" mr.iaf;dg iqOuzu ysus" Y@S ,xld fn#oaOdf.dal ixjsOdkh" fudfrdka;`vqj" 2000"
16"17 msgq'
78' Lka;s mrux ;fmd ;s;slaLd - ksnzndKx mrux joka;s nqoaOd
wx.`;a;r ksldh" ;sl ksmd;"nq'c'uq"132 msgqj
79''Lka;s n,x n,dKslx - ;uyx n@Eus n@dysuKx
oS> ksldh"uyd j.a."nq'c'uq'31 msgqj
80''Lka;Hd NSfhHd k jscAc;s
Ouzumo jsjrKh isrsjdpsiair ysus rkafodfUz" isrsZ[dfKdNd;siai ysus fudr.,af,a"n@yaujsydr Ndjkd"36 msgqj
81''l:x p NslaLfjz NslaLq fu;a;d iy.f;k fp;id tlx osix trs;ajd jsyr;s' fihH:dms tlx mq.a.,x mshx
ukdmx osiajd fu;a;diy.f;ak tjfuj inzni;af;iq fu;a;dh tr;s
( uyfKks" NsCIq f;fuz ffu;S@ iy.; is;ska flfia tla os.la m;`rejd fjfia o m@sh ukdm tla mqoa.,fhl` oel
fu;a lrkakd fia ish,q i;`ka flfrys fu;a m;`rejkafkah' )
jsNx. mlrKx"wmamuZ[aZ[d jsNxf.d"nq'c'uq'206 msgqj
82. l;fuys mZ[apydldfrys wfkdOsfid trKd fu;a;d fpf;d jsuq;a;s Ndfj;nznd inzfn i;a;d – fm – inzfn
mdKd – fm – inzfn N~;d – fm – inzfn mq.a.,d – fm – inzfn w;a;Ndjmrshdmkakd wfjrd fydka;`
wnHdmcAcd fydka;` wkS>d fydka;` iqLS w;a;dkx mrsyrka;`'
( ljr mia wdldrhlska wfkdOs trK jYfhka ffu;@S jevsh hq;` o ish,q i;aFjfhda ish,q m@dKSyq ish,q N~;fhda"
ish,q mqoa.,fhda"ish,q wd;auNdj mhH!dmkakfhda" wffjr" wkS> fj;ajd" iqjfia wd;auNdj mrsyrKh flfr;ajd)
mgsiuzNsod u.a.x"fu;a;d l:d"nq'c'uq"316 msgqj
83' inzn osid wkqmrs.uzu fp;id - fkjcACO.d msh;ru;a;kd ljzps
tjx msfhd mq:q w;a;d mfrix - ;iaud k ysxfi mrx w;a;ldfud
( is;ska ish,q os.a fidhd ne,qj o ta lsis osf.l ;ukag jvd m@sh jQfjla fkd ,efnkafkah' Tjqfkdjqkag ;u
;ukaf.a YrSr fjk fjku m@shh' tnejska ;ukayg ys; leue;af;a wkHhkayg ysxid fkdlrkafkah' )
'ixhq;a; ksldh"fldai, ixhq;a;"nq'c'uq"46 msgqj
84' jsiqoaOs u.af.d" ixia' muqKqfjz nqoaOo;a; f:r" ;@smsgl uq|@Kd,h" fldgqj" fld<U" 1920" 218-234 msgq
85' boska hful`yg ffjrS mqoa.,fhda ke;akuz ;ud iajNdjfhkau uyd mqreI cd;sl nejska wkF:! ;rkakdyq

86

flfrys o ffjrS ixZ{d fyda kQmoS kuz Tyq jsiska oeka uf.a Ndjkdj uOHia:hd flfrys lu!KH jsh' ffjrS
mqoa.,hd flfrys boska Ndjkdj isoaO lrushs jHdmdr fkdl< hq;`h' hful`g ffjrS mqoa.,fhda we;akuz Tyq
iZoydh muKs fuys ffjrS mqoa.,hd flfrys fu;a jevsh hq;` hehs lshk ,oafoa' uyd mqreI cd;slhd psrld,
mrspfhka iuDoaO jQ CIdka;s – ffu;@S – lrKd wdoS .`K iukajs; nejska Wodr woyia we;af;ah' ish,a, bjik
iq,q jQ fy;fuz nd,dmrdOh ;Km;lg o fkd ;lkafkah'
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
"" "" "" "" ""
86' tu "" "" "" ""
87' ( 1 ) WNf;d oKvflk fpms NslaLfj llfpk fpdrd Tjrld wx.ux.dks Tlkaf;hHqx"
;;@dms fhd ufkd mfodfihH k fu fid f;k idiklfrd'

( 2 ) ;iafij f;k mdmsfhd - fhd lòaOx mgslcACO;s
lòaOx wmamgsl`cACOkaf;d - ix.dux fc;s |=cAchx

WNskakuF:x pr;s - w;a;fkd p mriai p
mrx ixl`ms;x CoFjd - fhd if;d Wmiuzu;s
( 3 ) ika;sfu NslaLfj Ouzud im;a;lka;d im;a; lrKd fldOkx wd.pzPka;s bF:sx jd
mqrsix jd' l;fu i;a; $
fl@daOfhka hla; jQ mqreIh" fuz wdldrfhka f;fuz ;ukayg wjjdo lr.kakg Tjoka |=kakd fkdfjzo$ flfiao
h;a' boska f;da lsmqfKla jkafkys kuz nq|=rcdKkajykafiaf.a Ydikh fkdlrkafkla jkafkah' lsmqKyqg
fmr<d lsmqfKys kuz ta lsmqK mqoa.,hdg;a jvd f;da mdmsIagfhlaj fkdosksh yels ix.@duh fkd oskkafkah'
ima; wOslrK Ou!hka ;udu uka flfrys we;s lr .kafkah' fidfydka fmfk,a, nZ|= jkafkah'
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
88'" bO NslaLfj mi;a;d im;a;iai tjx bpzP;s ' wfhj;dhx |=nznKafKd wiaid;s';s' ;x lsiai fy;`$k NslaLfj
im;af;d im;a;iai jKaKj;dh kJo;s' fldOkdhx NslaLfj mqrsimq.a.f,d fldOdNsN~f;d fldOmfrf;d
lsZCpdms fid fyd;s iqkydf;d iqjs,s;af;d lmams; flaiuiHqTod;jF:jifkd' w:fLd fid |=nnKafKdj fyd;s
fldOdNsN~f;d'whx NslaLfj mGfud Ouzfud mi;a; ikaf;d im;a;lrfKd fldOkx wd.pzP;s bF:sx jd mqrsix
jd'

