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- 1. Marketing and the 7Ps A brief summary of marketing and how it works www.cim.co.uk/marketingresources © The Chartered Institute of Marketing 2005 www.cim.co.uk/knowledgehub | 1
- 2. Marketing and the 7Ps: A brief summary of marketing and how it works ONE What is marketing? he Chartered Institute of Every product we buy, every store we T Marketing offers the following definition for marketing: “Marketing is visit, every media message we receive, every choice we make in our consumer Marketing is the the management process responsible society has been shaped by the forces management process for identifying, anticipating and of marketing. The marketing process is responsible for satisfying customer requirements central to the business performance of identifying, profitably.” companies, large and small, because it anticipating and addresses the most important aspects satisfying customer It’s a bit of a mouthful, but it highlights of the competitive marketplace. requirements that the customer is at the heart of profitably. marketing, and businesses ignore this Today, as competitive pressures — CIM definition at their peril. increase, marketing skills have never been more highly valued by In essence, the marketing function is organisations in both the public and the study of market forces and factors private sectors. What was once seen and the development of a company’s as a departmental activity within position to optimise its benefit from companies is now regarded as a them. It is all about getting the right frontline business attitude of mind for product or service to the customer at all employees. Marketing has played the right price, in the right place, at the a key role in many recent business right time. Both business history and success stories — from current practice remind us that without pharmaceuticals to airlines, sports proper marketing, companies cannot brands to food and drink, business- get close to customers and satisfy to-business companies to small, their needs. And if they don’t, a niche players. competitor surely will. The marketing professionals who Marketing is sometimes wrongly shape and implement marketing defined within the narrow context of strategy contribute directly to the advertising or selling, but this is not the economic wealth of a nation. Their whole story. Marketing is a key skills attract and retain customers, management discipline that enables build sales and generate profits which the producers of goods and services to can then be reinvested as part of a interpret customer wants, needs and cycle of prosperity. desires — and match, or exceed them, in delivery to their target consumers. © The Chartered Institute of Marketing 2009 www.cim.co.uk/marketingresources | 2
- 3. Marketing and the 7Ps: A brief summary of marketing and how it works TWO Why marketing? o if you are already ‘doing’ you to identify which activities are S marketing, what’s the problem? The issue is that not realising that effective and under what circumstances. You can then plan to Applying a simple you’re ‘doing’ marketing makes it less use them again when appropriate. marketing framework likely that you can repeat the activity enables you to The advice elsewhere in this article consistently over time. It’s not such an identify which gives reasonable, practical obvious problem when your activities are suggestions for marketing that will organisation is very small, but effective and under enable you to build on what you are marketing 'on the hoof’ becomes less what circumstances. already doing. feasible as you grow. Applying a simple marketing framework enables Marketing for small businesses “I run a small business — how can I spare resources for marketing?” If you are in a small to medium size enterprise (SME), the chances are that you are already carrying out more marketing than you think. This is because marketing is often seen by small businesses as equivalent to selling, promotion and advertising. In reality, it covers a much broader range of activities, many of which small businesses do without calling them marketing. Think about what you do. You probably make a particular effort to know your customers well. Your instincts tell you that getting to know what customers want on an individual basis, and providing it, is what will keep you in business. You know that you can’t stand still, and that you need to improve and extend existing products, and sometimes develop new ones. If this description rings true, your marketing activity closely fits the classical definition used by The Chartered Institute of Marketing. © The Chartered Institute of Marketing 2009 www.cim.co.uk/marketingresources | 3
- 4. Marketing and the 7Ps: A brief summary of marketing and how it works THREE The 7Ps of marketing S uccessful marketing depends upon addressing a number of key issues. These include: what a • The perfect product must provide value for the customer. This value is in the eye of the beholder — we Successful company is going to produce; how must give our customers what they marketing depends much it is going to charge; how it is want, not what we think they want upon addressing a going to deliver its products or number of key • A product does not have to be services to the customer; and how it is issues. These tangible — an insurance policy can going to tell its customers about its include: what a be a product products and services. company is going to • Ask yourself whether you have a produce; how much Traditionally, these considerations system in place to regularly check it is going to charge; were known as the 4Ps — Product, what your customers think of your how it is going to Price, Place and Promotion. As product, your supporting services, deliver its products marketing became a more etc, what their needs are now and or services to the sophisticated discipline, a fifth ‘P’ was whether they see them changing customer; and how added — People. And recently, two • Beware going too far with product it is going to tell its further ‘P’s were added, mainly for quality. Don’t try to sell a Rolls- customers about its service industries — Process and Royce when the customer really products and Physical evidence. wants a Nissan Micra services. These considerations are now known as the 7Ps of marketing, sometimes referred to as the marketing mix. 2 Price A product is only worth what customers are prepared to pay for it. The price also needs to be 1 Product There is no point in developing competitive, but this does not a product or service that no one wants necessarily mean the cheapest; the to buy, yet many businesses decide small business may be able to what to offer first, and then hope to compete with larger rivals by adding find a market for it afterwards. In extra services or details that will offer contrast, the successful company will customers better value for money. Your find out what customers need or want pricing must also provide a profit. It is and then develop the right product — the only element of the marketing mix with the right level of quality to meet that generates revenue — everything those needs now and in the future. else represents a cost. © The Chartered Institute of Marketing 2009 www.cim.co.uk/marketingresources | 4
