2ND SEM MIDTERMS READING AND WRITING.pdf
- 1. READING AND WRITING -------------------------------------------------------- Reading the process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning from them. When we read, we use our eyes to receive written symbols (letters, punctuation marks and spaces) and we use our brain to convert them into words, sentences and paragraphs that communicate something to us. a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning (reading comprehension). Reading is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Like all languages, it is a complex interaction between the text and the reader which is shaped by the reader’s prior knowledge, experiences, attitude, and language community which is culturally and socially situated. The reading process requires continuous practice, development, and refinement. In addition, reading requires creativity and critical analysis. Reading Literacy ability to use the symbols of a writing system. It is the ability to interpret what the information symbols represent and to be able to re-create those same symbols so that others can derive the same meaning. Illiteracy is not having the ability to derive meaning from the symbols used in a writing system. IMPORTANCE OF READING 1. Expose Yourself to New Things Through reading, you expose yourself to new things, new information, new ways to solve a problem, and new ways to achieve one thing. Who knows – you might find your new hobbies within it. Exploration begins with reading and understanding. 2. Self Improvement Through reading, you begin to understand the world more. Through reading, you begin to have a greater understanding of a topic that interests you; for example: how to build self- confidence, how to make plans better before taking action, how to memorize things better, and more. 3. Improve Understanding The more you read, the more you understand one thing: the A to Z of a thing. Let me give an example here: reading allows you to learn more about crocodiles and their habits. That you need to be aware of places it usually lurks for, the purpose of staying away from being harmed or bitten. 4. Preparation to Action Reading is an essential way which can help you out. In today’s world, getting reviews and feedback from other people can make a big impact on your next decision, and the pros and cons of each choice. Read about how to cook a meal; how to play chess; which place is nice for the holiday family trip; read the menu before ordering food, and read the manual before using a new gadget. Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle
- 2. These all can help you become more prepared before you really get into it. 5. Gain Experience from Other People When you are reading, you are actually gaining the knowledge and experience of someone. It can hasten your success towards a goal, as you don’t need to repeat the same mistake while focusing on the right path in achieving one thing. It’s like a mountain of gems for you to discover in books, which contain people’s successes, failures and advice. 6. Tools of Communicating Through reading, you build a more solid foundation for communication. It is one of the most important tools we use every day to connect with each other. Whereas if you don’t read, you can’t even connect with the world and what people are talking about out there, including understanding what this article is all about. Reading connects you with the world. 7. Connecting Your Brain When reading, you’re in full silence because reading connects directly to your brain. In silence, you seek for more; in silence, your brain is clear and focused. Thus, you learn and grow, and therefore you feel and see from the point of view of the author about everything in life. Hence you shape a better self. 8. Boost Imagination and Creativity Reading exposes you to a world of imagination, showing you nothing is impossible in this world. By reading, you are exploring a different angle to see a thing you’ve known, about how different action leads to different results. Books are beyond imagination. It’s like a huge spider web, where you keep linking to more and more to things you knew, and things you just learn, structuring new solutions and answers. Lesson 1: Selecting and Organizing Information Use of strategies in selecting and organizing information like brainstorming, using graphic organizers, and outlining facilities cognitive process and improves comprehension. As vital tools for active learning and deeper comprehension. As vital tools for active learning and deeper understanding of content, it is important to be able to break down bigger ideas into smaller, simpler representations that are easily comprehensible. STRATEGIES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION 1. Brainstorming o a technique to generate ideas within a group. Individual setting. It provides a quick means for tapping the ideas and concepts of an individual or of a group then helps establish patterns and develop relationship among these concepts. Tools in brainstorming: A. Idea list - Start by listing down broad topics then go on by identifying related, narrower topics. Example: Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle
