765835037-IGCSE-ICT-Chapter-6-ICT-Applications.pptx

Chapter 6: ICT APPLICATIONS
CAIE IGCSE ICT (0417) THEORY-REVISION
For Exams from 2023
IGCSE ICT Chapter 6. ICT APPLICATIONS
IGCSE ICT REVISION: CHAP 6 ICT APPLICATIONS #ICT WITH TATCHEN 1

Objectives of this chapter
1. Communication applications
2.Modelling applications: – financial, civil engineering – flood water management –
traffic management – weather forecasting
3. Computer-controlled systems
4. School management systems
5. Online booking systems
6. Banking applications
7. Computers in medicine – information systems – 3D printing
8. Expert systems
9. Computers in the retail industry
10. Recognition systems – OMR – QR codes – OCR – RFID – NFC – biometric
11. Satellite systems
12. GPS, GIS and media communication
IGCSE ICT CHAP: 6. ICT APPLICATIONS

6.1 Communication applications.
Some common areas where ICT is used for communication:
Newsletters and posters
Websites
Multimedia presentations
Media streaming
E-publications

• Newsletters and posters can easily be produced using ICT tools like
word processors, Canva, Adobe InDesign, Lucidpress etc.
• Newsletters are used to mostly by companies, agencies or
individuals to give important information to a target audience.
They are usually printed out or made available online via e-
publications.
• Newsletters may contain information on recent happenings in a
particular area with the key players in that area.
• Some important guidelines for creating an attractive newsletters:
Decide on a good format for the newsletter; use columns for diagrams
Use very clear and easy to read fonts with a good font size (>11).
Use bold headings rather than underlining.
Do not squeeze too much information into one page.
Use real and clear photos related to the topic discussed.

• Newsletters and posters can easily be produced using ICT
tools like word processors, Canva, Adobe InDesign,
Lucidpress etc.
• Posters are mostly used for publicizing, promote or
create
awareness for an event or happenings.
• Posters can be printed out or shared electronically
online.
• Some important guidelines for creating an attractive
poster:
Must be eye catching
Should clearly state what the event is about
Required admission fees if any
Contains date, time and location for event
Contact details for event organizers
Real and clear photos about the event if necessary.
Source: Freepick.com

Exam question
1)You have been asked by your teacher to use a word processor to create a brochure for a new intake of
pupils. The brochure will consist of: Images of the school taken from a digital camera. Printed archive
photographs. Information about the school already stored in text files. Information to be typed directly into the
brochure.
a) Describe the steps which you will need to take to create the brochure. [6]
b)When the brochure is being created, the word processing software automatically checks the spelling of
the text as it is typed in and may suggest alternative words. Explain why the suggestions may not always be
appropriate. [3] IGCSE ICT P11/O/N/19/Q7 a & b.
a) Possible answers
Open the word processor
Upload images from digital
camera
Save photos to a named folder
Open text files
Import photos into the document
Crop/edit photos to appropriate size
Position photos in appropriate areas
Wrap text appropriately
Proofread and save
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b) Possible answers
 The default language used in checking the spelling could be
different, e.g. English (US)
Non-English names of people might be highlighted as an error.
Similar sounding words need to be checked, i.e. where, were, wear
The spell checker may not understand words badly spelt
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 The word may not exist in the spell checker dictionary if its outdated.

Websites
• Websites are used as an alternative for newsletters and posters.
• Organizations and individuals use websites for communicating with existing and
potential clients or customers, and advertisement.
• Websites offer world wide advertisement capabilities, there is also no need to spend on
printing or pay people to distribute newsletters or flyers.
• Organizations and individuals can easily create and own websites using existing off-the-
shelf web design management systems and paying for hosting services.
• Websites can easily be updated within seconds to provide relevant and up to date
information.
Advantages of websites Disadvantages of websites
• Can share sound, video, or animation • Can be hacked into and modified
• Can be accessed by a global audience • Risk of viruses and pharming
• its easy to update a website in case or
errors
• Adequate maintenance is needed
which is often costly.

