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References
[1] Eurotechology.com. 2006. “Fourth Generation Wireless
Communications”. Tokyo, Japan. http://www.eurotechnology.com/4G/
[2] Odinma, A.C. “Next Generation Networks: Whence, Where, and
Whither”. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 7(1):23-30, 2006.
[3] Marcos Katz and Frank H.P. Fitzek “On the Definition of the Fourth
Generation Wireless Communications Networks: The Challenges Ahead”
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CONVERGENT TECHNOLOGIES
(IWCT) 2005
[4]Simone Frattasi, Hanane Fathi, Frank Fitzek, Marcos Katz, Ramjee
Prasad, “A Pragmatic Methodology to Design 4G: From the User to the
Technology, Fourth International Conference on Networking (ICN’05),
Reunion Island, April 17-21, 2005.
[5] Junhwan Kim, “A Framework for Scenario/Service Development and its
Application to 4G”, The 12th WWRF, WG1, 2004.
[6] Petteri Alahuhta, Marko Jurvansuu, Heikki Pentikäinen, ”Roadmap for
Network Technologies and Services”, Technology Review 2004, TEKES,
Finland (http://www.tekes.fi/julkaisut/Roadmap.pdf).
[7] Special Issue on 4G Mobile Communication: “Toward Open Wireless
Architecture, IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol.11, No. 2, April, 2004.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/4gnetworks-141116050549-conversion-gate02/85/4-g-networks-32-320.jpg)
4 g networks
- 1. 1 Introduction to 4th generation wireless networks Presented by Huiqi Zhang
- 2. 2 History of Mobile Technologies Technology 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G Design Begin 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000 Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2010 ? Service Analog voice Digital voice, SMS Higher capacity, Packet data, MMS Higher capacity, Broadband data Higher capacity, Complete IP, multimedia Standards AMPS, TACS,NMT TDMA,CDMA, GSM,PDC GPRS, EDGE WCDMA, CDMA2000 Single standard Bandwidth 1.9kbps 14.4kbps 384kbps 2Mbps 100+Mbps Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA CDMA ? Core Network PSTN PSTN PSTN, Packet network Packet network IP network (Internet)
- 3. 3 Convergence of High Speed Internet& Mobility • The Wireless Industry has grown at enormous pace over the past decade. • More than a billion subscribers to cellular services are enjoying the benefits of staying connected while on the move. • With the growth in Internet, a wide range of services are accessed by users through a wired infrastructure. • The introduction of mobile Internet brought about by the convergence of Mobile & Internet technologies is the future objective.
- 4. 4 Why 4G ? Limitations of 3G • Difficulty of CDMA to provide higher data rates • Need for continuously increasing data rate and bandwidth to meet the multimedia requirements • Limitation of spectrum and it’s allocation • Inability to roam between different services • To provide a seamless transport end-to-end mechanism • To introduce a better system with reduces cost
- 5. 5 What is 4G ? • Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. • The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks.
- 6. 6 What is 4G ? • The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-speed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. • The 4G will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This all-encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to wireless local loop and fixed wireless access to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network), all with IP as the integrating mechanism.
- 8. 8 Design Objectives • New service platform – Rapid deployment of new services – Easy development of new services • Seamless connection and handoff between heterogeneous access system • Information bit rate: 100Mbps (peak rate in mobile environment) and 1Gbps (peak rate in indoor environment) • System capacity: 10 times that of 3G • Cost: 1/10 to 1/100 per bit • Base station network: all IP • Transmission delay time: 50 ms or less
- 9. 9 4G needs to resolve it’s issues • Heterogeneous networks • Access, handoff • Location coordination, resource coordination • Adding new users • Support for multicasting • QoS, wireless security and authentication • Network failure backup • Pricing and billing
- 10. 10 Technologies Challenges: • Convergence/integration/inter-working of all existing and emerging fixed and mobile (wired and wireless) networks including broadcast IP Technology • Simple to select and easy to use desired Services Agent Technology • Universal and low cost terminals Reconfigurable Technology
- 11. 11 Quality of Service • Traffic generated by the different services will not only increase traffic loads on the networks, but will also require different quality of service (QoS) requirements (e.g., cell loss rate, delay, and jitter) for different streams (e.g., video, voice, data). • Providing QoS guarantees in 4G networks is a non-trivial issue where both QoS signaling across different networks and service differentiation between mobile flows will have to be addressed.
