6. infection control
- 2. INFECTION CONTROL INFECTION • The spread of diseases and prevention: – Preventing the spread of disease depends on how the disease is transmitted and the source of the infection. – Germs, also called microorganisms, are tiny living particles. – They can be found anywhere: in the air, on the ground, in our bodies. – Pathogens—the germs that cause diseases—often live in a specific environment. – Some diseases are spread by touching objects that an infected person has touched. – Other diseases are spread when you come into contact with the body fluids of an infected person, for example blood or saliva.
- 3. INFECTION CONTROL INFECTION • Sources of infection: – Air – Eating and drinking utensils – Dressings – Food – Personal hygiene equipment – Insects – Water – Direct contact – Animals
- 4. INFECTION CONTROL PREVENTION • Healthy Consumers: – Healthy Consumers with healthy immune systems will stay healthy because their immune system will fight the germs. – To help the body fight off diseases, there are simple things you can do every day.
- 5. INFECTION CONTROL PREVENTION • You can reduce the spread of germs by: – Washing your hands after urinating, having a bowel movement, or changing tampons, sanitary napkins or pads. – Washing your hands after contact with any body fluid or substance, whether it is your own or another person’s. – Washing your hands before handling, preparing, or eating food. – Washing fruits and raw vegetables before eating or serving them.
- 6. INFECTION CONTROL PREVENTION • You can reduce the spread of germs by: – Covering the nose and mouth when coughing, sneezing or blowing the nose. – Bathing, washing hair, and brushing teeth regularly. – Washing cooking and eating utensils with soap and water after use. – Germs multiply rapidly in warm, dark, moist environments so keep those areas on a person’s body (for example, groin folds) and in living areas (shower corners) clean.
- 7. INFECTION CONTROL PREVENTION • Hand Washing: – Hand washing is one of the easiest and most effective ways to prevent the spread of infection when proper techniques are used at the appropriate times when working with Consumers. – It is imperative that all steps are demonstrated for proper hand washing techniques.
- 8. INFECTION CONTROL PREVENTION • Wash your hands: – Immediately upon arrival and before leaving a Consumer’s home. – Immediately if contaminated by blood or any other bodily fluid. – Before and after contact with a new Consumer. – Before and after use of gloves. – After handling soiled linens or waste. – Before and after contact with any wounds. – After using the restroom.
- 9. INFECTION CONTROL PREVENTION • People are at greater risk for getting infections if: – They have weakened immune systems such as very young or elderly persons. Young children have not yet developed a strong immune system. The immune system becomes less efficient as a person ages. – They have an existing chronic illness. – They are on medication that suppresses the immune system (for example, organ transplant patients). – They are on prednisone or similar medications. – They have HIV/AIDS. – They are not eating healthy foods, not sleeping enough, and are under increased stress.
- 10. INFECTION CONTROL PRECAUTIONS • Universal precautions: – Universal precautions, sometimes called standard precautions, are infection control procedures. – As a DCW, you use precautions every day: – Washing your hands properly. – Keeping your work environment clean. – Using Personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves.
- 11. INFECTION CONTROL PRECAUTIONS • Universal precautions: – Designed to prevent health care workers from transferring infections to patients, and from infecting themselves. – Disease causing agents may be present in body substances, even when a person does not look or act sick. – Therefore, universal precautions should be used whenever you come into contact with body fluids from any other person.
- 12. INFECTION CONTROL PRECAUTIONS • Universal precautions: – The purpose of universal precautions is to prevent or minimize exposure to blood borne pathogens. To be safe, universal precautions apply to any fluid emitted from the body. – Approach all Consumers as if they were HIV or HBV infectious. – Universal precautions apply to tissues, blood, and other body fluids containing visible bloods. – Blood is the single most important source of HIV, HBV, and other blood borne pathogens in the workplace.
- 13. INFECTION CONTROL PRECAUTIONS • Universal precautions: – Plan ahead when you are working with a Consumer and use the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves. – Know the limitations of the PPE you are using, when the equipment can protect you and when it cannot. – Do not recap needles. Do not break or otherwise manipulate needles. – Place contaminated sharps in puncture-resistant containers. – Wash hands immediately after contamination or removing gloves.