mqk p mrx NslaLfj im;af;d im;a;iai tjx bpzP;s ' wfyd j;dhx |=laLx ifhhHd';s – fm – 'k fNd.jd
wiaid';s – fm – 'k hijd wiaid;s';s – fm – 'k us;a;jd wiaid';s – fm – 'k ldhiai wiaid';s – fm – 'k
ldhiai ;x lsiai fy;`"k NslaLfj im;af;d im;a;iai iq.;s .ufkk kJo;s' fldOdkx NslaLfj mqrsi
mq.a.f,d fldOdNsN~f;d fldOmfrf;d ldfhk |=pzprs;x pr;s jdpdh |=pzprs;x pr;s" ukid |=pzprs;x
[rsFjd ukid |=pzprs;x prsFjd ldhiai fNaod mruzurKd wmdhx |=.a.;sx jsksmd;x ksrhx WmamcAc;s
fldOdNsN~f;d"hs'
( 1' ) uyfKks" boska fomi fmd,q ,Q lsh;lska kmqre jQ fidre ;u isrer wjhj lm;a kuz tys oS mjd hfula
is; |+IH lr .;af;a kuz fy;u udf.a Ydikh lrkafkla fkdfjz'
( 2' ) hfula lsmqKyqg fmr<d lsfma kuz fy;u m<uq lsmqKyqg;a jvd mdmsIaGfhls' lsmqKyqg fmr<d
fkdlsfmkafka fkd osksh yels hqoaOhla oskqfha jkafkah' wkHhd lsmqKd oel hfula isys we;sj bjid kuz
fy;u ;ukayg o wka whg o hk fomigu jev idokafkah'
( 3' ) uyfKks" i;`frl` jsiska ;u i;`rdg lrkq leu;s jQ fuz Ou! if;la fl@daO lrk iq,q ia;@sh lrd fyda
mqreIhd lrd fyda bfnzu meusfKkafkah' ljr Ou! if;lao h;a $
1' uyfKks" wfyda! fuz |=j!K! fjz kuz uekje' hs i;`rd i;`rd .ek is;kafkah' lùla fyhskao" uyfKks"
i;`rd ;u i;`rdf.a jK! iuzm;a;sh kqreiafkah' uyfKks" fl@daOYS,S mqqoa.,hd boska osh kd mshd iqjZo
js,jqka .,ajd ysi /jq,a wkaouz ;nd msrsis|= iq|= ms<s yeZo isgsfha kuq|= |=j!K! u jkafkah' uyfKks"
fl@daOYS,S ia;@sh lrd fyda mqreIhd lrd fyda meusfKk m<uqjk im;a; lrK Ou!hhs'
2' uyfKks" wfyda! fuz |=lfia jikafka kuz uekjehs' i;`rd i;`rd .ek is;kafkah' lùla fyhskao"
uyfKks" i;`rd ;u i;`rdf.a iqL jdih kqreiafkah'
3' uyfKks" wfyda! fuz uyfKks" wfyda! fuz Okj;a fkdjkafka kuz uekjehs' i;`rd i;`rd .ek is;kafkah'
lùla fyhskao"i;`rd ;u i;`rdg Okj;a nj kqreiafkah'
4' uyfKks" wfyda! fuz uyfKks" wfyda! fuz WmfNda. mrsfNda. jia;` we;af;la fkd jkafka kuz uekjehs'
i;`rd i;`rd .ek is;kafkah' lùla fyhskao" uyfKks" i;`rd ;u i;`rdf.a WmfNda. mrsfNda. jia;`
we;s nj kqreiafkah'
5' uyfKks" wfyda! fuz uyfKks" wfyda! fuz hi msrsjr we;af;la fkdjkafka kuz uekjehs' i;`rd i;`rd
.ek is;kafkah' lùla fyhskao" uyfKks" i;`rd ;u i;`rd yg hi msrsjr we;s nj kqreiafkah'
6' uyfKks" wfyda! fuz uyfKks" wfyda! fuz us;@hka we;af;la fkdjkafka kuz uekjehs' i;`rd i;`rd .ek
is;kafkah' lùla fyhskao" uyfKks" i;`rd ;u i;`rdf.a us;@hka we;s nj kqreiafkah'
7' uyfKks" wfyda! fuz uyfKks" wfyda! fuz urKska u;` iaj.!fhys kQmoskafka kuz uekjehs' i;`rd i;`rd
.ek is;kafkah' lùla fyhskao" uyfKks" i;`rd ;u i;`rd f.a iajf.!d;am;a;sh kqreiafkah' uyfKks"
fl@daOYS,S mqoa.,hd lhska jpkfhka is;ska |=Yaprs; lrkafkah' fldg ld nqka urKska u;` wmdfhys
Wmoskafkah'
( 4' ) uyfKks" fo fldk .sks wejs< .;a ueo wiQps jel`Kq fidfydka fmfk,a, .fuz or jevla fyda lef,a or
jevla fyda fkd lrkafkah' uyfKks" fuz fl@daOYS,S mqoa.,hd o tnZ|= he' hs lshus'
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""

