3 5%20 ttt

Editor's Notes

• #2: Introduce yourself and welcome participants. Say: Let’s begin by reviewing the materials you need for this training.(Hold items up as you talk.)  Say: You have 2 sets of handouts. You should have 1 set that says Think-Turn-Talk PowerPoint Handout, and one that says Additional Handouts. You should also have a green lesson planning card.   Now that we have all of our materials ready, let’s begin our session. Each participant should have a copy of Silverwing. If individual copies are unavailable, provide enough copies for 2 people to share.
• #3: Say: Before we look at the goals for this training, let me share with you 4 Big Ideas that I would like you to take away from this session. As I talk about these ideas, take a moment to write them down on your PowerPoint Presentation handout. This will help you to stay focused on the key information throughout this training.Think-time should be deliberate and consistent. The minimum think-time teachers should provide is 3 seconds. I would like you to write, “3-5 seconds” on your handout.Click for first bullet to appear.Say: On the next line, I would like you to write, “55% to 80% of time processing”.Click for second bullet to appear.Say: Learners should be provided time to process information in every lesson.On the third line, I would like you to write, “pair students thoughtfully”.Click for third bullet to appear.Say: Be strategic when pairing students. Think about them academically as well as socially. Make adjustments to the partnership as necessary.Finally, on the last line, I would like you to write, “plan questions well in advance”.Click for fourth bullet to appear.Say: Plan for Think-Turn-Talk questions which will increase the student’s understanding of the lesson or text.
• #4: Say: We have four goals for this session: Read first two bullets. Say: Think-Turn-Talk is a powerful instructional routine that may also be known as Think-Pair-Share (Lyman, 1981). How many of you have used this routine in your classroom?  Provide time for audience to respond. Say: You may have used this routine in your classroom as a way to promote student involvement and increase discussion (McTighe & Lyman, 1988), or because you know that “students with learning disabilities prefer to work in pairs” (Vaughn, Hughes, Moody & Elbaum, 2001). This may not be a new routine to you, but today we are going to address ways to use Think-Turn-Talk more often and more effectively. This cooperative learning routine is equally effective for both young students and adult learners. First we will talk about why the routine is effective, then we will discuss how to implement the routine as part of your daily instruction, and finally we will practice and plan to use the Think-Turn-Talk routine.
• #5: Read Slide.
• #6: Say: There are a number of benefits when we implement the Think-Turn-Talk routine. Click to reveal bullet: Engagement Say: Think-Turn-Talk helps all learners to listen and engage in the lesson. Dylan Wiliam (2005) asks, “The big question is: who is doing the thinking in the classroom?” Researchers who have studied exemplary teachers found that the most accomplished teachers were able to promote high levels of student engagement in their lessons and had well-established routines in place(Taylor, Pearson, Clark & Walpole, 1999). We must ensure that all students are thinking and that all students are engaged in our lessons.  Click to reveal bullet: Focus Say: If we use this strategy every few minutes, learners tend to be able to sit and focus for longer periods of time. Research tells us that “teachers need to keep attentional demands to short bursts of no longer than the age of their learners in minutes. For a 1st grader, that’s about 6 consecutive minutes; for a high-schooler, that’s up to 15 minutes” (Jensen, 1998). Click to reveal bullet: Think-time Say: Think-Turn-Talk provides think-time (also referred to as wait-time) for all students, but especially for those who need it. Let’s consider think-time. How long do you predict think-time usually lasts after a teacher asks a question?Ask a few participants to share their predictions.
• #7: Say: Mary Budd Rowe was the first to investigate wait-time, or what is often referred to as think-time. She defined wait-time as periods of silence that followed teacher questions as well as time following student responses. She found that think-time “rarely lasted more than… Click to reveal text: 1.5 seconds. Say: … 1.5 seconds in typical classrooms” (Stahl, 1994). Often, shorter amounts of think-time are provided to students who are perceived as “slow” or “poor” learners (Cotton, 2001). Click to remove text: 1.5 seconds. Say: Researchers have discovered, however, that when periods of silence lasted at least… Click to reveal text: 3 seconds. Say: … 3 seconds long, many positive effects were observed in both students' and teachers' behaviors and attitudes. Click to remove text: 3 seconds. Four bullets will appear. Say: For example, when students are given 3 or more seconds of uninterrupted think-time, there are certain positive outcomes.Read slide.