- 14. INFECTION CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT • Gloves and Other (PPE): – Such as disposable gloves, allows you to create a barrier between yourself and germs. – By using disposable gloves you are preventing the spread of infectious diseases like the common cold, the flu, MRSA or HIV, just to name a few. – Wearing gloves is not just for your protection but the protection of others as well.
- 15. INFECTION CONTROL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT • Disposable gloves should be worn when: – Touching blood or body fluids. – You or the Consumer you are caring for has cuts, sores or other skin openings. – There is possible contact with feces, urine, vomit or wound drainage. – Handling soiled clothing or linens. – Cleaning the bathrooms.
- 16. INFECTION CONTROL HANDLING OF WASTES • Handling of wastes: – Body wastes such as urine need to be flushed down the toilet. – Soiled incontinent pads or disposable gloves need to be placed in plastic bags, tied, and taken out to trash immediately so that they do not create odors or grow bacteria in the home. – Mop water needs to be flushed down the toilet or thrown outside—never put it down the kitchen sink.
- 17. INFECTION CONTROL HANDLING OF LINENS • Linens: – If feces or vomit are present in laundry, put on gloves. – Put linens or clothes in a plastic bag, don’t put them on the floor. – Take them to the toilet. – Rinse off the large solids in the toilet and put the items back into the plastic bag. – Wash linens and clothes immediately, separately from the rest of the household laundry. – Add bleach if clothes can be bleached. Otherwise, just dry them completely in the dryer. – The heat of the dryer will kill the bacteria. Hanging clothes out on a clothesline will also kill the bacteria.
- 18. INFECTION CONTROL SHARPS • Home medical sharps disposal: – In a person’s home, you may see syringes, needles or lancets. – They are used by Consumers with certain medical conditions. – These items are called sharps and need to be disposed properly.
- 19. INFECTION CONTROL SHARPS • Home medical sharps disposal: – Do not touch sharps (for example, syringes) with your bare hands. – Use gloves, and if possible use a tool to pick them up. – Sharps need to be thrown away properly so that nobody is injured or infected. – This includes DCWs and garbage haulers. – Ask your supervisor if you are responsible for disposing of sharps.
- 20. INFECTION CONTROL SHARPS • Follow these guidelines for Arizona: – Use a purchased medical sharps container (from a pharmacy or health care provider) or a heavy-plastic or metal container. – Do not use a clear or glass container. – The containers should be puncture-proof with a tight-fitting lid. – Household containers such as plastic detergent bottles can be used if the following precautions are observed:
- 21. INFECTION CONTROL SHARPS • Follow these guidelines for Arizona: – Write the words "Not Recyclable" on the container with a black indelible marker. – This helps to ensure the container will not be inadvertently mingled with recyclable materials. – Fill the medical sharps container to approximately 3/4 full. – Do not over-stuff the container. – Keep out of reach of children and pets. – When full, use heavy-duty tape to secure the lid to the container. – Then throw away with regular trash. – Always wash your hands after handling or touching medical sharps.
- 22. INFECTION CONTROL CLEANING THE ENVIRONMENT Universal cleaning and disinfecting solution – bleach diluted 1:10 – One part bleach to 10 parts water (1:10) means that whatever measuring device you use (1/3 cup, 1 cup, a tablespoon), you mix 1 measure of bleach and 10 measures of water. – For example, you could pour 1/4-cup of bleach and ten 1/4-cups of water (2-1/2 cups) into a spray bottle and label the bottle.
- 23. INFECTION CONTROL CLEANING THE ENVIRONMENT • Cleaning the Environment: – Contact time (the amount of time needed for the bleach to work) is the amount of time it takes the surface to air dry after you have sprayed it with the bleach solution. – Bleach can act as a sanitizer in stronger solutions or a disinfectant in a weaker solution. – However, remember that fragile skin can be very sensitive to bleach and water solution. – If a Consumer gets the solution on his/her skin, flush the area with water. Bleach solution needs to be put into a spray bottle, labeled, and a fresh supply made every 24 hours.
- 24. INFECTION CONTROL BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS • Common blood borne pathogens: – Blood borne pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms present in human blood or other potentially infectious material. – These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). – According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), hepatitis C is the most common chronic blood borne infection in the United States. – Some symptoms are similar for these diseases, but not all.