87

89'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
90'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
91' fufia jEhuz fldg;a fl@daOh fkdixisfZoa kuz blans;sj ;udu ;udgu wjjdo lr.; hq;`h' ;udgu wjjdo lr
.kafka fuz wdldrfhks' i;`rdg kqUf.a lhg |=la muqKqjkakg yels fj;;a kqUf.a is;g |=la meusKjSfuz
yelshdjla fkdue;' is;g |=la muqKqjd.kqfha ;ud jsiska uh' tjka ;;ajhla ;snsh oS kqU kqU jsiska u kqUf.a
is;g |=la muqKqjd .kqfha ukao$ ujz mshka kE ys;j;`ka yd us;`rka w;ayer oud ;ukag wys;j;a jQ i;`re
jQfjl` fkd yrskafka ukao$ rCId lrkq ,nkakd jQ iEu YS,d oS .`Khlau jskdY lr oukq ,nkakd jQ i;`rd
;udf.a <fhys oud k<jk ;d uy;au fudavfhls' Tyq jsiska ;udyg kmqrla lf<a hehs lsmsfha uq;a" ;ud
;ukayg lr.kakd jQ kmqr rsis jkafka ukao$ ;d fldam lrjkakg i;`rd jsiska tu kmqr lf,ah' tu ksid ;d
fldam jSfuka Tyqf.a wNsu;h bgq lrkqfka ukao$ ;udf.a lsmSfuka ;u i;`rdg |=la f.k osh fkdyel'
" " "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
92' mZCoapsfu wdjqfid wd>d;mgsjskhd hF: NslaLqfkd Wmamkafkd wd>df;d inznfid mgsjsfk;nzfnd
wkHhkag |=la meusKjSu msKsi m<uqj ;uka o fldamh keue;s |=flka mSvs; jsh hq;`h' i;`rd fldamh ksid wo
fkduZ. jegqks kuz th wkq.ukh lr fldam .kakd kqU o wkq.ukh lrkqfha tu wys;lr udrA.huh' huzlsis
oafjzIhlska i;`rd f;dmg ysxid mSvd lf<a kuz ;ek ;ek wjsosk n,af,l` fuka fjfyi fkdjS ta oafjzIh u
kid,kak' huzlsis mxpialJOhlska hqla; jQ i;`rd Tng oafjzI lf,ys kuz tu mxpialJOh fudfyd;lska
jskdYjS .sfhah' ta ksid oeka ta jskdY jS .sh mxpialJOh flfrys oafjzI lrkafka ukao$ ishZM |=lg fya;`j
;ukag ;uduh' |=la fok flfkla rys;j Tyq ldg kuz |=la fokako$ ta ksid Tyqg lsfmkafka ukao$
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
93. tuzn, ukqIHh" f;dm Tyqg oafjzIlr lsis|= M,la fkdue;' f;dmf.a oafjzI uQ,sl lu!h f;dmgu wk:!h msKsi
mj;skafka fkdfjzo$ f;dm lu!h iajlSh fldg" odhdo fldg" W;am;a;s fldg" nJOq fldg yd ms<sirK fldg
we;s wfhls' f;dm lrK lu!hg f;dm u odhdo jkafkysh' f;dmf.a fuz lu!h iuHla iuzfndaOsh fyda m@f;Hl
fndaOsh fyda Y@djl N~ush fyda n@yau Ndjh fyda Yl@ Ndjh fyda pl@jrA;s Ndjh fyda m@foaY rdcHdoS w;`frka
lsishuz iuzm;a;shla fyda isoaO lr fokakg iurA: ke;' h,s|= l`ùla lr foakg iurA: o h;a$ iiqfkka pq;
fldg js>didodos Ndjh fyda krldos |=la fyda isoaO lr fokakg iurA:h' fuz fl@daO lrk f;dm oE;ska .sks
wZ.`re fyda wiqps fyda f.k wkayg oud .ikafkl` jeksh' thska m<uq fldg u ;ud wmsrsis|= fjz' |=.Zo lr
,kafkah' fufia ;udf.a u lu!iajl;djh i,ld bka wk;`rej tf,iu wkHhkaf.a o lu!iajl;djh i,ld
ne,sh hq;`h'
'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
94' Tyq lsmS f;dmg lùla lrkafkao$ Tyqf.a lsmqu Tyqgu wkrA:h i,id,hs' Tyqo f;dmfia u lu!iajl;djh"
lu!odhdoh" lu!fhdaksh" lu!nJOqh" Tyqf.a lu!h Tyqg nq|=" mfianq|=" nq|=ijz" mojs fyda n@yau – Yl@ - pl@jrA;s"
m@foaY rdcHdos iuzm;a fyda isoaOlr fokakg iurA: o ke;' yqfola Ydikfhka neyer fldg mshd js>didodos
Ndjh fyda krldos |=la fyda isoaO lr fokakg iurA:h' f;dmg fuz kmqr lrk fy;u Wvq iq<Z.g |+,s .id
,kafkl` fia ;udgu |=la muqKqjd .kafkah' nq|=yq o fuz jodf<dah'
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
95' fhd wmam|=gzGiai kriai |=iai;s
iqoaOiai fmdiiai ksrx.Kiai
;fuj nd,x mpzfp;s mdmx
iqLqfud rfcd mgsjd;x j Ls;af;d
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
96' " k fid NslaLfj i;af;d iq,NrEfmd fhd k ud;d N~;mqnzfnd – fhd k ms;d N~;mqnzfnd – fhd k N.skS – fhd
k mq;af;d – fhd k Os;d N~; mqnzfnd "
uyfKks" fmr ujz mshka fkdjQ" ifydaor ifydaorS fkdjQ mq;@ |=ys;D fkd jQ i;aFjfhla oel.; yels fkdfjz'
hhs nq|=yq jod<y' tnejska fuz fmr oi uila lìska Wiq, u< uQ fiuz fidgq wE iZ|=ka fia fkd ms<sl`,a j my lruska
f<ys ,d k,juska welfhka jvd f.k fmdaIKh lf<ah' msh j wcm" ixl`m:dosfhys f.dia fj<oduz lruska ud
ksid osjs o fkd ;ld hqo nsuz jeo hqo lruska" kej; uqyq|= huska" ;j o fkdfhl`;a ish .Kka |=Ialr l@shd lruska
mq;` /l .ksushs fkdfhla Wmdfhka Okh /ia lr .ksuska ud fmdaIKh lf<ah' tfiau ifydaor ifydaorS j mq;@
|=ys;D j fuz wkaouska u Wojz Wmldr lf<ah' Tyq flfrys is; |+IH lr .ekSu kqiq|=iq hehs is;d fl@aO ixisZ|=jd .;
hq;`h'
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
97'"fu;a;dh NslaLfj fpf;djsuqla;shd wdfijs;dh Ndjs;dh nyq,Sl;dh hkSl;dh ''''''''''''''wkqgzGs;dh mrsps;dh
iqiudroaOdh tldoidksixid mdgslxLd"l;fu tldoi$ iqLx iqm;s" iqLx mgsnqcACO;s" k mdmlx iqmskx miai;s"
ukqiaidkx msfhd fyd;s" wukiaidkz msfhd fyd;s" foj;d rlaLka;s" kdiai w.a.sjd jsixjd iF:x jd lu;s"
;`jgzgxps;a;x iudOsh;s" uqLjKafKd jsmamiSo;s" wiuzuq<afyd ld,x lfrd;s" W;a;rsx wmamgs jscACOkaf;d
n@yauf,dal~mf.dfyd;s "
ldreKsl i;amqreIh" nq|=rcdKka jykafia jsiska fu;a;d ixl,amh m@cdkkfhys wdksixY uy;afldg jof<a
fkdfjzo$ ta ksid Tn ;ukaf.a is; fu;a;d ixl,amfhka ixiZs|=jd fkd .kafka kuz ta ;dla Tn tu uy;a
wdksixYj,ska neyer jkafkah' Tn Tn .eku is;dj;a fuu wdksixY j,ka neyer fkdjkafka kuz b;d uekjs'
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
98' tuzn, i;amqreIh f;dm Tyqg lsfmushs lshd lùlg lsfmkafkyso$ kshg lsfmkafkyso" – fm – uQ;@hg
lsfmkafkyso" tfia;a fkdfjz kuz ta flia wdosfhys mj;akd mD:qjs Od;`jg lsfmkafkyso" wnzOd;`jg
lsfmkafkyso" f;fcdaO;`jg lsfmkafkyso" jdhq Od;`jg lsfmkafkyso" ialJO mio" wdh;k fodf<dio" O;`
wgf,dio" ksid mj;akd yg fuz kuz we;af;lehs lsh;s' lsu$ f;dm thska rEmialJOhg lsfmkafkyso$
ke;fyd;a fjzokdialJOhg lsfmkafkyso" ixZ{d – ixialdr – jsZ{dk ialJOhg lsfmkafkyso" lsu f;dm

