Lesson on patterns of development
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This document provides information on paragraph rhetoric models, including describing, defining, classification, compare/contrast, and cause and effect. It discusses how to write paragraphs using these models, with examples for each. Key details covered include using sensory details in descriptive paragraphs, extending dictionary definitions, organizing compare/contrast paragraphs in block or point-by-point format, and establishing direct and indirect causes and effects. The document also reviews patterns of development in writing like narration, description, definition, exemplification, and persuasion.
Lesson on patterns of development
- 1. Reading and Writing Skills Grade 11/12
- 3. DESCRIBING DEFINING Giving readers a mental picture of what have been seen or experienced Must observe and record specific details that appeal to your readers’ senses Introducing your readers to new terms which are unfamiliar to them Start with the Dictionary meaning of a term May extend the meaning of a term
- 4. How to Extend Meaning to a Term… Illustrate how the term operates in a given context… Classify its functions to explain how it differs from the others… Thus, a term may have multiple extended meanings when it is defined according to its specific usage.
- 5. Let us define CEO… Chief-Executive-Officer Dictionary meaning: it means the operations manager of a business organization Extended meaning: is the operations manager who leads and inspires people in a business organization
- 6. DESCRIBING A descriptive paragraph relies on concrete, sensory detail to communicate its point (the use of 5 senses) It can be objective or subjective Objective: would mention such facts as height, weight, coloring, and so forth Subjective: would include the above details, but would also stress your feelings toward the subject, as well as its personality and habits
- 7. Let us define EDUCATION… Dictionary meaning: teaching people what they do not know; teaching the youth to shapes of letters, arithmetic ands literature Extended meaning: training them into the perfect exercise and kingly continence of their bodies and souls… it is a painful, continual, and difficult work to be done by kindness, by watching, by precept, and by praise, but above all, by example.
- 8. DESCRIBING 1. Avoid being static or flat. 2. Think of what pieces readers need, in what order, to construct a scene. 3. Description is not what you saw, but what readers need to see in order to imagine the scene, a person, or an object. 4. Record a series of detailed observations. 5. Use sensory details. Do not rely much on adjectives and adverbs. 6. Give your description away as generously as the world gives away sights.
- 9. DESCRIBING 7. Use an approach that show decay, change or improvement. 8. Use the description to substantiate or elaborate your point, or move your story along. THINK: Readers first read this, now this, now this; what do they need next?
- 10. CLASSIFICATION COMPARE/CONTRAST Elaborates on the meaning by explaini8ng the parts of a term relate to its whole and vice-versa Ascertain the parts or categories that make up a term Writing about 2 or more subjects: focus mainly on their similarities and differences Understand each of the two subjects more clearly and make sound judgments
- 11. CLASSIFICATION Example: Medicine as a Profession 1. Pediatrician – a doctor specializing on children 2. Dermatologist – a doctor specializing on skin and skin allergies 3. Cardiologist – a doctor specializing on heart- related diseases
- 12. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 1. BLOCK FORMAT the details are organized according to the subjects being compared and contrasted 2. POINT-BY-POINT FORMAT the details are organized not according to the subjects but according to the distinct features of the two subjects
- 13. CAUSE AND EFFECT METHOD An expository method of explaining occurrences and reoccurrences of a phenomena. It is important that READERS need to understand why such things about certain social conditions, events, situations or even people’s behaviors and emotions occur.
- 14. HOW DO YOU DO IT? You need to have factual evidences of the real cause/s and effect/s of a certain phenomenon. CAUSE A factor that triggers something to happen… EFFECT The consequence or the result of that triggering factor…
- 15. TWO KINDS OF CAUSE AND EFFECT DIRECT Cause Skipping breakfast DIRECT Effect Stomach and head aches INDIRECT Cause Wake up late in the morning and no time of taking it INDIRECT Effect Not able to concentrate in class thus, failed the morning subjects
- 16. HOW DO YOU DO IT? Begin your paragraph by stating the direct cause (in the topic sentence) first. Support it with an indirect cause/related cause when necessary, followed by the direct and indirect effect/s or coincidence. Alternatively, you may do it the other way around starting with the effects (direct and indirect) followed by the causes (direct and indirect)
- 17. Reading and Thinking Strategies Across Text Types: PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT Content Standard: The learner realizes that information in a written text may be selected and organized to achieve a particular purpose Performance Standard: The learner critiques a chosen sample of each pattern of development focusing on information selection, organization, development
- 18. Reading and Thinking Strategies Across Text Types: PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT Learning Competencies: Distinguishes between and among patterns of development in writing across disciplines: a. narration b. description c. definition d. exemplification/classification e. comparison and contrast d. cause-effect f. problem-solution g. persuasion
- 19. LESSON RECAP
- 20. expository, narrative, persuasive, and descriptive 1. _____________ This type of paragraph is used to present information, ideas, or opinions. 2. _____________ In this type of paragraph, the author is writing about what a person, place, or thing is like. 3. _____________ Which type of sentence would this topic sentence best go with: My best friend's freckled face always has a glowing, crooked smile. 4._____________ Which type of sentence would this topic sentence best go with: Despite what dog lovers might believe, cats actually make better pets.
- 21. expository, narrative, persuasive, and descriptive 5. _____________Which type of sentence would this topic sentence best go with: The Himalayan Mountains are the tallest mountains in the world. 6. _____________ Which type of sentence would this topic sentence best go with: The day I won first place in the box car derby race was the proudest day of my life. 7. _____________ This paragraph is used to tell a story. There is a logical sequence of events. 8. _____________ The goal of this type of paragraph is to convince another person to change, or at least think about changing, their opinion about something.