Multimedia presentations
• Presentations are created using software packages like PPT, Canva, etc and then
presented to an audience.
• Presentations can make use of images, sound, animations and video to enhance
communicate with the audience.
Advantages of multimedia presentations Disadvantages of multimedia presentations
• Use of animations/video/images to grab the
attention of your audience.
• Expensive as special equipments are
needed
• Great way to display chronological facts using
transitions
• There may be need for internet access in
case hyperlinks to online sites are used.
• Can directly interactive with your audience • Equipments can fail during presentations

Media Streaming
• Continuous transmission for video or audio files from a remote storage server.
• Data is transmitted and played in real time
• Users can watch sports/movies/videos, or listen to music on device connected to the
internet without downloading.
• Streaming prevents use up of valuable disk space in your device.
• Internet speed must be fast for effective media streaming.
• Media streaming requires a series of data packets to be sent from the web server
before
being compiled into a single file in the computer for viewing through the web
browser.

e-publications
• e-publications are electronic versions of printed documents. Some examples are:
 E-books,
 digital newspapers,
 digital magazines,
 digital libraries,
• e-publications can be downloaded to a device and read or directly read over the net.
• Its also possible to include media in e-publications.
• They are usually cheaper that their paper-based counter parts since no printing is
required.

Mobile communication
• Mobile devices are being extensively used for communications between people across
the globe making use of many cells/cell towers networked together over large areas.
• Mobile phones make use of SIM (subscriber identity module) cards or are connected
the cellular network through wireless internet connectivity.
• Some uses of mobile phones are:
 SMS or text messaging
 Phone calls
 Videos calls
 Voice over internet protocol (VoIP)
 Accessing the internet

Exam question
1. A smartphone has many uses, for example making and
receiving telephone calls. Give four other uses of a
smartphone. IGCSE ICT SP1/23/Q6.
Possible answers
Emails
Video calling
Online banking
Calendar
Video/music streaming
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Taking photos

6.2 Modelling applications.
Computer modelling
• What is a computer model? A computer generated “mimic” of a real system
based on mathematical representations.
• Simulation software are used to study the behavior of the created model to
see how the system works and how to alter the system for better functionality.
• Advantages and disadvantages of using computer-generated models.
Advantages of using models Disadvantages of using models
• Less expensive than building the whole system. • Simulation results will depend solely on
programming and data entered.
• Much faster to use a computer model than
creating a real system.
• Some computer models are very costly.
• Much safer to use a computer model than real
system for studies.
• Simulation results might not be positively
received by people due to trust issues.
• Flexibility to try different scenarios in advance.

• Common areas where computer modelling is used.
Computer Modelling Areas Description of application
Personal finance  Spreadsheet can easily be used to create a model to
track your personal finances.
 daily expenses,
 Business sales,
 Family expenditures etc

Bridge and building designs 3D simulations are used to test different scenarios on
a model of a building design before its
implementation: amount of traffic, effects of strong
winds, the effects of earthquakes, tidal waves etc.
Danyang–Kunshan Grand
Bridge
Burj Khalifa

Flood water management Simulations are made for risk assessment to identify
sources of potential flooding, the extent of flooding
and how to mitigate it.

Common areas where computer modelling is used.
Weather forecasting Weather forecasting is partly done using models. Weather stations measure different
weather conditions every hour of every day of the week, this data is then entered into a
computer model which simulates weather patterns based on the provided data and make
predictions.
Source ResearchGate

Common areas where computer modelling is used.
Computer Modelling
Areas
Description of application
Traffic management Computer modelling is used
before implementation of road
networks and to assess traffic flow
during road repairs.
Traffic lights need to be modelled
and traffic flow simulated before
implementation.
Source:sosoutremer.org

6.3 Computer controlled systems
Robotics in manufacturing
• Robots are used in manufacturing areas involving heavy work, delicate, and dangerous operations such as:
welding bodyworks of cars, paint spraying of cars, manufacturing of microchips, moving items in warehouses.
• Robot are automatically controlled through built-in microprocessors or a linked computer system
Source: NW Engineering

• Robots can also be maned and controlled by a worker who
guides the robotic arms to carry out task OR the
worker straps on sensors and uses them to control
the robot to carry out tasks.
• Robots are extensively used for production line control in
carrying out task such as:
• Filling bottles with liquids, capping the bottles,
• Filling metal cans with food , sealing and applying labels
• Use of robots in production lines leads to:
• Increased productivity,
• faster operations,
• Consistency in quality of products,
• reduced production cost.