- 3. B. Concept map – Begin by writing the main concept at the middle and then adding more branches for its subtopics. Explore more topics by adding more branches. For example: 2. Outlining o Outlines serve as a road map or blueprint when writing. It helps organize the ideas as it shows the hierarchical relationship or logical ordering of information. There are two ways to write your outline: 1. Topic outline – uses words or phrases as headings, without punctuation 2. Sentence outline – uses full sentences There are four principles in creating an effective outline: a. Parallelism – putting the words in the same grammatical order (parallel grammatical structure) b. Coordination – arranging ideas according to their value or importance; ideas of the of the same relevance or value are labeled in the same way; c. Subordination – arranging ideas in levels of significance: major and minor d. Division – separating the kinds of points you are making by using a consistent basis of division and distinction Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle
- 4. 3. Using Graphic organizers o Graphic organizers are visual and graphic displays that show the relationships among concepts or ideas. There are many different kinds of graphic organizers depending on the type of information being organized. Some are Lesson 1: Patterns of Development in Writing Across Disciplines As a writer, it is important to arrange your ideas in a text according to your purpose in writing. Are you narrating an event, showing cause and effect, defining a term or comparing or contrasting items? Your purpose suggests a method of organization or logical arrangement known as the pattern of development. It could be a way of logically organizing the whole text or a just an individual paragraph. DISCUSSION There are different patterns by which ideas are developed. Some of the major ones are discussed below Narration Narration tells a story. refers to a sequential telling of a story or recounting of a series of events It relates an incident or a series of events that leads to a conclusion or ending. It tells the readers when, where, and what happened. A narrative paragraph contains action verbs and transition words that indicate time or sequence. *Transition words used to signal time or sequence order: - First, second, etc. - After, next, then, eventually, soon - Meanwhile, a short time later Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle
- 5. - During, at the same time, simultaneously - Suddenly, instantly, momentarily - The next day, following, thereafter - In the end, ultimately Description Description gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like. similar with narration for having many specific details, description “emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels. Description is often used to establish a mood or atmosphere” It appeals to the reader’s senses Types of Description 1. Objective Description looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what is being described as objectively as possible * The writer stays away from emotional impressions or responses and instead, describes the scene as it is 2. Subjective Description a sort of description that the author would normally use to “paint a picture” of how he sees a character, or how he wants the reader to see a character Definition Definition explains a concept, term, or subject. Explains not just what something means or is, but also what something does, what something is used for, what something looks like, etc Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle
- 6. (Exemplification and Classification) Exemplification the main idea is explained by giving an extended example or a series of detailed examples. -simply proving or supporting your point, or thesis with examples. Types of Examples Examples that illustrate - use concrete examples to illustrate an idea. Examples that explain - give an explanation to illustrate a concept. Examples that tell a story - use a short story to illustrate a point. Examples that describe - use examples to make help the reader visualize a scene or a thing Classification Classification refers to sorting or arranging subjects (e.g., persons, places, things, ideas) into groups or categories according to their common or shared characteristic Using Exemplification and Classification - You can use both exemplification and classification in developing a paragraph. You can begin Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle
- 7. by classifying some ideas and then explain each idea by giving examples. Comparison and Contrast Organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from each other A. separately – involves describing one item first followed by the second time B. side-by-side – involves discussing both items based on each point of comparison Cause and Effect Explains why something happens or what results a particular event produces A cause is simply “why something happens,” Effect is “what happens.” The following words can be used to signal cause and effect: as a result accordingly because of (this) due to (this) consequently hence/therefore/thus There are three different ways to use the cause-and-effect pattern in writing: 1. Cause to effect 2. Effect to cause Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle
- 8. 3. Consecutive cause and effect Problem and Solution A problem-solution pattern divides information into two main sections, one that describes a problem and one that describes a solution Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle
