INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf
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This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It discusses the different levels at which the human body can be organized, from the overall human down to cells. It also outlines the 11 organ systems that make up the human body and their basic functions. Additionally, it defines important anatomical terminology like the 3 body planes (coronal, sagittal, axial), anatomical directions (superior, inferior, etc.), and standard anatomical position. It also briefly describes the axial and appendicular skeleton, joints, and basic movements like flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. The goal is to provide learners with foundational knowledge of anatomical structures and terminology.
![Humans are composed of eleven (11) organ systems:
• cardiovascular/circulatory system - transports substances (e.g. oxygen [O2],
carbon dioxide [CO2], glucose, hormones) throughout the body
• integumentary system – provides protecting coverings to the body
• digestive system – processes food to provide nutrients (energy, biological building
blocks, and vitamins)
• muscular system – provides movement to the body
• endocrine system – produces hormones that signal cells, tissues, and organs
throughout the body
• lymphatic system - cleanses and returns tissue fluid to the
cardiovascular/circulatory system and provides adaptive immune responses
• nervous system – provides ability to interact with and interpret the environment
(both the inside and outside environments)
• skeletal system – provides framework for movement and protection of the organs
of the body
• reproductive systems (male and female) – produces offspring
• respiratory system – exchanges oxygen (O2) for carbon dioxide (CO2)
• urinary/excretory system – filters blood and discards waste products (wastes from
metabolism, foreign substances, etc.)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductiontohumananatomyz-231024183337-4b28ad3b/85/INTRODUCTION-TO-HUMAN-ANATOMY-pdf-4-320.jpg)
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY.pdf
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY Dr Musadiq Khan MBBS,MCPS®
- 2. Learning objectives Basic terminologies Organ Systems Anatomical Directions
- 3. ANATOMY→GREEK WORD→ CUTTING UP IT IS THE STUDY OF BODY PARTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH EACHOTHER. The structure of a human can be broken down based on levels of organization: human organ systems→ group of organs (Kidney Ureter Bladder/ Urogenital System Organs→ group of tissues (Kidney) Tissues→ group of cells (skin) Cells→ functional unit of life
- 4. Humans are composed of eleven (11) organ systems: • cardiovascular/circulatory system - transports substances (e.g. oxygen [O2], carbon dioxide [CO2], glucose, hormones) throughout the body • integumentary system – provides protecting coverings to the body • digestive system – processes food to provide nutrients (energy, biological building blocks, and vitamins) • muscular system – provides movement to the body • endocrine system – produces hormones that signal cells, tissues, and organs throughout the body • lymphatic system - cleanses and returns tissue fluid to the cardiovascular/circulatory system and provides adaptive immune responses • nervous system – provides ability to interact with and interpret the environment (both the inside and outside environments) • skeletal system – provides framework for movement and protection of the organs of the body • reproductive systems (male and female) – produces offspring • respiratory system – exchanges oxygen (O2) for carbon dioxide (CO2) • urinary/excretory system – filters blood and discards waste products (wastes from metabolism, foreign substances, etc.)
- 7. Branches of anatomy Gross anatomy Branch of anatomy which deals with macroscopic structures of the body. Histology/ Microscopic anatomy Study of structural differences of organs/body parts at microscopic level. Study of Cells → Cytology study of tissues → Histology
- 8. BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES Body PLANES Anatomical directions
- 9. Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) - A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) - A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. Axial Plane (Transverse Plane) - A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts. Median plane - Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves.
- 11. Directions of Anatomy Superior or cranial - toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity). Inferior or caudal - away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity).
- 12. Anterior or ventral - front (example, the kneecap is located on the anterior side of the leg). Posterior or dorsal - back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body).
- 13. Medial - toward the midline of the body (example, the middle toe is located at the medial side of the foot). Lateral - away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot).
- 14. Proximal - toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone). Distal - away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm).
- 16. STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION •Standing upright and facing forward. •Mouth closed with neutral facial expression. •Arms straight, hands held by the hips with palms facing forward. •Feet together and parallel, toes pointing forward It is used to properly identify the location of different structures.