88

plaLdh;khg lsfmkafkyso" – fm – Ouzudh;khg lsfmkafkyso" lsu f;dm plaLq Od;`jg lsfmkafkyso" – fm
– ufkdaOd;`jg -Ouzu Od;`jg – ufkdajsZ[aZ[dK Od;`jg lsfmkafkyso" fufia O;` jsksrAfNd.h lr;au ysos w.
wn fia wyie is;a;u fia fl@daOhg m@;sIaGd ia:dkhla fkd jkafkah'
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
99' woka;oukx odkx - odkx inznF: idOlx
odfkk mshjdpdh - Wkakuka;s kuka;s p
( odkh fkd oeuqKqjka oukh lrkafkah' ish,q wF:!hka isoaO lrkafkah' odkfhka o m@sh jpkfhka o odhlfhda
Wiia fj;s' m@;s.@dylfhda hgm;a fj;s' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
"
100' ( hfula huz lf,l f;fuzh" ys;j;dh" ueoy;a jQfhah" i;`rdh hk i;r fokd flfrys fuz uuh" fuz
ys;j;dh hkdoS jYfhka fjfii olskafkao" fya tl, i;aFjhka flfrys ys; is;a we;af;ls hehs lsj hq;`h'
kshu ffu;@S ,dNsfhlsh" id;sYh l`i,a we;af;lsh fkd lsh hq;`h' )
( huz Tyq jsiska hf:dala; i;r iSud i;r nsZosk ,foao" tl, fya fojshka is; f,dalfhys iufia fu;a
m;`rejkafkah' hful`g fuz uuh' fuz ys;j;dh hkdos jYfhka iSud fkd yefZ.ao fya mQj!hdg jvd uy;a Ndjkd
jsfYaI we;af;la jkafkah' )
" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
101' w;a;ks yss; ucACO;af; - wysf; p p;`nznsfO
hod miai;s kdk;a;x - ys;ps;af;d j mdKskx
k ksldu,dNS fu;a;dh - l`i,S;s mjqpzp;s'