• #9: Say: We’ve discussed the benefits of think-time. Let’s explore the further benefits of using the Think-Turn-Talk routine. Click to reveal bullet: Talk-time. Say: This instructional routine provides an opportunity to talk for those students who typically answer teacher questions and who process information verbally. In her book, How to Give it so They Get it, Sharon Bowman (2005) states, “If you want them to HEAR it, you talk. If you want them to LEARN it, they talk.”  Talk-time is important for oral-language development. “Children who do not hear a lot of talk and who are not encouraged to talk themselves often have problems learning to read” (Armbruster, Lehr, & Osborn, 2003). Also, research indicates that there are positive effects on attitude and achievement when students engage in increased verbal interaction (Slavin, Johnson & Johnson as cited in McTighe & Lyman, 1988). Click to reveal bullet: Safer environment. Say: This routine provides opportunities for quieter students to share their thinking in a safe environment.  Anita Archer (2007) suggests that you may wish to pair more introverted students together so that they are not overwhelmed by more gregarious students. Also, remember that “students with LD prefer to work in pairs (with another student) rather than in large groups or by themselves” (Vaughn, Hughes, Moody & Elbaum, 2001).Click to reveal bullet: Application. Say: Think-Turn-Talk allows students to apply learned strategies or skills in context. Brain research tells us that “…the brain learns best when it ‘does’, rather than when it ‘absorbs’ [Pally, 1997]. Thus, all students must think at a high level to solve knotty problems and to transform the ideas and information they encounter” (Tomlinson & Klabfleisch, 1998).Click to reveal bullet: Accountability. Say: The Think-Turn-Talk routine also provides built-in accountability. When all students have the expectation that they may be called upon to share their thinking with the whole group, they learn to use the talk-time to clarify their thinking. For example, you may inform students: “I will ask three of you to share your thinking with the whole class after you have had time to talk with your partner.” When using this routine, it is not necessary for students to raise their hands to answer questions. They should each be prepared to answer when they are randomly called upon. Debbie Miller (2002) says that, “The time we spend thinking out loud… sets the tone… Children come to understand that I expect a respectful, thoughtful, time-to-listen-and-learn-from-each-other frame of mind.”Click to reveal bullet: Assessment. Say: Think-Turn-Talk can be used as an anecdotal assessment tool. When students are sharing with their partners, it is important to listen to their conversations. Many teachers place a list of student names on a clipboard and make note of what they hear at these times. The qualitative data enhance the quantitative data that we collect through formal assessments. This evidence aids us in adapting instruction to meet student needs. This “listening in” also helps us build relationships with our students. When we use effective questions and take time to ask students, “What makes you think that?” we show them that we are truly interested in what they think (Wiliam, 2005). Click to reveal box labeled: Handout 1. Say: Handout 1 in your Additional Handouts summarizes the research behind the key ideas presented on this and previous slides.
• #14: Read slide.Allow 8 seconds of think-time and then ask 2-3 participants to share responses with the whole group. If time allows, you may use numbered popsicle sticks to randomly select those who will share. Say: Often, responses fall into one of two groups: I liked having time to think about my response or It made me uncomfortable to have to sit quietly because I was already prepared to respond. Students often fall into one of these two categories as well. Some are eager to respond, raising their hands before the question is even completely asked; others need time to process both the question and the answer. Neither of these response methods is better than the other; we simply process things differently. Think-Turn-Talk provides benefits for both types of students.  In this example, we gave you eight seconds. Click to reveal text: 3-5 seconds. Say: Teachers should deliberately and consistently provide think-time of at least 3-5 seconds after asking a question. Longer think-time may be necessary in particular situations.Think-time should also be provided after students respond to a question. This allows the student to fully complete a response. It also allows other students to consider what their classmate has said before offering their response.