- 25. INFECTION CONTROL BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS Symptoms of Hepatitis B and C: Symptoms of HIV: • Flu-like • Flu-like • Fever • Fever • Lack of energy • Weight loss • Dark urine • Rash • Yellow skin & sclera • Diarrhea • Abdominal discomfort • Night sweats • Swollen lymph nodes
- 26. INFECTION CONTROL BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS • Preventing the spread of hepatitis B & C: – Hepatitis B & C are spread through contact with the blood of an infected person. Sharing of needles, syringes and other equipment used in intravenous drug use can spread the disease. – Do not share razors, toothbrushes or other personal care articles that may have blood on them. – Rarely, it may be spread by unprotected sex. – Hepatitis C is NOT spread by breast feeding, hugging, kissing, food or water, sharing eating utensils or drinking glasses, casual contact, sneezing, coughing. – DCWs should follow barrier precautions and use caution with needles, syringes and other sharps.
- 27. INFECTION CONTROL BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS • Hepatitis B Vaccination: – The Vaccination is part of an OSHA recommendation. – The vaccination must be offered within 10 days of initial assignment to a job where exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials can be "reasonably anticipated.― – The hepatitis B vaccination is a noninfectious, yeast-based vaccine given in three injections in the arm. – There is no risk of contamination from other blood borne pathogens nor is there any chance of developing HBV from the vaccine.
- 28. INFECTION CONTROL BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS • Hepatitis B Vaccination: – The second injection should be given one month after the first, and the third injection six months after the initial dose. – More than 90 percent of those vaccinated will develop immunity to the hepatitis B virus. – To ensure immunity, it is important for Consumers to receive all three injections. – At this point it is unclear how long the immunity lasts, so booster shots may be required at some point in the future.
- 29. INFECTION CONTROL BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS • How HIV is spread: – Having unprotected anal, vaginal, or oral sex with one who is infected with HIV. – Sharing needles or syringes with someone who is infected with HIV. – Mothers to their babies before the baby is born, during birth, or through breastfeeding.
- 30. INFECTION CONTROL BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS • How HIV is NOT spread: – You don't get HIV from the air, food, water, insects, animals, dishes, knives, forks, spoons, toilet seats, or anything else that doesn't involve blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast milk. – You don't get HIV from feces, nasal fluid, saliva, sweat, tears, urine, or vomit, unless these have blood mixed in them. – You can help people with HIV eat, dress, even bathe, without becoming infected yourself.
- 31. INFECTION CONTROL TUBERCULOSIS • Tuberculosis (TB): – Tuberculosis (TB) is still a problem. Eight million new cases occur each year in the world. In the U.S., the 30-year decline in TB cases has ended. – Since 1985, the number of U.S. cases reported each year has remained above 22,000. – Millions of people have TB infection and have no symptoms of the disease, but they can transmit the disease to others. An estimated 10-15 million persons in the U.S. are infected with TB bacteria. – That is why TB screening is needed, especially for those who work in a health care setting.
- 32. INFECTION CONTROL TUBERCULOSIS • Those at high risk include: – People living in substandard housing and the homeless. – Immigrants from areas where TB is common. – Residents of supervised living facilities and group homes (especially nursing homes). – Prisoners. – People who have immunosuppressant diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, or those who have had a recent organ transplant. – IV drug abusers.
- 33. INFECTION CONTROL TUBERCULOSIS • Health care workers: – TB is transmitted via the airborne route. This means that the TB pathogens are in the air and can be inhaled. – Repeated, prolonged exposure is usually necessary to contract TB. – The disease is not spread through sharing belongings or touching something that a sick person has touched.
- 34. INFECTION CONTROL TUBERCULOSIS • Symptoms of the disease include: – Cough – Fatigue – Weakness – Fever – Weight loss – Night sweats – Blood in sputum
- 35. INFECTION CONTROL TUBERCULOSIS • Screening with a skin test: – If the result of the skin test is positive, it means you have been exposed to TB bacteria. – THIS DOES NOT MEAN YOU HAVE AN ACTIVE CASE OF TB. – You will need to seek medical advice to see if you have active TB. – Once you have a positive skin test, you will need a chest x-ray to screen for the presence of TB even if you are healthy. – A chest x-ray and possibly a sputum analysis are done to determine if TB disease is present and what kind of treatment is indicated. – In some areas, active TB cases are reported to the county health department.