hod p;iafid iSudfhd - iuzNskakd fydka;s NslaLqfkd
iux tr;s fu;a;dh - inznx f,dlx ifojlx
uydjsfifid mqrsfuk - hiai iSud k Z[dh;s
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
102' ish,q ;eklu irAj iuzmQrAKfhka irAj iudk iajNdjfhka il, f,dj jsmq, jQ uy;a.; jQ wm@udK jQ
wffjr jQ wjHdmcAc jQ fu;a;d ixl,amh mqoa., prAhdj Okd;aulj ixialrKh flfrk mrsoafoka m@cdkkfhka
hqla;j jdih lrkafkah hkqfjka wfkdaOsfidMrK fu;a;d ixl,amh wF:! olajk ,oS'
fuys olajk ,o wfkdaOsfidaMrKh kuz iSud rys; j me;srjSuhs' fuys fuka u mgsiuzNsodfhys oelajqKq
jsl`nznkdj o ,efnkafka wm!Kd m@dma;hdguh' mgsiuzNsod u.a.fhys mia wdldrhlska wfkdaOsfidaMrK fu;a;d
fpzf;da jsuq;a;sh o" i;a wdldrhlska TzOsfidMrK fu;a;d fpzf;da jsuq;a;sh o" oY wdldrhlska osid MrK
fu;a;d fpzf;da jsuq;a;sh o" olajk ,oS' thska i;aFjfhda m@dKSyq N~;fhda mqoa.,fhda yd wd;auNdj mhH!dmkakfhda
jYfhka mZ[apjsO jQ wfkdOsfidMrK fpzf;d jsuq;a;sh uZ.ska fu;a;d ixl,amh m@cdkkh lsrSfuz kjuq
l@ufjzohla oel.; yelsh'
fuys ish,q i;aFjfhda wffjr fj;ajd hkq tla wm!Kdjls' wnHdmcACO fj;ajd hkq tla wm!Kdjls'
( wnHdmcACO kuz jHdmo rys; njhs' ) wkS> fj;ajd hkq tla wm!Kdjls' tnejska fuz mo w;`frka huz huz mohla
;ukayg m@lg fjhs o ta ta mo f.k ffu;@sh me;srjsh hq;`h' fuz mia wdldrfhys wm!Kd i;r jYfhka
wfkdaOsfidMrK ffu;@sfhys wm!Kd jsiails'
wk;`rej ia;@Syq mqreIfhda wdhH!fhda wkdhH!fhda fojsfhda ukqIHfhda yd jsksmdlfhda jYfhka ima;jsO
TzOsfidaMrK fu;a;d fpzf;da jsuq;a;sh uZ.ska o fu;a;d ixl,amh m@cdkkh lsrSfuz tla;rd l@uhla yZ|=kd.;
yelsh'
fuz TzOsfid MrK ms<snZo i;a wdldrfhys i;r i;r jYfhka wm!Kd jsis wgls' fuys ia;@Syq h mqreIfhdah
hkqfjka ,sx. jYfhka olajk ,oS' wdhH!fhdah wkdhH!fhdah hkq wdhH! mD:.ack jYfhka olajk ,oS' fojsfhdah
ukqIHfhdah hkq W;am;a;s jYfhka olajk ,oS'
B <.Zg fmros. mE< os. W;`re os. ol`Kq os. fmr wkq os. mE< wkq os. W;`re wkq os. ol`Kq wkq os. hg
os. Wvq os. hk oYjsO osid MrK fu;a;d fpzf;da jsuq;a;sh fu;a;d ixl,amh m@cdkkh uZ.ska ixjrAOkh
lsrSfuz ;j;a tla l@uhla f,i oelajsh yelsh'
fuz osid MrK ffu;@sfhys fmros. ish,q i;aFjfhda hkd oS kHdhfhka tla tla osidjl jsiai jsiai jYfhka
foiShla o fmr os. ish,q ia;@Syq hkd oS kHdhfhka tla tla osidjl jsis wgla ne.ska jYfhka foish wiQjlaoehs
ydrish wiQjla wm!Kd ,efnhs' mgsiuzNsodfjys oelajQ ish,q wm!Kd mkaish jsis wgls'
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
"" "" "" "" ""
103' tu "" "" "" ""
"" "" "" "" ""
104' tu "" "" "" ""
"" "" "" "" ""
105' tu "" "" "" ""
"" "" "" "" ""
106' tu "" "" "" ""
107' lsxixZ[afZ[dckd kq fLd udrsi fojd ukqiaid wiqrd kd.d .JOnznd fh pz[afZ[ ika;s mq:q ldhd f; wfjrd
woKavd wim;a;d wnHdmcAcd jsyfruq wfjrsfkd';s b;s fp fkix fyd;s' w: p mk ifjfrd ioKafvd
iim;a;d inHdmcAcd jsyrka;s ifjrsfkd';s bF:x ilafld fjdkusfJod N.jka;x mZ[ayx wmqpzPs'
( ks|=ldKka jykai fojsfhdao usksiaiq o wiqrfhda o kd.fhda o .kaOrAjfhda o fuhska wkH huz fndfyda fofkla
we;a kuz Tyq o hk fuz yeu fokdg fjr neZ|=uz ke;af;daj wdhqO oKav ufkdaoKav ke;af;daj mi us;`rka
ke;af;daj foduzkia ke;af;daj wffjrS ( fldam ud;@ |= fkd Wmojkafkda ) j jikafkuqhs m@drA:kdjla fjhs'
tf;l`|= jqj;a Tyq ffjr we;a;dyq" oKav we;a;dyq mius;`rka we;a;dyq foduzkia we;a;dyq ffjrS jqjdyq
fjfi;a' ljr ixfhdackhla we;a;dyq ( ljr neuzulska neZ|=kdyq ) Tyq tfia fjfi;ao$ hkqhs' fufia ila fojsZ|=
N.j;a nq|=rcqkaf.ka fuz m<uq mekh jspdf<ah' )
oS> ksldh" uydj.a." ilalmZ[aZ[ iq;a;" nq' c' uq" 414"415 msgq'