• #15: Say: We’ve just practiced the Think-Turn-Talk routine. How can we make it an effective part of our instruction?
• #16: Read heading. Say: We may have used Think-Turn-Talk intuitively or sporadically in the past. We may have done it a few times a week or maybe when we were being observed and had extra time to plan a lesson. We can change the way we think about Think-Turn-Talk, making it both intentional and routine – an approach that we use almost EVERY time we ask a question that engages students in higher-level thinking. In fact, we can use it in… Click 3 times and read each line. Say: Most teachers have experienced the following: we ask a question of the class, but find the same few students raise their hands while the rest of the class remain silent. Many students have learned to allow the eager-responders to do the thinking work for them. Remember, the most accomplished teachers have high levels of student engagement and are more likely to ask higher level questions (Taylor, Pearson, Clark & Walpole, 1999). When Think-Turn-Talk becomes a part of the classroom routine, ALL students are given extra opportunities to practice skills and strategies. In particular, Think-Turn-Talk can help us find additional times during the day to teach reading comprehension strategies. For example, we often struggle to find time to teach and reinforce strategies while reading expository text. If, however, we use Think-Turn-Talk while we read our science text book, we have an opportunity to teach comprehension outside of our reading block. We can also ensure that our students are focusing on the information we’d like them to glean from the science text. Think for a moment: Could you use Think-Turn-Talk while reading a math problem? During P.E.? At music?
• #17: Say: Here are some examples of ways we might use Think-Turn-Talk throughout the day: Read slide. Click to reveal quotation. Read quotation. Say: By using Think-Turn-Talk, we can create these processing opportunities throughout the instructional day. Let’s take a moment to process the information that we have discussed so far. We’ve shared research that validates the power of Think-Turn-Talk, we’ve practiced signals we implement to support the routine, and we know that processing time is crucial to learning in all subject areas. Pause. Say: What are you thinking now? How might this information impact your instruction? Think for a moment… (model the hand signal and allow for think-time). Say: Turn and talk with your partner (model the hand signals as you say turn and talk).
• #18: Say: If we would like Think-Turn-Talk to become a classroom routine, how do we implement it effectively? Read first bullet. Say: You will want to model and practice the strategy several times so that expectations are clear. Without practice, this strategy will not be successful. Click to reveal the box labeled Handout 2. Say: Handout 2 provides a lesson plan to teach students the Think-Turn-Talk procedure. We recommend planning an entire lesson devoted to teaching the procedure at the beginning of the year, rather than trying to teach the procedure and give a comprehension lesson at the same time. This lesson plan is a guide. You might decide to use different prompts or signals in your own class. Let’s take a moment to look through this lesson plan together. Guide participants through the lesson plan stopping to discuss as needed.  Read second bullet. Say: Particularly in the beginning, the poster can provide your students with a visual reminder of what they should do during Think-Turn-Talk. You have a separate packet of handouts entitled “Posters.” In this handout you will find 8.5X11” versions of the Think-Turn-Talk posters. These can be enlarged and laminated for your classroom. Say: You also have shape posters for each word. Refer to shape posters. You may wish to use these posters for younger learners. We mount them on colored construction paper to help reinforce what each word means. The red stop sign means stop; it’s time to think /no talking. The yellow triangle means turn to your partner and get ready to talk, and the green circle means that it’s time to talk to your partner. These shape posters can also be cut out and mounted on popsicle sticks or tongue depressors. We can hold them up individually at each step in the routine. Read third bullet. Say: When you would like students to share with the whole class, using a random selection method will help build in accountability for the students. Often, their talk will be more focused if they know that ANYONE could be called on. For example, today we are using popsicle sticks to randomly select those who respond to questions.Note to Presenter:If the district/teachers you are working with use Smart Boards in the classroom you may choose to show this YouTube video. It is an example for how you might use a tool on your Smart Board. The random word chooser or random picture chooser works well.http://youtu.be/X02F9DlkPJg
• #19: Read first bullet. Say: It is crucial that students are paired strategically. When assigning partners, I want to think about them academically. For example, I do not want to pair my highest student with my lowest student; both of them may become frustrated. I also want to consider my students’ social strengths and weaknesses. You probably would not want to pair two best friends together, or pair a very talkative student with a very quiet student. Even with careful planning, sometimes the partners we assign don’t work out. We must assess the success of the partnerships in our class and adjust as necessary. Read second bullet. Say: Assigning roles clarifies expectations for our students; this is particularly important for younger students. The concern is not usually that they will talk at the same time, but rather, that they won’t talk at all. Students can keep these same roles, A and B, as long as they have a certain talking partner, but the teacher should vary which partner speaks first each time. For example, I might pair my students strategically and have them keep the partner for two to six weeks. Students can remain “A” or “B” for the entire two to six weeks. Read third bullet. Say: When I give my students a specific role, my prompts must reflect that. For example: Read example. Say: I would then ask Partner B to tell their partner something ELSE they learned about penguins. Next time, I would have Partner B go first.
