![5.1 Repetition
Jen Abydeera, 27, and Stuart Gilby, 22, . . . are convinced they wouldn’t be a
couple if Jen had done things the [He’s Just Not That Into You] way when they
first met. ‘Stu was quiet and shy, while I was more confident and forward,’ says
Jen. ‘He was more reluctant than I was to ask questions or to initiate a date. I
would be the one to say to him: “When do you want to go out, then?”’ (ibid.)
Repetition refers to words that are repeated in a
text. This includes words which are inflected for
tense or number and words which are derived from
particular items such as ‘Stuart’ and ‘Stu’ in the
following example:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/6discoursegrammar-211116202144/85/6-discourse-grammar-20-320.jpg)
6) discourse grammar
- 1. Discoures Grammar Presented by: Ata Mohammed Saeed Supervised by: Mohammed Ahmad Nazhad In the Name Of Allah 1st half of Chapter 6 Sunday, 7th Nov 2021
- 2. OUTLINE Warm Up Questions INTRODUCTION 1. Grammar from a discourse perspective 2. The texture of a text (Unity of texture ) 3. Cohesion and discourse 4. Reference: ● Anaphoric reference ● Cataphoric reference ● Exophoric reference ● Homophoric reference ● Comparative and bridging reference 5. Lexical cohesion ● Repetition ● Synonymy ● Antonymy ● Hyponymy and Meronymy 6. Collocation ● Expectancy relations ● Lexical bundles 7. Conjunction
- 3. Warm up Questions What is Discourse Grammar? How do we conduct a grammatical analysis in this approach? How is Discourse Grammar different from traditions of grammar? How/ why is discourse grammar useful?
- 4. What’s Discourse Grammar? Background Traditional explanation of Grammar is sentence-based. It ignores “the grammatical selection” in longer, real-world texts. Introduction
- 5. Discourse Grammar is an approach To "analyzing grammar as an aspect of discourse rather than as something that operates only within the boundaries of the clause or sentence." What’s Discourse Grammar? (Hughes & McCarthy,1998)
- 6. ● Discourse grammar studies how grammatical elements are used in spoken and written discourse, rather than in isolated sentences. ● How, why and where is an element used in discourse? ● How do we conduct a grammatical analysis in this approach? What’s Discourse Grammar?
- 7. A collection of naturally occuring language ( written and spoken discourse) Discourse Grammar is based on corpus data.
- 8. Discourse grammar; some example: 1. Grammar from a Discourse Perspective Consider these three words: this , that , it Demonstrative: this, that Pronouns: it These words perform different discourse functions (MacCarthy,1994)
- 9. 2. The texure of a text The notion of texture was introduced by Halliday and Hasan to express the property of being a text. A text has texture and this is what distinguishes it from something that is not a text. Hasan (1989a, 1989b) discusses two crucial attributes of texts and which are important for the analysis of Discourse. These are (Unity of structure and Unity of texture)
- 10. Unity of structure refers to patterns which combine together to create information structure, focus and flow in a text, including the schematic structure of the text. Unity of texture refers to the way in which resources such as patterns of cohesion create both cohesive and coherent texts.
- 11. 3. Cohesion and discourse Cohesion refers to the relationship between items in a text such as words, phrases and clauses and other items such as pronouns, nouns and conjunctions. This includes the relationship between words and pronouns that refer to that word (reference items). It also includes words that commonly co-occur in texts (collocation) and the relationship between words with similar, related and different meanings (lexical cohesion). Cohesion also considers semantic relationships between clauses and the ways this is expressed through the use of conjunctions.
- 12. 4. Reference Anaphoric reference Cataphoric reference Exophoric reference Homophoric reference Comparative and bridging reference refers to the situation where the identity of an item can be retrieved from either within or outside the text. The main reference patterns are:
- 13. 4.1 Anaphoric reference He’s Just Not That Into You: The No-excuses Truth to Understanding Guys (Behrendt and Tuccillo 2004 ) Anaphoric reference is where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase used earlier in a text.
- 14. 4.2 Cataphoric reference It seems everyone’s read that self-help book: Greg Behrendt and Liz Tuccillo’s He’s Just Not That Into You. (ibid.) describes an item which refers forward to another word or phrase which is used later in the text.
- 15. 4.3 Exophoric reference Customer: What kind of book would you say this is? Where would you put it on your bookshelves? Exophoric reference looks outside the text to the situation in which the text occurs for the identity of the item being referred to.
- 16. 4.4 Homophoric reference First in the US, then all over the world, women became converts to the book’s tough-love message. (ibid.) Homophoric reference is where the identity of the item can be retrieved by reference to cultural knowledge, in general, rather than the specific context of the text
- 17. 4.5 Comparative and bridging reference When it was published late last year, Oprah sang its praises, tearful women called it ‘the Bible’, and others declared it had changed their lives forever. The book assumes all men are confident, or that if they really like a girl, they’ll overcome their shyness. The opposite is true. (Cooper 2005: S38) Comparative reference: ‘the identity of the presumed item is retrieved not because it has already been mentioned or will be mentioned in the text, but because an item with which it is being compared has been mentioned’ (Eggins 2004 : 35).
- 18. 4.5 Comparative and bridging reference Stuart agrees. ‘I was hopeless’, he says with a laugh. ‘I’m just not one of those blokes that finds approaching women easy.’ (Cooper 2005: S38) A bridging reference (Martin 1992 , Martin and Rose 2007 ) is where an item refers to something that has to be inferentially derived from the text or situation; that is, something that has to be presumed indirectly.