89

108' biaidupzPrshiZ[afZ[dckd fLd fojdkusJo fojd ukqiaid wiqrd kd.d .JOnznd" fh pZ[afZ[ ika;s mq:qldhd"
f; wfjrd woKavx wim;a;d wnHdmcAcd jsyfruq wfjrsfkd';s b;s fp fkix fyd;s' w: p mk ifjrd ioKavd
iim;a;d inHdmcAcd jsyrka;s ifjrsfkd;s'
( fojsfhdao usksiaiq o wiqrfhda o kd.fhda o .kaOrAjfhda o wka huz fndfyda fofkla we;a kuz Tyq o hk fuz
yeu fokdg fjr neZ|=uz ke;af;daj wdhqO oKav ufkda oKav ke;af;daj mi us;`rka ke;af;daj foduzkia
ke;af;daj wffjrSj jikafkuqhs m@drA:kdjla fjhs' tf;l`|= jqj;a Tyq fjr neZ|=uz we;af;daj oKv we;af;daj
mi us;`rka we;af;daj foduzkia we;af;daj ffjrSj fjfi;a' Tyq BrAIHd ud;aiH!h;a ixfhdack fldg we;a;yq
( BrAIHd ud;aiH! folska neZ|=kdyq ) tfia fjfi;a'
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" ""
109' biaid upzPrshx fLd fojdkusfJod mshdmamshksodkx mshdmamshiuqox mshdmamshcd;slx mshdmamshNjx" mshdmamsfh
i;s biaidupzPrshx fyd;s' mshdmamsfh wi;s biaidupzPrshx k fyd;s'
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" 416"417 msgq'
110'mdfKd k yka;nzfnd" woskakx kdod;nznx" lfuiq uspzPd k prs;nznd" uqid k Ndis;nznd" ucAcdx k
md;nznx h:d N~;a;Z[ap N`Z[ac:d;s'
oS> ksldh 111" plalj;a;s iSykdo iq;a;" nq'c'uq" 104 msgqj'
111'WmcACOdfhd NslaLfj ioaOsjsydrsluzys mq;a; ps;a;x WmgzGdfmiai;s' ioOsjsydrsf;d WmcACOdhuzys ms;`
ps;a;x WmgzGdfmiai;s'
uydj.a. md,s 1" nq'c'uq" 92 msgqj
112'msrejdkd fmd;a jykafia fyj;a uy msrs;a fmd;" mKavs; ia:jsr ( wm@ldYs;hs)" mS' fcA' lreOdr" ijsh
mdk|=rd hka;@d,h" mdk|=r" 1934" 13-15 msgq'
113'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
114'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" "" 17-18 msgq
115'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" "" 18 msgqj
116'ixhq;a; ksldh 5" wdKmdK j.a.h" fu;a; iq;a;"nq'c'uq" 245msgqj'
117' fu;a;d NslaLfj" Ndjs;d nyq,Sl;d uymaM,d fyd;s uydksixid' l:x Ndjs;d p NslaLfj" Ndjs;d nyq,Sl;d
uymaM,d fyd;s" uydksixid' bO NdlaLfj NslaLq fu;a;d iy.;x i;siuzfndcACOZX.x Ndfj;s" jsfjl
ksiais;x jsrd. ksiais;x ksfrdaO ksiais;x fjdi.a.mrsKdusx' fm- fu;a;d iy.;x WfmalaLd iuzfndcACOZX.x
Ndfj;s" jsfjl ksiais;x jsrd. ksiais;x ksfrdaO ksiais;x fjdi.a.mrsKdusx' tjx Ndjs;d fLd NslaLfj" tjx
nyq,Sl;d uyf;d fhd.lafLudh ixj;a;;S;s' Ndjs;d fLd NslaLfj" tjx nyq,Sl;d uyf;d fhd.lafLudh
ixj;a;;S;s'
( uyfKks" ffu;@s ixZ{dj jvk ,oafoa nyq, lrk ,oafoa uy;a myiq jsyrK msKsi mj;shs' uyfKks" flfia
jvk ,o flfia nyq, lrk ,o ffu;@S ixZZ{dj uy;a myiq jsyrK msKsi mj;So h;a" uyfKks" fuys uyK
jsfjzl ksiais; jsrd. ksiais; ksfrdaO ksiais; fjdi.a. mrsKduS fldg fu;a;d iZ[aZ[d iy.; WfmalaLd
iuzfndcACOx.h jvhs' uyfKks" fufia jvk ,o fufia nyq, lrk ,o fu;a;d ixZ{dj uy;a Myiq jsyrK
msKsi mj;shs' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" 246 msgqj'
118'ixhq;a; ksldh 5" talOuzu fmhHd,h"l,HdK us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" 58 msgqj'
119' tl Ouzfud NslaLfj" nyqldfrd wrshiai wgzGZX.sliai iydiai Wmamdodh l;fud talOuzfud" hosox l<HdK
us;a;;d" l,HdK us;a;iafi;x NslaLfj" NslaLqfkd mdgslZXLx wrshx wgzGZX.slx u.a.x nyq,Slfrd;s bO
NslaLfj" NslaLq iuzudosgzGs Ndfj;s – fm- iuzud iudOSx Ndfj;s jsfjl ksiais;x jsrd. ksiais;x ksfrdO
ksiais;x fjdi.a. mrsKdusx" tjx fLd NslaLfj
( uyfKks" wrs wg u. bmoSu msKsi tla oyula fndfyda Wmldr we;af;a fjz' ljr tla oyul h;a fuz l,HdK
us;@Fjhhs' uyfKks" wrS wg uZ. jvkafkah" wrS wg uZ. nyq, lrkafkah hk fuh l,K us;`rka we;s uyKyq
jsiska leu;s jsh hq;`hs' uyfKks" l<K us;`rka we;s uyK flfia kuz wrS wg uZ. jvdo" wrS wg uZ. nyq,
flfrAo h;a" uyfKks" fuz iiafkys uyK jsfjzlh weiqre l<" jsrd.h weiqre l< ksfrdaOh weiqre l< ksjkg
k;`jQ iuzud osgzGsh jvhs' '''''''''''''''''' iuzud iusOsh jvhs' uyfKks" l,HdK us;`rka we;s uyK f;fuz fufia
wrS wg uZ. jvhs' wrS wg uZ. nyq, lrhs' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" 59 msgqj'
120'ixhq;a; ksldh 5" iQrsh fmhHd,h" 1'6'1"l,HdK us;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" 50 msgqj'
121' iqrshiai NslaLfj" Wohf;d t;x mqnznZX.ux t;x mqnznjsus;a;x hosox wreK.a.x rjfuj fLd NslaLfj"
NslaLqfkd wrshiai wgzGx.sliai u.a.iai Wmamodh t;x mqnznZX.ux" t;x mqnznksus;a;x" hosox l,HdK
us;a;;d' l,HdK us;a;iafi;x NslaLfj" NslaLqfkd mdgslZXLx" wrshx wgzGZX.slx u.a.x Ndfjiai;s" wrshx
wgzGZX.slx u.a.x nyq,Slrsiai;S;s' l:Z[ap NslaLfj NslaLq l,HdK us;af;d wrshx wgzGZX.slx u.a.x
nyq,Slrsii;S;s' l:Z[ap NslaLfj NslaLq l,HdKus;af;d wrshx wgzGZX.slx u.a.x nyq,Slrsiai;S;s' l:Z[ap
NslaLfj NslaLq l,HdK us;af;d wrshx wgzGZx.slx u.z.x Ndfj;s" wrshx wgzGZX.slx u.a.x Ndfj;s" wrshx
wgzGZX.slx u.a.x nyq,Slfrd;s' bO NslaLfj NslaLq iuzud osgzGsx Ndfj;s jsfjl ksiais;x jsrd. ksiais;x ksfrdaO
ksiais;x fjdi.a. mrsKdusx iuzud ixlmamx Ndfj;s – fm- iuzud jdpx Ndfj;s" – fm- iuzud luzuka;x
Ndfj;s – fm- iuzud wdcSjx Ndfj;s – fm- iuzud jdhdux Ndfj;s – fm- iuzud i;sx Ndfj;s – fm- iuzud
iudOsx Ndfj;s jsfjl ksiais;x jsrd. ksiais;x ksfrd. ksiais;x fjdi.a.mrsKdusx' tjx fLd NslaLfj" NslaLq
l,HdKus;af;d wrshx wgzGZX.slx u.a.x nyq,Sldrd;S;s'
( uyfKks" huz wrefKdaohla fjzo" Wodjk ysreg fuz mQj!x.u fjhs' fuz mQrAj ksus;a; fjhs' uyfKks tfihskau
huz l,HdK us;`rka we;s njla fjzo" uyKyg wrS wgZ.s uZ. bmoSug fu mQj!x.u fjhs' fuz mQj! ksus;a; fjhs'
uyfKks" wrS wgZ.s uZ. jvkafkh wrS wgZ.s uZ. nyq, lrkafkah hk fuh l,K us;`rka we;s uyKyq jsiska
leu;s jsh hq;`hs' uyfKks" l,K us;`rka we;s uyK flfia kuz wrS wgZ.s uZ. jvdo" wrS wgZ.s uZ. nyq,