Advantages and disadvantages of using robots

Advantages and disadvantages of using robots in manufacturing
Advantages in using Robots Disadvantages of using robots
• They can work non-stop 24/7 • Loss of jobs to humans
• Less expensive in the long term • Lost in skills in humans as robots do most of the
task.
• They can work in harmful environments • Their initial setup and maintenance can be high.
• Higher productivity • Companies can easily be moved to different
locations with robots since robots provide labour.
• High consistency in products
• They can perform boring repetitive task

Exam Style question
Robots are being used in the oil industry to find new deposits under the Earth’s surface.
1.
a) Give three advantages of using robots rather than humans when searching for new oil
deposits. [3]
b) Give two disadvantages of using robots rather than humans. [2]
a) Possible advantages
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Robots can search for oil in dangerous areas
Robots can detect and transmit real time data
High accuracy in detecting oil deposits
b) Possible disadvantages
Unemployment to humans
Robots can only performed predefined tasks.
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Costly to maintain and deploy
robots

6.4 School Management systems
Registration and attendance records of students
• Traditional use of daily register is time consuming and prone to
error.
• How is this solved?
• Automating the registration process using appropriate
hardware and software.
• Magnetic stripe cards; contains name of student, DOB, unique
student ID #
• Possibility to incorporate a GPS tracking to know student location
• Use of PIN for increased security
• Biometrics could also be used in place of Magnetic swipe cards
Source: Codeking solutions

Registration and attendance records of students
• Biometrics (fingerprints, facial recognition etc) could also be used instead of Magnetic
swipe cards to take records of students.
• Advantages and Disadvantages of using biometrics
Advantages of using biometrics Disadvantages of using biometrics
• Fingerprints are unique • Takes a long time to process biometrics
• ID cards can easily be misplaced • More expensive compared to swipe card system
• ID cards can also be easily cloned • In case of injury on the finger it might not be
recognized.

Students performance
• Some schools use information management
systems to manage students records and performance.
• Commonly stored data:
Students details, DOB, parents, class etc
Students exam/test results in different subjects over the years
Disciplinary.behavioral records (attendance, detention, suspensions etc)
Fees payments etc.
Parents can access these systems remotely to see how their children are performing.
Teachers can also use spreadsheets to keep track of students records.
 This ICT systems can keep track of a students information, give summaries of
academic
records.
Class averages , yearly performance etc.

Computer Aided learning (CAL)
• Making use of computer-based systems as aids for teaching and students learning.
Students use computers to learn, can complete online tests, assignments while
monitoring the performance.
Advantages and Disadvantages of using CAL
Advantages of using CAL Disadvantages of using CAL
• Students can learn at their own pace, lessons are usually
broken into small modules.
• Students can no carryout lab-based science experiments using
CAL
• Allows use of virtual reality giving a better understanding of
the subject.
• Expensive to properly integrate system into learning
environment
• Students can retake tests/lessons many times • CAL can not answer unusual problems
• Flexibility to try different scenarios in advance. • Can lead to isolation of students
• Learning is more interactive (videos, animations, interactive
prompts etc.)
• Students can easily be distracted while studying online.

6.5 Online booking systems
Why online booking and not the usual physical booking?
• Rely on fast response times, multiple booking at a time, files are updated
immediately after booking.
• Areas where online booking is used:
Travel industry (booking air/bus tickets)
Theater and music events/concerts
Booking or purchasing cinema tickets
Booking sporting events

Why online booking and not the usual physical
booking?
• Travel industry (booking air/bus tickets)
• Log on to a site,
• Fill your desired departing port and the final destination, the
time and date you want to travel.
• You can also specify if you want just a one way or return
flights
• A flight searched is performed and you can transfer funds
from
your account to buy a ticket.
• You can also talk to customer support if need be.

 Why online booking and not the usual
physical booking?
• Online Booking for events (concerts, cinema, theatres etc)
• This usually involves loging on to the website of the
organizers,
selecting the interested event.
• Your desired event date and time is selected, number of
seats is also entered and you can often select desired sitting
position from a displayed screen.
• The total price of the seats is displayed and you can
process payments which validates your purchase.
• The database of the agency is updated with your transactions
and
the seats are reserved for you.

Why online booking and not the usual physical booking?
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Online booking systems
Advantages of online booking systems Disadvantages of online booking systems
Fast with immediate feedback • Costly to setup and maintain such systems
• Booking can be done at any time of the day • A custormer needs to have access to a computer or smart
phone with reliable internet connection
• Easy to link up with the company and get notified of any
special offers via email.
• Difficult to cancel bookings and get back money
• Possible to reserve a seat for a period of time • In case of a break down, it becomes difficult to book in
case of fully online systems.
• Seats can be easiy browsed and selected • No personal interactions travel agents which could be
beneficial for getting better or free offers.