- 19. 5. Lexical cohesion repetition synonymy antonymy hyponymy meronomy Lexical cohesion refers to relationships in meaning between lexical items in a text and, in particular, content words and the relationship between them. The main kinds of lexical cohesion are:
- 20. 5.1 Repetition Jen Abydeera, 27, and Stuart Gilby, 22, . . . are convinced they wouldn’t be a couple if Jen had done things the [He’s Just Not That Into You] way when they first met. ‘Stu was quiet and shy, while I was more confident and forward,’ says Jen. ‘He was more reluctant than I was to ask questions or to initiate a date. I would be the one to say to him: “When do you want to go out, then?”’ (ibid.) Repetition refers to words that are repeated in a text. This includes words which are inflected for tense or number and words which are derived from particular items such as ‘Stuart’ and ‘Stu’ in the following example:
- 21. 5.2 Synonymy ‘I’m just not one of those blokes that finds approaching women easy. The book assumes all men are confident, or that if they really like a girl, they’ll overcome their shyness. The opposite is true.’ (ibid.) Synonymy refers to words which are similar in meaning such as ‘date’ and ‘go out’ in the above example and ‘blokes’ and ‘men’ in the following example:
- 22. 5.3 Antonymy Andy Stern, 28, a builder, says he’s worried the book will drive women towards dodgy men. ‘Only real players do full-on charm,’ he says. ‘The rest of us are boofheads. We often do nothing at all, and just hope girls notice that we like them.’ (ibid.) Antonymy describes opposite or contrastive meanings such as ‘shy’ and ‘forward’ in the earlier text and ‘women’ and ‘men’, ‘real players’ and ‘boofheads’ in the following text:
- 23. 5.4 Hyponymy Self-help Book Hyponymy refers to classes of lexical items where the relationship between them is one of ‘general- specific’, ‘an example of’ or in a ‘class to member’ type relationship. This relationship could be represented diagrammatically as shown below in this Figure: He’s Just Not That Into You I’m Ok, You’re Ok You Can Let Go Now : It’s Ok to Be Who You Are Ready or Not, Here Life Comes Be Honest: You’re Not That Into Him Either
- 24. 5.5 Meronymy Jen Meronymy is where lexical items are in a ‘whole to part’ relationship with each other, such as the relationship between ‘Jen’ and ‘Stuart’ in relation to the item ‘couple’. ‘Jen’ and ‘Stuart’ are co-meronyms of the superordinate item ‘couple’. He’s Just Not That Into You Couple Stuart
- 25. Field-grown crops Further example of hyponymy (Paltridge 1998: 265) corn ear wheat corn sorghum Spring wheat Further example of meronymy (ibid.) tassell polien silk kernal Pollen tube
- 26. 6. Collocation Collocation describes associations between vocabulary items which have a tendency to co-occur such as combinations of adjectives and nouns, as in ‘real estate agent’, the ‘right direction’ and ‘Aussie men’ in the following example Sarah Hughes, 21, a real-estate agent, agrees that Aussie men need more help than most when it comes to romance. ‘They’re useless! They need a good push in the right direction. I loved the book and its message about not wasting your time – but if a man’s shy there’s no way it’ll happen unless you do the asking.’ (Cooper 2005: S38)
- 27. 6.1 Expectancy relations Art classes You can do just about anything in the name of art. Try asking a cute guy to sit as your model, and if he still doesn’t take the hint, you can literally draw him a picture. Take a free life- drawing class at the Art House Hotel. Online dating Hand out as many kisses as you like – virtual ones, that is. Dating sites are all about being proactive and choosing your best match. (Sun-Herald, 6 February 2005, p. S38) This occurs where there is a predictable relationship between a verb and either the subject or the object of the verb. These relations link nominal elements with verbal elements (e.g. love/book, waste/time) Expectancy can also refer to the relationship between individual lexical items and the composite nominal group that they form (e.g. art/classes, life/drawing, online/dating):
- 28. 6.2 Lexical Bundles Lexical bundles are multi-word combinations such as as a result of, on the other hand, if you look at and as can be seen that occur in genres such as university textbooks (Biber, Conrad and Cortes 2004 , Biber 2006 ),and etc. Byrd and Coxhead ( 2010 ) define lexical bundles as three or more words that occur in fixed or semi-fixed combinations ‘that are repeated without change for a set number of times in a particular corpus’
- 29. 7. Conjunction Conjunctions are described by Halliday and Hasan ( 1976 ) under the groupings of additive, adversative, causal and temporal conjunctions. Martin ( 1992 ) and Martin and Rose ( 2007 ) discuss conjunctions under the categories of additive, comparative, temporal and consequential conjunctions, extending Halliday and Hasan’s work in this area.
- 30. Comparative conjunctions include ‘whereas’, ‘but’, ‘on the other hand’, ‘likewise’ and ‘equally’, drawing on the notion of comparison in both a positive and negative sense. Additive conjunctions include ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘moreover’, ‘in addition’ and ‘alternatively’. That is, they draw on the notion of ‘addition’ in both a positive and a contrastive sense. Temporal conjunctions include items such as ‘while’, ‘when’, ‘after’, ‘meanwhile’, then’, ‘finally’ and ‘at the same time’. Consequential conjunctions include items such as ‘so that’, ‘because’, ‘since’, ‘thus’, ‘if’, ‘therefore’, ‘in conclusion’ and ‘in this way’.
- 31. Thank you atta.saeed@gmail.com +9647701567124 M.A ( student) in English language Teaching University of Kurdistan Sunday 7th Nov 2021