- 12. 12 Quality of Service • One of the most difficult problems that are to be solved, when it comes to IP mobility, is how to insure the constant QoS level during the handoff. • Depending on whether the new access router is in the same or some other subnetwork, we recognize the horizontal (intradomain) and vertical (interdomain) handoff. – Vertical handoff is the handoff between heterogeneous networks, such as between UMTS and WLAN. These heterogeneous networks can be Cellular Networks (UMTS, CDMA2000, and GSM), WiMAX, WLAN, and WPAN. – Handoff within the same network domain is called horizontal handoff.
- 13. 13 Quality of Service • However, the mobile terminal can not receive IP packets, while the process of handoff is finished. This time is called the handoff latency. • Handoff latency has a great influence on the flow of multimedia applications in real-time. • Mobile IPv6 have been proposed to reduce the handoff Mobile latency and the number of lost packets. • The field “Traffic Class” and “Flow Label” in IPv6 header enables the routers to secure the special QoS for packet series with marked priority.
- 14. 14 4G Mobility Management • The proposed mobility management architecture for 4G all-IP-based wireless systems is shown in Fig. 2. • In this architecture, different wireless networks are integrated through the network interworking agent (NIA). • The NIA can integrate several wireless networks belonging to different service providers. • It handles authentication, billing, and mobility management issues during intersystem (interdomain) roaming.
- 16. 16 4G Mobility Management • For intradomain mobility, existing micro- mobility management protocols can be used • For interdomain mobility a novel cross-layer mobility management protocol is proposed . • The basic idea of this protocol is early detection of the possibility of interdomain handoff and then to carry out authentication, authorization, and mobile IP registration of the MT in the next domain before the actual handoff.
- 17. 17 4G Mobility Management • These operations are carried out through the NIA, which has separate service level agreement (SLAs) with both domains. • In this mobility management architecture, interdomain handoff delay is comparable to that of intradomain handoff delay. • The NIA is used only during interdomain roaming. Once the MT moves into a new domain, the NIA is no longer involved. Hence, the load on NIA is minimal.
- 18. 18 Security • The heterogeneity of wireless networks complicates the security issue. • Dynamic reconfigurable, adaptive, and lightweight security mechanisms should be developed. • Security in wireless networks mainly involves authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and authentication, for the access of network connectivity and QoS resources for the mobile nodes flow. • AAA (Authentication Authorization Accounting) protocols provide a framework for such suffered especially for control plane functions and installing security policies in the mobile node such as encryption, decryption and filtering.
- 19. 19 Convergence of Cellular Networks and WLANs Benefits for Operators • Higher bandwidths. • Lower cost of networks and equipment. • The use of licence-exempt spectrum. • Higher capacity and QoS enhancement. • Higher revenue. Users • Access to broadband multimedia services with lower cost and where mostly needed. • Inter Inter-network roaming.
- 20. 20 Convergence of Mobile Communications & Broadcasting From broadcaster point of view • Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional point-to-multipoint broadcasting systems. From the cellular mobile operator point of view • Providing a complementary broadband downlink in vehicular environments to support IP-based multi-media traffic which is inherently asymmetrical.
- 21. 21 Convergence Benefits • Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to adapt the content of their multi- media services more rapidly in response to the feedback from customers. • Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of new broadband multi customers a range of new broadband multi-media services in vehicular environments. • Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multi-media services with reasonable QoS and lower cost.
- 22. 22 Re-configurable Technology • In order to use the large variety of services and wireless networks, multimode user terminals are essential as they can adapt to different wireless networks by reconfiguring themselves. • This eliminates the need to use multiple terminals (or multiple hardware components in a terminal). • The most promising way of implementing multimode user terminals is to adopt the software radio approach.
