Daniel Ladouceur - UNDP Somalia
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This document discusses using baseline data to inform community safety programming in Somalia. It provides an overview of community safety frameworks and processes at both the national and community levels that aim to influence security sector governance, policy, and community-level activities. The document also presents key findings from baseline surveys on the nature and causes of violence in Somali communities, who the victims are, perceptions of security providers, the role of non-state armed groups, and challenges related to gender and violence. Comprehensive interventions are suggested that address the causes of violence through a multi-pronged approach involving relevant actors, tools, and programs.
Daniel Ladouceur - UNDP Somalia
- 1. Using baseline data to inform programming 2nd Ministerial Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development - Geneva, 31 October and 1 November 2011
- 2. Two Sectors to Influence: 1 - Process & Activities Partnership based on Comparative Mandate aimed at Provides ‘Community Based Security Sector Governance’ National framework: Somali Community Safety Framework Community framework: Community Safety Plan
- 3. Influencing activities at the community level Security Sector Governance -police, justice, -local authorities, and -the community. Community Safety Process Community Safety Community Safety Implementation & Diagnostic Plan Monitoring
- 4. Influencing policy and mechanisms – Peace & Justice National Level Ministry of Interior Policy Devt. & Coordination Community Security & Peace Building Observatory Secretariat Regional Clan Level Regional Council Conflict / Border District Level District Council Prevention & Response District Safety Committee
- 5. How data influences policy and activities Research • Qualitative • Quantitative Training • Policy The Observatory training centre at University of Hargeisa, January 2011 • Practitioners Knowledge Management • Somali Community Safety Framework • Policy Development
- 7. EACH COMMUNITY IS SPECIFIC
- 8. Reasons Reasons for not going to Court (%) for not going to Court (%) Mogadishu Galkayo Las Anod 1.3 12.2 7.1 30.1 14.4 18.5 36.2 39.2 18.5 14.4 17.4 7.0 10.8 19.2 10.0 23.4 2.2 3.9 Burao Bossaso 13.2 23.6 22.3 40.6 17.2 16.0 25.9 6.3 10.9 4.0 2.9 4.0
- 9. Perpetrator of Assault (Freq. %)
- 10. Causes of Conflict (Freq. %)
- 11. Who are the Victims of Violence
- 12. Death (top) & Assault (bottom) by age and gender 16 14 12 10 8 Male 6 Female 4 2 0 <5 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 60 50 40 Male 30 Female 20 10 0 <5 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 >=70
- 13. Victim of sexual violence by age and gender 25 20 15 Male Female 10 5 0 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44
- 14. State and non-state actors
- 15. Leverage of the community over non-state armed groups Very high Very low 17% 25% High 8% Low 6% Average 44%
- 16. Level of organisation of non-state armed groups 4% 4% Loose alliance of individuals Group following a leader 37% Hierarchical organisation 55% with middle management Sophisticated organisation with financial networks
- 17. Security Providers: Trust vs. Accessibility Trust Accessibility 50.0 50.0 40.0 40.0 30.0 30.0 Community elders 20.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 Religious 0.0 leaders 0.0 -10.0 -10.0 -20.0 Police -20.0 -30.0 -30.0 -40.0 Court
- 18. Policing has never been a function of the state alone Community- based policing Civilian forums Private security security committees guards Madani / IDP District security militias Clan militias Neighborhood watch groups
- 20. Unsafe feeling by gender (Freq. %) 90 82.9 80 74.3 70 60 Male 50 43.1 40 33.1 31.5 32.5 Female 30 25.3 20 15.2 10 1.3 0.5 0 Mogadishu Galkayo Las Anod Burao Bosasso
- 21. Reasons for female non-participation in meetings (%) Husband becomes jealous / lack of 10.4 trust in loyalty 15.2 Male household member dislikes 22.4 female visibility in decision 24.2 Female Female household member feel 32.8 Male uncomfortable of participation 24.2 Family thinks women should focus on 34.3 family issues 36.4 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 Bosasso
- 22. Gender Matters Las Anod, Trust in public authorities (Weighted %) 30.0 25.1 24.3 24.9 21.8 20.0 10.0 0.0 -2.6 -3.3 -10.0 Male Female -20.0 -30.0 -27.9 -26.9 -40.0 Clan, community Religious leaders Police Court elders
- 23. Comprehensive Intervention District Safety Committee TOOLS - CAUSES of Firearms violence Control ACTORS – 50% Women’s Civic armed groups labour Protection Unit Restorative Justice Parole & Probation
- 24. Challenges 1. Synchronise financial resources, politic, and capacity 2. Overcoming pre-conceived ideas and building flexibility to be more responsive 3. Expensive and time consuming 4. Partnership: State and non-state actors, UN Agencies; UNICEF-UNDP-ILO
- 25. The Bill Brookman Foundation Mahadsanid! Thank you!
- 26. I lost mother at 6 years, send to jail for stealing a piece of bread by grandmother at 11 for 3 months. Met new friends and after my released, joined them on the street, and learned how to sniff glue, fight, rob, and rape. Soon I created by own gang but was caught again by the police. After being released, I heard about Youth at-Risk project. I decided to give it a chance because I never want to go back to the jail again”. (Ismael, 12) Ahmed, 11 years old, my mother died and my father abandon me. Leader of a gang, we recently stoned to death another member of a rival gang. Our main area of operation is the port. We clean the marines’ shoes, and offer sexual services to foreign in exchange for fuel, that we resell at the market. I was brought to the centre by an old mama. Ali, 26 years old, pirate. As a fisherman, I new how to operate a boat and was recruited by a pirate gang. We went out to sea to capture a boat, failed once, failed twice. During the third mission, soldiers opened fire at us and killed my best friend. I barely made it alive. This is now my opportunity to leave piracy and reform through the Youth at Risk programme.
- 27. Two Sectors to Influence: 2 - Policy work Focus policy development on community demand: 1. Identify issues that require policy development 2. Identify issues of common concern 3. Structure and mechanisms capable to sustain community intervention 4. Monitoring and response mechanism 5. Independent capacity for assessment (Observatory)
- 28. Crime and Victimisation Survey • Survey by household: 144 questions – Face to face with trained (UNICRI methodology) enumerators (JCCP-SOCDA) – Oct. 2009 – Jul. 2010 ▫ Sociological profile (localisation, clan, occupation, resi dence status, spending, education) • District samples: – Mogadishu: 1600 ▫ Witnessing and general victimisation – Galkayo: 700 – Las Anod: 800 ▫ Fear of crime – Bossaso: 800 ▫ Community conflicts – Burao: 800 ▫ Crime (property crime, assault, homicide, sexual violence, forced detention) • Analysis tools: – SPSS (sign: p≤.05) ▫ Perpetrators & Firearms – Mapcommander ▫ Crime reporting ▫ Security providers
- 29. interventions 1. Regulate private guards and militias 2. Mechanism to enforce decision of the court and establish out of court settlement (Restorative justice) 3. Urban planning; (Violence Prevention Through Environmental Design). 4. Sheikh to review marriage process; (high dowry forces rape) 5. Public forums of discussion: 6. Registration and marking system for property; i.e. livestock 7. Rehabilitation of former inmates, repeat offender (parole and probation system to decongest the prisons)