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- 1. Chapter 5:Chapter 5: Project Scope ManagementProject Scope Management Information TechnologyInformation Technology Project Management,Project Management, Fifth EditionFifth Edition
- 2. For the PHASE TEST Learn to use Calender You will be asked to create a Brunei Calender and apply it to the whole project
- 3. Learning Objectives Understand the elements that make good project scope management important Explain the scope planning process and describe the contents of a scope management plan Describe the process for developing a project scope statement using the project charter and preliminary scope statement Discuss the scope definition process and work involved in constructing a work breakdown structure using the analogy, top-down, bottom-up, and mind-mapping approaches Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 3
- 4. Learning Objectives (continued) Explain the importance of scope verification and how it relates to scope definition and control Understand the importance of scope control and approaches for preventing scope-related problems on information technology projects Describe how software can assist in project scope management Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 4
- 5. What is Project Scope Management? Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them A deliverable is a product produced as part of a project, such as hardware or software, planning documents, or meeting minutes Project scope management includes the processes involved in defining and controlling what work is or is not included in a project Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 5
- 6. Project Scope Management Processes Scope planning: deciding how the scope will be defined, verified, and controlled Scope definition: reviewing the project charter and preliminary scope statement and adding more information as requirements are developed and change requests are approved Creating the WBS: subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components Scope verification: formalizing acceptance of the project scope Scope control: controlling changes to project scope Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 6
- 7. Figure 5-1: Project Scope Management Summary Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 7
- 8. Scope Planning and the Scope Management Plan The scope management plan is a document that includes descriptions of how the team will prepare the project scope statement, create the WBS, verify completion of the project deliverables, and control requests for changes to the project scope Key inputs include the project charter, preliminary scope statement, and project management plan Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 8
- 9. What Went Right? Many financial service companies use customer relationship management (CRM) systems to improve their understanding of and responsiveness to customers A senior management team at the Canadian money management company Dynamic Mutual Funds (DMF) launched an enterprise-wide, national program to build and manage its customer relationships They needed a faster and more organized, highly participative approach, so they proposed a new seven- step concept called project scope design DMF won an eCustomer World Golden Award for world- class innovation Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 9
- 10. Table 5-1: Sample Scope Management Plan Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 10
- 11. Table 5-2: Sample Project Charter Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 11
- 12. Scope Definition and the Project Scope Statement The preliminary scope statement, project charter, organizational process assets, and approved change requests provide a basis for creating the project scope statement As time progresses, the scope of a project should become more clear and specific Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 12
- 13. Table 5-3: Further Defining Project Scope Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 200713
- 14. Project Scope Statement A project scope statement is an important document for developing and confirming a common understanding of the project scope. It describes in detail the work to be accomplished on the project It is an important tool for ensuring customer satisfaction and preventing scope creep.
- 15. Project Scope Statement Project Title: Date: Prepared by: Project Justification: . Product Characteristics and Requirements: 1… 2… Summary of Project Deliverables Project management-related deliverables: business case, charter, team contract, scope statement, WBS, schedule, cost baseline, status reports, final project presentation, final project report, lessons-learned report, and any other documents required to manage the project. Product-related deliverables: research reports, design documents, software code, hardware, etc. 1. .. 2… Project Success Criteria:
- 16. Media Snapshot Many people enjoy watching television shows like Changing Rooms or Trading Spaces, where participants have two days and $1,000 to update a room in their neighbor’s house. Since the time and cost are set, it’s the scope that has the most flexibility. Designers on these shows often have to change initial scope goals due to budget or time constraints. Although most homeowners are very happy with work done on the show, some are obviously disappointed. Unlike most projects where the project team works closely with the customer, homeowners have little say in what gets done and cannot inspect the work along the way… What happens when the homeowners don’t like the work that’s been done? The FAQ section of tlc.com says, “Everyone on our show is told upfront that there’s a chance they won’t like the final design of the room. Each applicant signs a release acknowledging that the show is not responsible for redecorating a room that isn’t to the owner’s taste.” Too bad you can’t get sponsors for most projects to sign a similar release form. It would make project scope management much easier! Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 16
- 17. Creating the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) A WBS is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project WBS is a foundation document that provides the basis for planning and managing project schedules, costs, resources, and changes Decomposition is subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces A work package is a task at the lowest level of the WBS Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 17
- 18. Often, the project team organizes the WBS around project products, project phases or the project management processes
- 19. Figure 5-2: Sample Intranet WBS Organized by Product Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 19
- 20. Figure 5-3: Sample Intranet WBS Organized by Project Phase Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 20
- 21. Table 5-4: Intranet WBS in Tabular Form 1.0 Concept 1.1 Evaluate current systems 1.2 Define Requirements 1.2.1 Define user requirements 1.2.2 Define content requirements 1.2.3 Define system requirements 1.2.4 Define server owner requirements 1.3 Define specific functionality 1.4 Define risks and risk management approach 1.5 Develop project plan 1.6 Brief Web development team 2.0 Web Site Design 3.0 Web Site Development 4.0 Roll Out 5.0 Support Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 21