- 23. 23 Re-configurable Technology Challenges: • Regulatory and Standardization issues • Business models • User preference profiles • Inter-system handoff mechanisms and criteria • Software download mechanisms • Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators
- 24. 24 Re-configurable Technology Benefits for • Users – Select network depending on service requirements and cost. – Connect to any network– Worldwide roaming. – Access to new services. • Operators – Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing). – Incorporate service enhancements and improvements. – Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals. – Rapid development of new personalized and customized services. • Manufacturers – Single platform for all markets. – Increased flexible and efficient production.
- 25. 25 Personal Mobility • In addition to terminal mobility, personal mobility is a concern in mobility management. • Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of users instead of users’ terminals, and involves the provision of personal communications and personalized operating environments. • Once the user’s agent identifies user’s location, the caller’s agent can directly communicate with his agent.
- 26. 26 MULTIMEDIA – Video Services • 4G wireless systems are expected to deliver efficient multimedia services at very high data rates. • Basically there are two types of video services: bursting and streaming video services. • Streaming is performed when a user requires real- time video services, in which the server delivers data continuously at a playback rate. • Bursting is basically file downloading using a buffer and this is done at the highest data rate taking advantage of the whole available bandwidth.
- 27. 27 Applications • Virtual Presence: This means that 4G provides user services at all times, even if the user is off-site. • Virtual navigation: 4G provides users with virtual navigation through which a user can access a database of the streets, buildings etc. • Tele-geoprocessing applications: This is a combination of GIS (Geographical Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in which a user can get the location by querying.
- 28. 28 Applications • Tele-Medicine and Education: 4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. For people who are interested in life long education, 4G provides a good opportunity. • Crisis management: Natural disasters can cause break down in communication systems. In today’s world it might take days or 7 weeks to restore the system. But in 4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues in a few hours.
- 29. 29 Multiple Operators and Billing System • In today’s communication market, an operator usually charges customers with a simple billing and accounting scheme. • A flat rate based on subscribed services, call durations, and transferred data volume is usually enough in many situations. • With the increase of service varieties in 4G systems, more comprehensive billing and accounting systems are needed. • It is challenging to formulate one single billing method that covers all the billing schemes involved.
- 30. 30 CONCLUSION • As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. • 4G seems to be a very promising generation of wireless communication that will change the people’s life in the wireless world. • 4G is expected to be launched by 2010 and the world is looking forward to the most intelligent technology that would connect the entire globe.
- 31. 31 Questions ? • What can 4G do for us? • What are the main issues for 4G ? • What are the design objectives for 4G ?
- 32. 32 References [1] Eurotechology.com. 2006. “Fourth Generation Wireless Communications”. Tokyo, Japan. http://www.eurotechnology.com/4G/ [2] Odinma, A.C. “Next Generation Networks: Whence, Where, and Whither”. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 7(1):23-30, 2006. [3] Marcos Katz and Frank H.P. Fitzek “On the Definition of the Fourth Generation Wireless Communications Networks: The Challenges Ahead” INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CONVERGENT TECHNOLOGIES (IWCT) 2005 [4]Simone Frattasi, Hanane Fathi, Frank Fitzek, Marcos Katz, Ramjee Prasad, “A Pragmatic Methodology to Design 4G: From the User to the Technology, Fourth International Conference on Networking (ICN’05), Reunion Island, April 17-21, 2005. [5] Junhwan Kim, “A Framework for Scenario/Service Development and its Application to 4G”, The 12th WWRF, WG1, 2004. [6] Petteri Alahuhta, Marko Jurvansuu, Heikki Pentikäinen, ”Roadmap for Network Technologies and Services”, Technology Review 2004, TEKES, Finland (http://www.tekes.fi/julkaisut/Roadmap.pdf). [7] Special Issue on 4G Mobile Communication: “Toward Open Wireless Architecture, IEEE Wireless Communications, Vol.11, No. 2, April, 2004.