- 5. Marketing and the 7Ps: A brief summary of marketing and how it works • Thinking of price as ‘cost’ to the • Customer surveys have shown that customer helps to underscore why delivery performance is one of the it is so important most important criteria when • Price positions you in the choosing a supplier marketplace — the more you • Place also means ways of charge, the more value or quality displaying your product to your customers will expect for their customer groups. This could be in money a shop window, but it could also • Existing customers are generally be via the internet Promotion is the less sensitive about price than new way a company communicates what it does and what it customers — a good reason for looking after them well 4 Promotion Promotion is the way a company communicates what it does can offer to its • If you decide in favour of a higher and what it can offer customers. It customers. priced added-value approach, includes activities such as branding, remember that price ‘positions’ you advertising, PR, corporate identity, in the marketplace. This means it sales management, special offers and gives an indication to potential and exhibitions. Promotion must gain existing customers of where to attention, be appealing, tell a place you in relation to your consistent message and above all competitors. Expectations will else give the customer a reason to generally be higher; customers will choose your product rather than assume a higher quality product or someone else’s. service. Everything about your dealings with customers must live • Good promotion is not one-way up to the expectations of this communication — it paves the way positioning. Anything that can be for a dialogue with customers seen by the customer must be • Promotion should communicate consistent with these higher quality the benefits that a customer expectations — packaging, obtains from a product, and not environment, promotional materials, just the features of that product letterheads, invoices, etc • Whether your promotional material is a single sheet or a complex 3 Place The place where customers buy brochure, folder or catalogue, it a product, and the means of distributing must grab the attention of your your product to that place, must be customers. It should be easy to appropriate and convenient for the read and enable the customer to customer. The product must be identify why they should buy your available in the right place, at the right product time and in the right quantity, while • A brochure isn’t necessarily the keeping storage, inventory and best way of promoting your distribution costs to an acceptable level. © The Chartered Institute of Marketing 2009 www.cim.co.uk/marketingresources | 5
- 6. Marketing and the 7Ps: A brief summary of marketing and how it works business, the problem being that staff member who provides it. This once a brochure has been printed, shows the importance of your the information is fixed. You can’t people change or remove anything should • The level of after sales support and the need arise. A more cost advice provided by a business is effective and flexible option might one way of adding value to what be a folder with a professionally you offer, and can give you an designed sheet inside, over a important edge over your series of your own information competitors. This will probably Anyone who comes sheets produced in-house. These become more important than price into contact with sheets can be customised by for many customers once they start your customers will varying them to suit the target to use you make an impression, customers and/or changing them and can have a as required • Look regularly at the products that profound effect — account for the highest percentage Promotion does not just mean positive or negative of your sales. Do these products communicating to your customers. It is — on customer have adequate after sales support, just as important to ensure your satisfaction. or are you being complacent with internal stakeholders are aware of the them? Could you enhance your value and attributes of your products. support without too much This means communicating effectively additional cost? to your staff/fellow employees so that they can be knowledgeable and share Traditionally, adding the sixth and expertise with their customers. seventh Ps would be for service industries. However, they are worth considering for products too, especially 5 People Anyone who comes into in B2B. contact with your customers will make an impression, and that can have a profound effect — positive or negative 6 Process The process of giving a service, and the behaviour of those who deliver — on customer satisfaction. The are crucial to customer satisfaction. reputation of your brand rests in your Issues such as waiting times, the people’s hands. They must, therefore, information given to customers and the be appropriately trained, well motivated helpfulness of staff are all vital to keep and have the right attitude. customers happy. • It is essential to ensure that all • Customers are not interested in the employees who have contact with detail of how your business runs. customers are not only properly What matters to them is that the trained, but also the right kind of system works people for the job • Do customers have to wait? Are • Many customers cannot separate they kept informed? Are your the product or service from the © The Chartered Institute of Marketing 2009 www.cim.co.uk/marketingresources | 6
- 7. Marketing and the 7Ps: A brief summary of marketing and how it works people helpful? Is your service what they are buying. Case studies efficiently carried out? Do your and testimonials can provide evidence people interact in a manner that an organisation keeps its appropriate to your service? promises. Facilities such as a clean, tidy and well-decorated reception area Process is one of the 'P's that is frequently overlooked. A customer can also help to reassure. If your trying to reach your company by phone premises aren’t up to scratch, why is a vital source of income and would the customer think your returning value; but so often customers service is? Each of the ‘ingredients’ have to stay on hold for several • The physical evidence of the marketing mix is a minutes listening to a recorded demonstrated by an organisation key to success. This message before they are able to get must confirm the assumptions of process is called through. Many of these customers will the customer — a financial services marketing planning. give up, go elsewhere and tell their product