- 22. Figure 5-4: Intranet WBS and Gantt Chart in Microsoft Project Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 22
- 23. Figure 5-5: Intranet Gantt Chart Organized by Project Management Process Groups Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 23
- 24. Table 5-5: Executing Tasks for JWD Consulting’s WBS Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 24
- 25. Approaches to Developing WBSs Using guidelines: some organizations, like the DOD, provide guidelines for preparing WBSs The analogy approach: review WBSs of similar projects and tailor to your project The top-down approach: start with the largest items of the project and break them down The bottom-up approach: start with the specific tasks and roll them up Mind-mapping approach: mind mapping is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 25
- 26. Figure 5-6: Sample Mind-Mapping Approach for Creating a WBS Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 26
- 27. Figure 5-7: Resulting WBS in Chart Form Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 27
- 28. The WBS Dictionary and Scope Baseline Many WBS tasks are vague and must be explained more so people know what to do and can estimate how long it will take and what it will cost to do the work A WBS dictionary is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item The approved project scope statement and its WBS and WBS dictionary form the scope baseline, which is used to measure performance in meeting project scope goals Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 28
- 29. Advice for Creating a WBS and WBS Dictionary* Skip *Cleland, David I. Project Management: Strategic Design and Implementation, 1994 Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 29
- 30. What Went Wrong? A project scope that is too broad and grandiose can cause severe problems Scope creep and an overemphasis on technology for technology’s sake resulted in the bankruptcy of a large pharmaceutical firm, Texas-based FoxMeyer Drug In 2001, McDonald’s fast-food chain initiated a project to create an intranet that would connect its headquarters with all of its restaurants to provide detailed operational information in real time; after spending $170 million on consultants and initial implementation planning, McDonald’s realized that the project was too much to handle and terminated it Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 30
- 31. Scope Verification It is very difficult to create a good scope statement and WBS for a project It is even more difficult to verify project scope and minimize scope changes Scope verification involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders Acceptance is often achieved by a customer inspection and then sign-off on key deliverables Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 31
- 32. Scope creep is the tendency for project scope to keep getting bigger and bigger. This is analogous to never finishing a race. Every time you are near to the finish line, it moves further. IT projects have failed due to scope problems such as scope creep. To prevent scope creep, it is important to define the project scope well, verify the project scope and develop a process for controlling scope changes.
- 33. Scope Control Scope control involves controlling changes to the project scope Goals of scope control are to: Influence the factors that cause scope changes Assure changes are processed according to procedures developed as part of integrated change control Manage changes when they occur Variance is the difference between planned and actual performance Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 33
- 34. The main input to scope control is the project scope statement, the project scope management plan, WBS, WBS dictionary, performance reports, work performance information and approved change requests. As described in Project Integration Management, to control scope changes, use tools such as a change control system and configuration management. Another tool to use is to perform variance analysis, the difference between planned and actual performance.
- 35. Best Practices for Avoiding Scope Problems 1. Keep the scope realistic: Don’t make projects so large that they can’t be completed; break large projects down into a series of smaller ones 2. Involve users in project scope management: Assign key users to the project team and give them ownership of requirements definition and scope verification 3. Use off-the-shelf hardware and software whenever possible: Many IT people enjoy using the latest and greatest technology, but business needs, not technology trends, must take priority 4. Follow good project management processes: As described in this chapter and others, there are well-defined processes for managing project scope and others aspects of projects Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 35
- 36. User input.. The user perspective is crucial to define a good project scope. Often the lack of user input leads to problems with managing scope creep and controlling change.
- 37. Suggestions for Improving User Input Develop a good project selection process and insist that sponsors are from the user organization Have users on the project team in important roles Have regular meetings with defined agendas, and have users sign off on key deliverables presented at meetings Deliver something to users and sponsors on a regular basis Don’t promise to deliver when you know you can’t Co-locate users with developers Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 37
- 38. Suggestions for Reducing Incomplete and Changing Requirements Develop and follow a requirements management process Use techniques such as prototyping, use case modeling, and JAD to get more user involvement Put requirements in writing and keep them current Create a requirements management database for documenting and controlling requirements Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 38
- 39. Suggestions for Reducing Incomplete and Changing Requirements (continued) Provide adequate testing and conduct testing throughout the project life cycle Review changes from a systems perspective Emphasize completion dates to help focus on what’s most important Allocate resources specifically for handling change requests/enhancements like NWA did with ResNet Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 39
- 40. Using Software to Assist in Project Scope Management Word-processing software helps create several scope-related documents Spreadsheets help to perform financial calculations and weighed scoring models, and develop charts and graphs Communication software like e-mail and the Web help clarify and communicate scope information Project management software helps in creating a WBS, the basis for tasks on a Gantt chart Specialized software is available to assist in project scope management Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 40
- 41. Chapter Summary Project scope management includes the processes required to ensure that the project addresses all the work required, and only the work required, to complete the project successfully Main processes include: Scope planning Scope definition Creating the WBS Scope verification Scope control Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007 41