- 18. Body Cavities The cavities, or spaces, of the body contain the internal organs, or viscera. The two main cavities are called the ventral and dorsal cavities. The ventral is the larger cavity and is subdivided into two parts (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) by the diaphragm, a dome- shaped respiratory muscle. Thoracic cavity The upper ventral, thoracic, or chest cavity contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and nerves. The thoracic cavity is bound laterally by the ribs (covered by costal pleura) and the diaphragm caudally (covered by diaphragmatic pleura). Abdominal and pelvic cavity The lower part of the ventral (abdominopelvic) cavity can be further divided into two portions: abdominal portion and pelvic portion. The abdominal cavity contains most of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands. The abdominal cavity is bound cranially by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally by the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity contains most of the urogenital system as well as the rectum. The pelvic cavity is bounded cranially by the abdominal cavity, dorsally by the sacrum, and laterally by the pelvis. Dorsal cavity The smaller of the two main cavities is called the dorsal cavity. As its name implies, it contains organs lying more posterior in the body. The dorsal cavity, again, can be divided into two portions. The upper portion, or the cranial cavity, houses the brain, and the lower portion, or vertebral canal houses the spinal cord.
- 20. Major Functions The skeletal system has many functions. Besides giving us our human shape and features, it: • Allows movement: Your skeleton supports your body weight to help you stand and move. Joints, connective tissue and muscles work together to make your body parts mobile. • Produces blood cells: Bones contain bone marrow. Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. • Protects and supports organs: Your skull shields your brain, your ribs protect your heart and lungs, and your backbone protects your spine. • Stores minerals: Bones hold your body’s supply of minerals like calcium and vitamin D.
- 21. There are 206 bones in an adult human skeleton. • Bones • Cartilage: This smooth and flexible substance covers the tips of your bones where they meet. It enables bones to move without friction (rubbing against each other). When cartilage wears away, as in arthritis, it can be painful and cause movement problems. • Joints: A joint is where two or more bones in the body come together. There are three different joint types. The types of joints are: • Immovable joints: Immovable joints don’t let the bones move at all, like the joints between your skull bones. • Partly movable joints: These joints allow limited movement. The joints in your rib cage are partly movable joints. • Movable joints: Movable joints allow a wide range of motion. Your elbow, shoulder, and knee are movable joints. • Ligaments: Bands of strong connective tissue called ligaments hold bones together. • Tendons: Tendons are bands of tissue that connect the ends of a muscle to your bone.
- 23. There are also some differences in the male and female skeleton. The male skeleton is usually longer and has a high bone mass. The female skeleton, on the other hand, has a broader pelvis to accommodate for pregnancy and child birth.
- 24. The skeletal system can be broken down into two parts, known as the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
- 25. The axial skeleton of the adult consists of 80 bones, including the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. The skull is formed by 22 bones. Also associated with the head are an additional seven bones, including the hyoid bone and the ear ossicles (three small bones found in each middle ear). The vertebral column consists of 24 bones, each called a vertebra, plus the sacrum and coccyx. The thoracic cage includes the 12 pairs of ribs, and the sternum, the flattened bone of the anterior chest.
- 26. The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton. There are 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult.
- 29. Flexion and extension When talking about flexion and extension, we are usually referring to these movements as they occur about the coronal axis, and along the sagittal plane. Flexion refers to decreasing a joint angle, and extension to increasing the joint angle back to resting anatomical position. Extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. Extension of the knee straightens the lower limb.
- 31. Abduction and Adduction Abduction is a movement away from the midline – just as abducting someone is to take them away. For example, abduction of the shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the body. Adduction is a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together.
- 32. Flexion Bending Extension Straightening Abduction Moving away from the reference axis Adduction Bringing closer to the reference axis Protrusion Forward Retrusion Backward Elevation Superiorly to the reference axis Depression Inferiorly to the reference axis Lateral rotation Rotation away from the midline Medial rotation Rotation toward the midline Pronation Medial rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing posteriorly (if in anatomical position) or inferiorly (if elbow is flexed) Supination Lateral rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing anteriorly (if in anatomical position) or superiorly (if elbow is flexed) Mnemonic: 'Supinate to the Sun and Pronate to the Plants' (Supinate: palm towards the Sun, Pronate: palm towards the Plants) Circumduction Combination of: flexion, abduction, extension, adduction Deviation Ulnar and radial abduction of the wrist Opposition Bringing the thumb in contact to a finger Reposition Separating the thumb from the digits Inversion Plantar side toward the medial plane Eversion Plantar side away from the medial plane
- 33. Which plane of section would divide the body into anterior and posterior portions a) Horizontal b) Coronal c) Sagittal d) parasagittal
- 34. Which of the following normal positions that describe someone posed in anatomical position? a) sitting comfortably with the hands on the knees b) lying on one’s side c) standing at attention d) standing on one leg
- 35. Raising the entire arm up to the side until overhead describes: A. abduction B. extension C. flexion D. rotation
- 36. Straightening the knee to stand up from a sitting position describes: A. adduction B. rotation C. abduction D. extension
- 37. A group of tissues is known as Cell Organ System Organ None of above
- 38. ASSIGNEMENT Define PLANES & DIRECTIONS Of Human Body. Submit before next class.