will need to be delivered in friends not to use your company - just a formal setting, while a children’s because of the poor process that is in birthday entertainment company place. Even if they do get through, they should adopt a more relaxed will go away with a negative impression approach of the company. Although the customer cannot The reason for this is that the systems experience the service before are not usually designed by marketers purchase, he or she can talk to other - they are designed for the company's people with experiences of the service. benefit, not the customer's. Their testimony is credible, because This part of the process is the first their views do not come from the experience of a company that many company. Some companies engage customers have. There's no value in these customers and ask for their making the rest of the company run feedback, so that they can develop perfectly if this part is faulty. As a reference materials. New customers consequence, this 'P' could be a great can then see these testimonials and source of competitive advantage if are more likely to purchase with used wisely. confidence. Each of the ‘ingredients’ of the Physical evidence 7 A service can’t be experienced marketing mix is a key to success. No one element can be considered in before it is delivered. This means that isolation — you cannot, for example, choosing to use a service can be develop a product without considering perceived as a risky business because a price, or how it will reach the you are buying something intangible. customer. This uncertainty can be reduced by This process is called marketing helping potential customers to ‘see’ planning. © The Chartered Institute of Marketing 2009 www.cim.co.uk/marketingresources | 7
- 8. Marketing and the 7Ps: A brief summary of marketing and how it works FOUR Planning a marketing strategy M arketing focuses on the most fundamental requirements of companies to identify customers, can be chosen. The marketing strategy is then formalised within a specific plan of action, which is Planning an effective research their needs and preferences, constantly revised and updated, and marketing strategy analyse their attitudes to promotion the marketing campaign progresses. within the and other factors that influence their organisation is Planning an effective marketing purchasing decisions and persuade intimately bound up strategy within the organisation is them to buy products and services with the total intimately bound up with the total from you rather than a competitor. business planning business planning process because it process because it All this requires a marketing strategy is linked to overall corporate strategy is linked to overall that is co-ordinated and considered — and requires endorsement from the corporate strategy... not a piecemeal approach to each part top. It also needs to be continually of the task — and realistic in terms of reviewed. Therefore collaboration making the most effective use of the between marketing and other resources and budgets available. corporate activities, such as finance, research, development and Planning a marketing strategy starts production, is important to ensure that with a detailed and ongoing the marketing strategy is implemented investigation of the market and its sub- effectively. markets or segments. Companies look at the social, political, economic, Marketing is a team effort requiring the cultural and technological trends which orchestration of a range of different are shaping the market, their own skills, outlooks and personalities. position within it and the resources Some aspects of marketing deal solely they can marshal to change or in facts and finance; others explore the influence it. This is sometimes known ambiguities and uncertainties of as the marketing audit. changing consumer styles. A coherent marketing strategy is essential to A marketing plan defining objectives, managing change, as companies targets and performance measures is everywhere operate in technological, then developed with a financial legislative, corporate and market budget. When specific goals have environments of rapid transition and been defined, strategic alternatives to change. the current position can be discussed, and ways to achieve those alternatives © The Chartered Institute of Marketing 2009 www.cim.co.uk/marketingresources | 8
- 9. Marketing and the 7Ps: A brief summary of marketing and how it works FIVE Future trends in marketing e now live and work in a world responds to changing conditions. W of unprecedented social and technological upheaval, which has Today, as organisations introduce streamlined management hierarchies One of the strengths introduced new levels of competition and more flexible working practices, of marketing is the for all kinds of organisations. so the marketing approach is proving way it constantly itself a valuable interdisciplinary asset adapts and responds Business is becoming global, to the company which wants to break to changing customers are more demanding, many down functional boundaries and focus conditions. mature markets now offer little room intensely on its core capabilities. for growth, brand valuation is recognised on financial balance Current research suggests that a sheets, environmental pressures are number of distinct trends are growing and the pace of change is emerging. Firstly, renewed emphasis is quickening all the time. Speed of being placed on the collection, market introduction and acceptance analysis and use of more (and better) are important factors. marketing information. Advances in information technology are playing a Taken together, all these issues key role in this development, for constitute a new challenge to the example, in more sophisticated marketer. Just as the economic customer databases for direct context is changing, so too are the marketing campaigns. disciplines of marketing. New social trends and corporate structures have Secondly, more importance is being opened up fresh avenues of attached to measuring and monitoring opportunity for marketers to become performance, and more sophisticated even more central to business tools are being developed to do so, as success. Relatively recent part of the general drive to be more technologies, such as database accountable. marketing, direct-to-plate printing, Thirdly, there is growing investment in video-conferencing, and internet and staff training and development, with intranet communications, have made particular emphasis on continuing many more things possible than was professional development so that the case a generation ago. companies can more effectively defend One of the strengths of marketing is the competitive advantage that the way it constantly adapts and successful marketing gives them. © The Chartered Institute of Marketing 2009 www.cim.co.uk/marketingresources | 9 14280
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