• #20: Say: We have discussed the successful implementation of the Think-Turn-Talk routine. Now we will consider the ways in which we can increase its instructional effectiveness through mindful planning.
• #22: Say: Question prompts are used to engage students in discussion for Think-Turn-Talk. You might just use a generic question such as, “What are you thinking now?” You may also choose to use questions that are more specific to a particular text, such as asking what motivates a character’s actions. In choosing questions, you may refer back to the Comprehension Purpose Question (CPQ) so that students can reflect on the CPQ and continue to gather information that will help them to answer the CPQ. When possible, we also try to connect Think-Turn-Talk to the comprehension strategy we are studying.
• #23: Say: Whatever the question we choose, it should be one that allows our students to express their thinking. Questions that have only one correct answer, or where the answers can be found “right there” in the text, do not prove as effective for use with the Think-Turn-Talk routine. Read first bullet. Click to reveal text: metacognition. Say: Researcher Janet Wilde (1998) says, “Teachers can encourage children to make their understanding explicit by talking about it. Research shows that students who talk about how they and others think become better learners.” Because we have thought carefully about our questions, we do not want to forget them in our actual implementation of the lesson. If we write our Think-Turn-Talk question on a sticky note and place it on the page where we plan to use it, we have a good reminder to ourselves. Because student engagement is so important, we must make sure that we don’t forget our planned discussions. Show an example of a read-aloud book or a teacher’s edition with a large sticky note for the CPQ and 3-4 smaller sticky notes placed on pages throughout the text.Say: We also want to follow-up on student responses with immediate and corrective feedback. Let’s take a look at two ways we provide feedback.
• #24: Say: Providing feedback that is descriptive, making specific references to a student’s achievement, can relate to student improvement. Ways to describe why an answer is correct are:Read bullets.Say: Here’s an example of providing feedback that is descriptive in nature. Class, Emily just explained the inference she made about how the character was feeling afraid. She told us how she put the clues in the text together with what she knows from her background knowledge, to infer how the character was feeling. Nice work Emily!”
• #25: Say: Another feedback strategy is to specify or imply a better way of doing something. Let’s think about the previous example. What if the student shared that she made an inference but really she didn’t? To support student learning, I might say something like this:Emily thinks that she’s inferring that the character is afraid. Do you all agree that the character is afraid? Yes, the author actually told us this information directly in the text. It says right here, “Bella was very afraid.” When the author tells us something directly, we are not making an inference. Remember, an inference is when we use clues from the text along with our background knowledge to figure out information not directly told to us by the author. I’m glad that Emily realizes that the character is afraid, because that’s an important idea in the story.
• #26: Read slide.
• #27: Say: Let’s explore how this might look in the classroom. This story is about an Chinese immigrant who has lived and worked in America for over 40 years. For his birthday, one thing he wishes for is a special Chinese bird. At the end of the story, much to everyone’s surprise, he sets the bird free. Listen carefully as I read this story to you. You will be asked to share your thinking with your partner when it is time to Think-Turn-Talk. To help focus your attention throughout the reading, think about this CPQ: Click to reveal CPQ. Say: Why is everyone surprised by Mr. Kang’s choice at the end of the story? 
