LECTURE ONE.pptx edited by pantic miazga oguda
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY PERIS MACHARIA.
- 2. Slide 1.1 The Human Body – An Orientation • Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts • Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
- 3. Subdivisions of anatomy a) Gross anatomy= or macroscopic anatomy/ morphology/-topographic anatomy b) Histology= or microscopic anatomy/ histomorphology c) Embryology:- developmental anatomy d) Radiological anatomy- this is the transition from laboratory to the live anatomy in the ward set up. NB> All this have Clinical correlates
- 4. . • Gross Anatomy • Large structures • Easily observable • Spatial arrangement of target organs • Routes of drug administration
- 5. Slide 1.2b Anatomy – Levels of Study • Microscopic Anatomy • Very small structures • Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4
- 6. Slide 1.3 Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1
- 7. Slide 1.4 Organ System Overview • Integumentary • Forms the external body covering • Protects deeper tissue from injury • Synthesizes vitamin D • Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a
- 8. Slide 1.5 Organ System Overview • Skeletal • Protects and supports body organs • Provides muscle attachment for movement • Site of blood cell formation • Stores minerals Figure 1.2b
- 9. Slide 1.6 Organ System Overview • Muscular • Allows locomotion • Maintains posture • Produces heat Figure 1.2c
- 10. Slide 1.7 Organ System Overview • Nervous(CNS- brain and spinal cord and PNS(12 cranial,31pairs and autonomic nervous system) • Fast-acting control system • Responds to internal and external change • Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d
- 11. Slide 1.8 Organ System Overview • Endocrine • Secretes regulatory hormones • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism Figure 1.2e
- 12. Organ System Overview Slide 1.9 • Cardiovascular • Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes Figure 1.2f
- 13. Slide 1.10 Organ System Overview • Lymphatic • Comprises of vessels that withdraws excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the body's interstitial (intercellular) fluid compartment, filters it through lymph nodes, and returns it to the bloodstream • Disposes of debris • Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g
- 14. Slide 1.11 Organ System Overview • Respiratory • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h
- 15. Slide 1.12 Organ System Overview • Digestive • Breaks down food • Allows for nutrient absorption into blood • Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i
- 16. Slide 1.13 Organ System Overview • Urinary • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes • Maintains acid – base balance • Regulation of materials • Water • Electrolytes Figure 1.2j
- 17. Slide 1.14 Organ System Overview • Reproductive • Production of offspring Figure 1.2k
- 18. Slide 1.15 Necessary Life Functions • Maintain Boundaries • Movement • Locomotion • Movement of substances • Responsiveness • Ability to sense changes and react • Digestion • Break-down and delivery of nutrients
- 19. Slide 1.16a Necessary Life Functions • Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body • Production of energy • Making body structures • Excretion • Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
- 20. Slide 1.16b Necessary Life Functions • Reproduction • Production of future generation • Growth • Increasing of cell size and number
- 21. Slide 1.17a Survival Needs • Nutrients • Chemicals for energy and cell building • Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals • Oxygen • Required for chemical reactions
- 22. Slide 1.17b Survival Needs • Water • 60–80% of body weight • Provides for metabolic reaction • Stable body temperature • Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
- 23. Slide 1.18 Homeostasis • Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium • Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life • Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
- 24. Slide 1.19a Maintaining Homeostasis • The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems • Receptor • Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) • Sends information to control center
- 25. Slide 1.19b Maintaining Homeostasis • Control center • Determines set point • Analyzes information • Determines appropriate response • Effector • Provides a means for response to the stimulus
- 26. .
- 27. Slide 1.20a Feedback Mechanisms • Negative feedback • Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms • Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity • Works like a household thermostat
- 28. Feedback Mechanisms • Positive Feedback • Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther • In the body this occurs only in blood clotting and child birth
- 29. The Language of Anatomy Slide 1.21 • Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding • Exact terms are used for: • Position • Direction • Regions • Structures
- 30. What is anatomical position? • This is the position of standard reference when describing a human body. • It’s the standard used by clinicians when performing clinical examination on patients. The person stands upright with the: • Head, gaze (eyes), and toes directed anteriorly (forward). • Arms adjacent to the sides with the palms facing anteriorly. • Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel and the toes directed anteriorly.