90

flfrAo h;a" uyfKks" fuz iiafkys uyK jsfjzlh weiqre l< jsrd.h weiqre l< ksfrdaOh weiqre l< ksjkg
kefuk iqZM iuH.a oDiagsh jvhs' ''''' iuHla ixl,amh jvhs' iuH.a jpkh jvhs' iuH.a lrAudka;h jvhs'
iuH.a wdcSjh jvhs' iuH.a jHdhduh jvhs' iuH.a iauD;sh jvhs' jsfjzlh weiqre l< jsrd.h weiqre l<
ksfrdaOh weiqre l< ksjkg kefuk iqZM iuH.a iudOsh jvhs' uyfKks" l,K us;`rka we;s uyK fufia wrS
wgZ.s uZ. jvhs' wrS wgZ.s uZ. nyq, flfrA' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" 51 msgqj'
122' mqrsiiai NslaLfj" Wohf;d t;x mqnznZX.ux t;x mqnznksus;a;x hosox wreKiai" tjfuj fLd NslaLfj"
NslaLqfkd wrshiai wgzGZX.sliai u.a.iai Wmamdodh t;x mqnznZX.ux' t;x mqnznksus;a;x hosox l,HdK
us;a;;d' l,HdKuss;a;iafi;x NslaLfj" NslaLqfkd mdgslZXLx wrshx wgzGZX.slx u.a.x Ndfjiai;s' wrshx
wgzGZX.slx u.a.x nyq,Slrsiai;S;s' l:Z[ap NslaLfj NslaLq l,HdKus;af;d wrshx wgzGZX.slx u.a.x Ndfj;s
wrshx wgzGZX.slx u.a.x nyq,lfrd;s" bO NslaLfj" NslaLq iuzudosgzGsx Ndfj;s rd.jskh mrsfhdidkx
fodijskh mrsfhdidkx fudyjskh mrsfhdidkx –fm- iuzudiudOsx Ndfj;s rd. jskh mrsfhdidkx fodijskh
mrsfhdidkx fudy jskh mrsfhdidkx" tjx fLd NslaLfj" NslaLq l,HdK us;af;d wrshx wgzGZX.slx u.a.x
Ndfj;s wrshx wgzGZX.slx u.a.x nyq,Slfrd;S;s'
ixhq;a; ksldh 5" talOuzu fmhHd,h"|=;sh l,HdK fu;a; iq;a;" nq'c'uq" 54 msgqj
123' ( uyfKks" huz wrefKdaohla fjzo" Wodjk ysreg fuz fmrgq fjhs' fuz fmr ksus;s fjhs' uyfKks" tfihskau
huz l,HdK us;@Fjhla fjzo" uyKyg wrS wg uZ. bmoSug fuz fmrgq fjhs' fuz fmr ksus;s fjhs' uyfKks"
wrS wg uZ. jvkafkah' wrS wg uZ. nyq, lrkafkah hk fuh l,HdK us;@ uyKyq jsiska leu;s jsh hq;`hs'
uyfKks" l,HdK us;@ uyK flfia kuz wrS wg uZ. jvdo" wrS wg uZ. nyq, flfrAo h;a" uyfKks" fuys
uyK rd. jskfhys mhH!djidkh jQ oafjzI jskfhys mhH!djidkh jQ fuday jskfhys mhH!djidkh jQ iuH.a
oDIagsh jvkafkah' rd. jskfhys mhH!djidkh jQ oafjzI jskfhys mhH!djidkh jQ fuday jskfhys mhH!djidkh
jQ iuH.aa iudOsh jvhs' uyfKks" l,HdK us;@ uyK fufia wrS wgZ.suZ. jvhs' wrS wgZ.suZ. nyq, flfrhs' )
"" "" "" "" ""
tu "" "" "" "" 54 msgqj'
124'wF:s ldfhd;sjd mkiai i;s mpzpqmgzGs;d fyd;s' hdjfoj Z[dKu;a;dh m;smiai;s u;a;dh wksiaisfkd p
jsyr;s k p lsz[aps f,dafl Wmosh;s' tjuzms fLd NslaLfj NslaLq ldfh ldhdkqmiaiS jsyr;s'
oS> ksldh 11" uyd i;smgzGdk iq;a;" nq'c'uq" 440 msgqj'
125'w;S;x kdkajd.fuhH - kmamgslZXzfL wkd.;x
ho;S;x mySkx ;x - wmam;a;x p wkd.;x
mpzpqmkakx p fhd Ouzux - ;F: ;F: jsmiai;S'
wixySrx wixl`mamx - ;x jsoajdukqN@Eyfh'
ucACOsu kshdl 11" Noafolr;ak iq;a;" nq'c'uq" 398 msgqj'
126' j,afmd< rdyq< ysus" nq|=ka jod< OrAuh" 101 msgqj'
127''i.fu;a;dh NslaLfjz fpzf;djsuq;a;shd wdfijs;dh Ndjs;dh nyq,Sl;dh j;aF:ql:dh wkqgzGs;dh mrsps;dh
iqiudroaOdh tldoidksixid mdgslxLd"l;fu tldoi$ iqLx iqm;s"iqLx mgsnqcACO;s"k mdmlx iqmskx miai;s"
ukqiaidkx msfhd fyd;s" wukiaidkz msfhd fyd;s" foj;d rlaLka;s" kdiai w.a.sjd jsixjd iF:x jd lu;s"
;`jgzgxps;a;x iudOsh;s" uqLjKafKd jsmamiSo;s" wiuzuq<afyd ld,x lfrd;s" W;a;rsx wmamgs jscACOkaf;d
n@yauf,dal~mf.dfyd;s
jsiqoaOs u.af.d" ixia' muqKqfjz nqoaOo;a; f:r" ;@smsgl uq|@Kd,h" fldgqj" fld<U" 1920" 218-234 msgq
ii. fhdys fldps NslaLfj bfu p;a;dfrd i;smgzGdfk tj NdfjhH ia; jiaidks" ;iai oajskakx M,dkx
wZ[aZ[;rx M,x mdgslZXzlx osgzfGj Ouzfu wZ[aZ[d i;sjd Wmdosfii wkd.dus;d
oS> ksldh 11" i;smgzGdk iq;a;" nq'c'uq" 498 msgqj'
128' bO uhayx Nkaf; tjx fyd;s ,dNd j; fu iq,oaOx j; fu" fhdyx tj rEfmys in@yaupdrSys ioaOsx jsydrduS;s
;iai uhayx Nkaf; bfuiq wdhiaukaf;iq fu;a;x ldhluzux mpzpqmgzGs;x wdjs fpj rfyd p' fu;a;x ldh
luzux mpzpqmgzGs;x wdjs fpzj rfyd p' fu;a;x ufkdluzux' mpzpqmgzGs;x wdjs fpj rfydap' ;iai uhayx
Nkaf; tjx fyd;s' hkakQkdyx ilx ps;a;x kslaLsFjd bfuix fhj wdhiauka;dkx ps;a;iai jfik
j;af;hHka;s' fid fLd wyx Nkaf; ilx ps;a;x kslaLsmsFjd bfuixfhj wdhiauka;dkx ps;a;iai jfik
p;a;dus' kdkd ys fOd fkd Nkaf; ldhd' tlZ[ap mk uZ[afZ[ ps;a;ka;s'
( Nd.Hj;`ka jykai fuz ms<snZoj ug fuz jeks fohla is;sks' uu fuz jeks in@yaupdrSka jykafia,d iuZ. jdih