• #28: Read the text on the slide. Stop reading after, “… birthday party for him.” Say: Think about this question. What have we learned about Mr. Kang?”Think … (model the hand signal and provide 8 seconds of think time),Turn and talk to your partner.Use a random method to select one or two participants to share their thinking.Follow-up by prompting with, “What makes you think that?”Reinforce participants who make the following inferences: Mr. Kang is an immigrant.He is a cook in a Chinese restaurant.His grandson was born in America.
• #29: Read the text on the slide. Stop reading after, “… Restaurant can get a new cook.” Say: Think about this question. Why will the restaurant get a new cook?”Think … (model the hand signal and provide 8 seconds of think time),Turn and talk to your partner.Use a random method to select one or two participants to share their thinking.Follow-up by prompting with, “What makes you think that?” Reinforce the inference made that Mr. Kang is retiring.Say: And we would continue to read the story, stopping periodically to prompt students to think during the reading.
• #31: Say: Let’s look at the teacher’s lesson plan for this story. It is Handout 3. For the first reading of the story, this teacher planned a few Think-Turn-Talk questions throughout the story to engage students in discussion. Let’s look at the first three questions listed. Click to reveal first arrow. Say: The first stop is one we just practiced. Think-Turn-Talk was prompted by the question, “What do we learn about Mr. Kang?” This is an effective question prompt because he is the central character and we need to learn about him and what motivates his actions in order to answer the CPQ. Students will also need to make a few inferences to answer the question fully. You’ll notice that Making Inferences is the focus strategy for this lesson.The second question is also effectivebecause students will need to infer why the restaurant needs a new cook. It’s important that the students not miss the understanding that Mr. Kang is retiring and that he has specific plans for retirement. He also now has a freedom that he’s not had before which is a central understanding to the theme of the story. Click to reveal second arrow. Say: Notice that on the second reading of the story, the teacher will also be stopping to use think-aloud to model the cognitive strategy, Making Inferences. We don’t want to have too many stops in a story, as this can interfere with the flow of the lesson, so we must take into account all we plan to include in our lesson.
• #32: Say: We looked at a model of what one teacher did to plan a lesson. Now we will do some thinking and planning together. Some of the question prompts teachers use may come from the core program Teacher’s Edition (T.E.). The T.E. often has excellent questions which work well for Think-Turn-Talk. Click for circle. Say: For this example, we will look at the sample questions from the Scott Foresman T.E. that accompany the story, Riding the Ferry with Captain Cruz.
• #34: Say: As you can see here, we have a student CPQ for this text. Remember though, your CPQ is: Which questions on Handout #4 would be effective prompts for Think-Turn-Talk? Read text aloud.
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• #41: Read slide. Hand out the green laminated planning cards to facilitate the planning time.  If participants have attended Reading with Purpose, then they should have already created a CPQ for the reading selection.If time permits, have participants practice their think-aloud with a partner.
• #42: Say: Let’s revisit the “big ideas” for this session. First, we want to provide all students with an opportunity to respond to questions. Research has shown that when we allow students at least 3-5 seconds of think-time we see an increase in responses as well as correct responses. Students need time to process information. This can be accomplished by using the Think-Turn-Talk strategy. Teachers need to spend 55% -80% of their time allowing students to process information.Be thoughtful in how you pair students. Remember to think about each student’s academic ability as well as their social skills. Don’t be afraid to pair two quiet students. The last big idea is to plan where you will use TTT. Select 2-3 spots in the text in which the information is critical to the student’s understanding of the story or skill and plan question prompts well in advance that will provoke students into thinking deeply about the text. As you leave this session today, we encourage you to think about your next steps. We want you to take what you have learned and apply it in your classroom so that you can continue to effectively impact student learning and achievement.
• #43: Read quote.