5347991.ppt
- 2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 1) Define the following terms: Anatomy, Body system, Cell, Homeostasis, Organ, Physiology, Tissue 2) Identify various anatomical terms commonly used to refer to body 3) Identify 4 Body Positions 4) Identify 5 Body Cavities 5) Describe fundamentals of 11 Bodily Systems 6) Homeostasis. Why is it important?
- 3. Anatomy: Study of the Human Body’s Structure Physiology: Study of Human Mechanical, Physical, Biological Function Cells: basic unit of life--smallest structural and functional unity within a living thing Tissues: distinct materials in the body made up of specialized cells (muscle tissue, epithelial tissue: lining of organs) Organs: made up of tissues, fully differentiated (no two organs perform the exact same action) Body system: Group of organs that work with one another to perform a function (breathing, circulating blood, reproduction) Homeostasis: relatively stable equilibrium in all bodily systems: “the scientific definition of ‘healthy’” --John Mayer
- 5. Prone: lying face down Supine: lying face up…..“supine, spine” Fowler’s position: sitting up with knees bent Trendelenburg’s position: body supine with the head lower than feet Shock position: head and feet supine, legs are elevated, helps blood flow to brain Recovery position: unresponsive patient, no spine injury. Lying on side, opposite knee flexed, head cushioned on hand
- 7. More Directional Terms Superficial / Deep: toward skin surface / farther inside body Ventral / Dorsal: anterior / posterior surface of body Palmar: palm of hand Plantar: bottom of the foot
- 8. Terms for Movements ◦Flexion: bending ◦Extension: straightening ◦Hyper: beyond normal range of motion (injury) ◦Abduction: move extremity away from the body ◦Adduction: move extremity toward the body
- 9. Body Cavities Cavity: Hollow space in the body that houses vital organs and organ systems -Cranial Cavity -Spinal Cavity -Thoracic (Chest) Cavity -Abdominal Cavity -Pelvic Cavity
- 10. Cranial and Spinal Cavity: The Nervous System!!! ……………………………………………Are you nervous?
- 11. Nervous System -controls all activities of the body via sensory input voluntary: somatic nervous system involuntary: autonomic nervous system -Central Nervous System (CNS) brain and spinal cord cerebrum: rational thought, sensory perception cerebellum: coordinates movement brain stem: controls basic body functions (circulatory, respiratory, digestive function) -Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cable of nerve fibers that connect the spinal cord to bodily organs (Brachial plexus, lumbosacral plexus)
- 12. Nervous System 2 cerebrum cerebellum Brain stem Brachial plexus Lumbrosacral plexus Sensory nerves: carry info from the body to the CNS Motor nerves: carry info from the CNS to muscles Connecting nerves: connect sensory and motor
- 13. Spinal Column -33 vertebrae total, central supporting structure of the body, protects spinal cord (carries nerve messages from brain to the rest of the body) Cervical spine: VERY IMPORTANT “3,4,5 stay alive” C7 is most prominent Thoracic Spine: next 12 vertebrae, one pair of ribs attached to each vertebrae Lumbar spine: next 5 vertebrae Sacrum: 5 sacral vertebrae fused together, joined to illiac bones of the pelvis Coccyx: last 4 vertebrae, tailbone, commonly bruised / chipped
- 14. GI and Endocrine Systems: Abs Baby Liver, gallbladder Appendix Stomach, spleen Colon -small and large intestines in all quadrants
- 15. Gastrointestinal System ◦ Anatomy • Mouth • Esophagus • Stomach • Small and large intestine ◦ Physiology: help process food and water, extract necessary nutrients / energy • Saliva • Hydrochloric acid • Bile
- 16. Thorax: Chest Cavity -Contains heart, lungs, esophagus, great vessels (aorta and two venae cava) -formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae and the rib cage Xiphoid process Costal arch Angle of Louis Floating ribs (11, 12)
- 17. Retroperitoneal Region -“behind the chest wall” know: pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, urinary bladder -Pelvis: closed bony ring consists of 1) sacrum, 2) ilium, 3) ischium
- 18. The Endocrine System: glands in the body that secrete hormones (regulate blood sugar levels, control reproductive process) • Hypothalamus--secretes hormones that act on pituitary • Pituitary--”master” gland • Thyroid--metabolism, growth, development • Adrenals--epinephrine (“fight or flight” response) sympathetic nervous system (part of autonomous nervous system) -eye: promotes dilation -heart: increases rate and force of contraction -lungs: dilates bronchioles -penis: promotes ejaculation - Pancreas: endocrine NOT gastrointestinal