lsrSu ug uy;a ,dNhg fya;`jk lreKls' tfiau th ud yg b;du;au |=rA,N jdikdjls' tfiau ,dNhls'
fufia is;;a is;;au ud yg fuz in@yapdrSka jykafia,d ms<snZoj w;s uy;a jQ ffu;@S mQrAjl m@cdkkhla yg
.eksks' tu m@cdkkh ksidu tu in@updrSka jykafia,d wNsuqLfhys oS fukau wkNsuqLfhys oS o fu;a;d
ixl,amh iukajs; jQ prAhduh l@shdldrluz iuQyhh yg .eksks' tu fu;a;d ixl,amh m@cdkkh jSu
fya;`fjka ud yd tlg jdih lrkakd jQ uf.a in@yaupdrS NsCIQka jykafia,d iuZ. l:d nfyoS ud ;`< yg
.kakd ,oafoa fu;a;d ixl,amfhys iukajs; jQ jdpsl l@shdldrluz iuQyhhs' fuu jdpslj yg .kakd ,o fu;a;d
ixl,amfhka iukajs; jQ jpkh Wkajykafia,d wNsuqLfhys muKla fkdj Wkajykafia,d wkNsuqLfhysoS;a uu
Ndjs;d lf<us' fuz uZ.ska uu ;j ;j;a fu;a;d ixla,mh m@cdkkh lr .;sus' tu fu;a;d ixl,am m@cdkkh
uf.a ;j ;j;a oshqKqj msKsiu fya;` jsh' wjidkfhys oS fu;a;d ixl,amh jv jvd;a ;j ;j;a uekjska m@.`K
j;au uf.a in@updrS NsCIqka jykafia,d wruqKq lr Wkajykafia,d wNsuqLfhys muKla fkdj wkNsuqLfhys mjd
is;ska is; fu;a;d ixl,amh fmrgq fldgf.k is;kakg jSus' is;ska jv jvd;a fu;a;d ixl,amhu muKla flaJ|@
fldgf.k udf.a in@updrS NsCIQkajykafia,d ms<snZoj w;s uy;a fu;a;d ixl,amfhka iukajs; jQ is;ska is;kakg
yqre mqrq|=q jQ udf.a is;g jegyqfka ud iy uf.a in@yaupdrS NsCIQka jykafia,d YrSr j,ska fjka fjka mqoa.,hka
jqj;a is;ska tlu mqoa.,fhlah hk wdl,amhhs' )
ucACOsu ksldh" uyd hul j.a.h" pQ< f.daisX. iq;a;" 494-507 msgq'
129'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""

91

130'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
131'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
132'ud;d ms;d osid mqnznd - wdprshd olaLsKd osid
mq;a;odrd osid mpzPd - us;a;dupzPd p W;a;rd
odi luzuldrd fygzGd - WoaOx iuKn@dyauKd
t;d osid kuiafihH - w,u;af;d l`f, .syS'
oS> ksldh 111" isZ.d,l iq;a;" nq'c'uq" 308 msgqj'
133' l:Z[ap .ym;s mq;a;" wrshidjfld Poaosid mgspzPdos fyd;s'
oS> ksldh 111" isZ.d,l iq;a;" nq'c'uq" 302 msgqj'
134'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" "" 302-308 msgq'
135'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
136'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
137'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
138'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
139'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
140'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
141'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
142'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
143'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
144'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
145'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
146'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
147'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
148'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
149'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
150'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
151'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
152'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
153'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
154'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
155'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
156'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
157'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
158'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
159' jsiqoaOs u.af.d" ixia' muqKqfjz nqoaOo;a; f:r" ;@smsgl uq|@Kd,h" fldgqj" fld<U" 1920" 218-234 msgq
160'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
161'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
162'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
163'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""
164'"" "" "" "" "" tu "" "" "" ""

92

2.foot notes

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2.foot notes