- 32. Anatomical Planes • Anatomical descriptions - four imaginary planes • The median plane, is a longitudinal plane • Divides the body into right and left equal halves. • Sagittal planes are vertical planes parallel to the median plane dividing the body into right and left but unequal parts • Frontal (coronal) planes are vertical planes at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts • Transverse planes(axial planes) are transverse planes through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.
- 34. Body Planes Slide 1.26 Figure 1.6
- 35. Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1
- 36. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.23 Table 1.1 (cont)
- 37. • Anterior and posterior:- Represents front and back of the body respectively. • Ipsilateral represent:- Represents the same side of the body e.g. the left hand and foot are ipsilateral • Contralateral: Refers to the opposite side of the body e.g. the left hand and right foot are contralateral •In describing the HAND and FOOT the following terms are used For the hand, the palmar and dorsal surfaces are used in place of anterior and posterior. For the foot, the plantar and dorsal surfaces are used instead of lower and upper surfaces respectively.
- 38. Body Landmarks Slide 1.24 • Anterior Figure 1.5a
- 39. Body Landmarks Slide 1.25 • Posterior Figure 1.5b
- 40. Body Cavities Slide 1.27 Figure 1.7
- 41. TERMS RELATED TO MOVEMENT What is a joint?:-A site where two or more bones come together and articulate. 1. Flexion: Movement in a sagittal plane e.g. flexion of the elbow joint 2. Extension: Straightening the joint and usually takes place in opposite direction to flexion. 3. Lateral Flexion: Movement of the trunk in the coronal plane. 4. Abduction: Movement away from the midline 5. Rotation: It is a movement of a part of the body around its long axis. 6.Circumduction: Combined movements of Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. 7.Protraction: Specifically Jaw -move forward while retraction is to move backward. 8.Inversion: Movement of the foot so that the sole faces in the medial direction. 9.Eversion:- Is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction.
- 44. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM D The skeletal, articular (joints) and the muscular systems collectively constitute a super system, the locomotor apparatus because they must work together to produce locomotion of the body. into three areas of study including: 1. OSTEOLOGY:- study of bones 2. MYOLOGY:- study of muscles 3. ATHROLOGY:- study of joints A) Osteology The subdivisions of body skeleton: The skeleton is divided into two parts:- a) Axial skeleton:- Skull, verterbral column and thoracic cage. b)Appendicular skeleton:- Bones of the limbs.
- 47. Cartilage and Bones • The skeleton is composed of cartilages (avascular and flexible) and bones.(Compact) • All bones have a superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy medullary bone, except where the latter is replaced by a medullary (marrow) cavity. • The periosteum and perichondrium nourish the external aspects of the skeletal tissue of a bone and cartilage respectively.
- 48. BONE CLASSIFICATION • Bones are classified according to their shape(morphology) or method of development • Long bones are tubular (e.g., the humerus in the arm). • Short bones are cuboidal and are found only in the ankle (tarsus) and wrist (carpus). • Flat bones usually serve protective functions (e.g., those forming the cranium protect the brain). • Irregular bones (e.g., in the face) have various shapes other than long, short, or flat. • Sesamoid bones (e.g., the patella or knee cap) develop in tendons and occur where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs; they protect the tendons from excessive wear
- 49. Classification of bone according to their developmental origin (a)Intramembranous (Dermal) bone: Develops from direct transformation of condensed mesenchyme, e.g., bones of skull. (b)Intracartilaginous (Endochondral) bone: Replaces a preformed cartilage model, e.g., bones of limb and thoracic cage. (c) Membranocartilaginous bone: Develops partly in membrane and partly in cartilage, e.g., clavicle, mandible scapula.
- 50. A) LONG BONES Long bones: Characterized by elongated tubular shaft. Having a central medullary cavity and expanded articular ends (epiphyses), e.g., humerus, radius, femur etc. There are three main parts of long bones including: (a)Epiphysis: Ends of a long bone which ossifies from secondary centres. (b)Diaphysis:- shaft of a long bone which ossifies from a primary centre. (c)Metaphysis:- The epiphysial ends of diaphysis. It is the zone of active growth of bone.