- 20. Respiratory System Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli (where CO2 - O2 exchange takes place)
- 21. Pleura: glossy tissue lining of lungs (outside) and chest cavity (inside) space in between--->pleural space Diaphragm: both a voluntary and involuntary muscle (striated, voluntary on deep breath, involuntary when we’re not consciously breathing) -inhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles (muscles between ribs) contract, ribs are raised up and out, thoracic cavity expands, low pressure allows air to rush in create vacuum -exhalation: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, ribs relax back in, pressure rises in lungs, air rushes out More on the Lungs
- 22. Circulatory System -collection of tubes that circulate blood (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins) and the heart -heart: muscular organ made of cardiac muscle (myocardium) each side is divided into upper and lower chambers (atrium and ventricle) -arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart -aorta: principal artery -veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart -vena cava: principal vein (superior-above heart, inferior-below heart) -capillaries: fine end of circulatory tubes, intersect with cells in bodily tissues, feeds O2 and removes CO2, metabolic waste
- 23. - Oxygen is carried primarily by the red blood cell's hemoglobin with a small amount dissolved in the blood. -Carbon dioxide is dissolved primarily in the plasma with a small amount carried by the red blood cells. Plasma also carries nutrients to tissues, also removes waste -White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system and help the body defend against infection. Along with specialized proteins, platelets are the component of blood used to form blood clots when bleeding.
- 25. The Skeletal System ◦ Anatomy • Long and flat bones • Skull and spinal column • Thorax • Pelvis • Upper and lower extremities ◦ Physiology • Structure to the body • Bone marrow makes blood cells ***PAGE 196 and 198: KNOW THESE BONES***
- 26. Extra skeletal stuff Shoulder girdle: the clavicle, the scapula, the humerus Sternum---Clavicle---Acromioclavicular joint (A/C joint)--- Acromion process---Humerus Foot: calcaneus (heel) metatarsal (middle foot) phalanges (toes) Hand: carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
- 27. Muscles
- 28. Types of Muscles Skeletal Muscle: attached to bone, also called striated -voluntary muscle: under direct voluntary control paralyzed muscle: muscle lacking nerve impulse because of broken connection / damaged nerves (voluntary control is lost) Smooth muscle: involuntary muscle -found in gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels, bronchi of the lungs (propels flow of blood, fluids) under same nervous system Cardiac muscle: own blood supply and it’s own electrical (stimulus) system; heart sets its own rhythm and rate without brain’s influence
- 29. Blood Pressure / Heartbeat Normal Heart Rates: Adult - 60-100 bpm, Child - 70-140 bpm, Newborns - 120-160 bpm Blood pressure: pressure that blood exerts against arterial walls (systole: muscular contraction phase / diastole: muscular relaxation phase) Major / important arteries: carotid (neck) radial (wrist) brachial (under bicep) femoral (inner thigh…yeahhhh) posterior tibial (inner heal…good for distal csms!) Perfusion: circulation of blood within a specific tissue or organ in adequate amounts to meet the cells needs. INADEQUATE PERFUSION = SHOCK!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- 30. The Skin You’re In: Integumentary System -Skin: the largest organ on the human body -3 major functions -Protect body from environment -Regulate body temperature -Receive nerve signals (sensory) -Regulates temp by vasoconstriction / vasodialation -Epidermis and Dermis: 2 major layers -Epidermis: sebacious glands secrete sebum, also pores -Dermis: sweat glands, nerves
- 31. The Other Bodily Systems Urinary System (kidney, urethra, bladder) filters and removes liquid waste, controls pH of blood, manages electrolyte balance Reproductive System: penis, testicles, prostate, urethra / vagina, ovaries, uterus. determines sex characteristics, Reproduction Lymphatic System: lymphnodes, white blood cells, spleen., removes excess interstitial fluid around cells into blood, removes foreign molecules / bacteria from tissues, from bloodstream, absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins from the intestines, and produces lymphocytes, a white blood cell
- 32. The 11 Bodily Systems Skeletal Muscular Cardiovascular Respiratory Digestive / Gastrointestinal Reproductive Integumentary (skin) Nervous Lymphatic Endocrine Urinary