- 9. Lesson 3.1: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT: ORGANIZATION PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT language use (choice of words) mechanics (capitalization, punctuation, spelling, grammar, etc.) coherence and cohesion (connection of ideas) organization (clear and logical pattern) Organization can be achieved through the following techniques: Physical Format Signal Words Structure TEXT ORGANIZATION is the way a text is organized helps to guide the reader logically through it makes a text readable and its message clear. 1. PHYSICAL FORMAT The format is an aspect of the organization that is immediately apparent to the reader. It is seen in how the text physically appears - headings and subheadings - bullet points - font emphasis (e.g., boldface, italics, underline, color, etc.) However, do not overuse this technique as improper or superfluous formatting can be confusing. 2. SIGNAL WORDS are textual cues that readers can use to follow a text. can “signal” the transition from one point to another, the ordering of events and concepts, or the writer’s chosen text type (e.g., linear narration, question and answer). 3. STRUCTURE The structure provides the framework upon which the text is organized. - Beginning: introduction, thesis statement, hook - Middle: supporting details - End: conclusion, summary, final message Tips about TEXT ORGANIZATION Makes a text easy to read Prevents the reader from becoming confused by a jumble of words, sentences, and paragraphs that are in no particular order Can be achieved through physical format, signal words, and structure Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle
- 10. Lesson 3.2: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT: MECHANICS Mechanics are conventions that have to be considered in writing are rules traditionally used in written language - spelling - punctuation - capitalization It is important to know and observe these conventions in writing to avoid confusion. 1. SPELLING Always make sure that you are consistently using one (1) standard In the Philippines, we use Philippine English (the variety of English native to the Philippines) which is derived from and which traditionally follows American English. “Spelling Matters” 2. PUNCTUATION The act of using a system of symbols (e.g., comma, period, quotation marks, question marks, etc.) Gives structure to and organizes a text Guides the reader regarding how the text should be read TYPES: Parentheses () – enclose explanations and other extra information in a sentence Apostrophe ‘ – use when writing possessive nouns and contractions Colon : - used before certain lists and when writing the time Semicolon ; - Used between two independent clauses if a consjucion is not used Hyphen - - used to join certain words that are put together to from a single idea Use MS Word’s Trach Changes feature Punctuation MATTERS 3. CAPITALIZATION The act of writing the letters in uppercase Different kinds of type case o UPPER CASE - every character is capitalized o lower case - no letters are capitalized o Sentence case - - the first letter of the first word in a sentence is capitalized o Title Case - the first letter of each word is capitalized o CamelCase - - the first letter of each word within a compound word is capitalized o toGGLe cASe – random characters are capitalized CAPITALIZATION MATTERS Mechanics are conventions that have to be considered in writing. Some of these conventions are • Punctuation • Capitalization • Spelling Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle
- 11. with both cohesion and coherence is logically sequenced & stays on topic cohesion without coherence is difficult to follow coherence without cohesion has no definite point Lesson 3.3: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT: COHERENCE AND COHESION COHERENCE AND COHESION Coherence and cohesion make your text easier for your readers to follow and understand. Both should be present in your text because having one without the other will still create confusion for readers. COHESION - the connection of ideas to the central concept of a text. COHERENCE - relationship of ideas between sentences. Key points!! Cohesion without Coherence – DIFFICULT TO FOLLOW Coherence without Cohesion – HAS NO DEFINITE POINT Coherence and Cohesion – is logically sequenced & stays on topic Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle
- 12. Lesson 3.4: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT: LANGUAGE USE Considerations in Language use: 1. Determine when it is appropriate to use formal language or when informal language is acceptable. Informal vs. Formal Language o Informal language is usually used in writing for oneself or in writing to family, friends, and colleagues. o On the other hand, formal language is used in writing academic, business, and official texts. 2. When you write, you should also make sure that the language you use is direct and simple rather than complicated so that readers would easily understand the text. If your readers are the youth, then you should use words that are familiar to young people. 3. You should also be sensitive enough to use unbiased language, so you will not offend any individual or any particular group of people. Unbiased language is language that is free of racial bias, free of religious bias, and free of gender bias. - A teacher should make it a point to motivate her students. - Teachers should make it a point to motivate their students. Examples of Informalities • Contractions • Word omissions • Used in SMS and tweets • Informal words and phrases • “I think…” • “In my opinion…” • “a lot”/“lots” Do not re-sell this reviewer:) Original: NewEye-07_Yve Elle