6.6 Banking Applications
 ICT is applied in many areas in the banks and has made banking
much easier through the use of:
• Automatic teller machines (ATMs)
• Electronic funds transfer (EFT)
• Credit/debit card transactions,
• Cheaque clearing
• Internet banking

ICT is applied in many areas in the banks and has made banking much easier
through its applications in:
• Automatic teller machines (ATMs).
If PIN is wrong the customer
often has 3 attempts

• Electronic funds transfer (EFT)
• Money transfer instructions are sent directly to the
banks computer, money is then transferred
electronically from one account to another or multiple
accounts. Commonly used for payment of salaries by
large organizations.
• Electronic fund transfer at point-of-sale (EFTPOS)
also operate the same way, but used in case of
credit/debit card transactions:
• During a purchase a request is made to your bank for
the specified amount of money and upon approval the
money is electronically transferred to the vendors
account.
Company
sends payment
instructions to
Bank
EFT instruction
Banks computer
Company
account
-$10,000
$5,000
$5,000

•Electronic funds transfer (EFT)
Advantages and disadvantages of EFTs
Advantages EFTs Disadvantages of EFTs
Very secure form of payment Customer needs to have fund available in their
account
Very fast payment method Once a transaction has happened the bank can not
reverse it.
Less expensive and relatively risk free as you don’t
need to carry cash around.
Issues of thefts are recipient is not always guaranteed

• Credit/Debit card transactions
• Morden credit/debit cards are often have a chip, magnetic stripe and
RFID chips for contactless transactions.
• The chips carry customer bank details and the PIN.
• A debit card is linked directly to your current bank account and you must
have available money to make any transactions.
• A credit card allows you to shop or pay for services and refund later.
To purchase something from a shop:
 For a contactless card, flash your card against their RFID reader, the
money is deducted from your debit account or credit account.
 To use the magnetic stripe, swipe the card against the magnetic slot and
the money is deducted.

• Credit/Debit card transactions
To purchase something from a shop:
• Enter your PIN The card is checked on a database for expiry date,
whether stolen card, etc.).
• The stored PIN in the chip is read and compared to the one just keyed
in.
• If they are the same, then the transaction can proceed.
• The transaction is terminated if PIN is different.
• Your account is checked to see if it has enough funds.
• Transaction is approved if enough funds are available and card is valid,
• An authorisation code is sent to the restaurant.
• The price of the meal is then deducted from the customer’s account.
• The same amount of money is then debited to the restaurant’s bank
account.
• A receipt is produced as proof of purchase.
• If the PIN is not valid or funds are not available the transaction is
terminated.

• Debit/credit cards
Advantages and disadvantages of debit cards and credit cards
Advantages Disadvantages of EFTs
Debit cards • Safer to carry than cash
• No interest charges since money is deducted
directly from customers account
• Can be used to shop online
• Less customer protections compared
to credit cards
• No credit allowed
• Risky to use debit cards online.
Credit cards • Can be used to shop online
• Internationally accepted method of payment
• No interests charges if money is paid back within
the given time.
• Can lead to high interests rates if
loan is not paid on time
• Has annual fees
• Security risks when used online

Safety from physical robberies of
customers
Saves money from journeys to and from the
bank
Reduces the number of journeys to and from the
bank
Saves/reduces time as you don’t have to be in waiting
queues
Interests rates might be much better for internet
banking
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 Works
24/7
• Disadvantage
s Security concerns as transactions are carried out online over networks that might not be
secured
Customer needs to have a reliable internet
connection
More risk of pharming/phishing scams or
fraud
Easy for errors to be made when entering banking information
online
If internet goes off during a transaction there might be
issues.
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 There is usually need for your device for two factor
authentication.
Exam question
Q. The banking industry has rapidly changed over the last few years as modern technology
has developed. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using online banking rather
than other banking methods to the customer. [8]
IGCSE ICT (0417) Paper 12 Q16,
Oct/Nov 2017
SP1/ Q15/2023
• Advantages
IGCSE ICT CHAP: 6 ICT APPLICATIONS

6.7 Computers in Medicine
Keeping patients and pharmacy records
• Developed countries have centralized databases that keep track
of patients and pharmacy records.
• Doctors and hospitals ensure accurate up-to-date records of
patients such as diagnosis, medical history, allergies etc.
• These up-to-date records become handy during emergencies
or
prescription of medications by other doctors.
• Information stored on the database include:
name, address, date of birth, gender,
A unique identification number,
medical history,
Any CT or x-ray scans
blood group, any current treatment,
any known allergies, any current diagnosis etc.

Surgical and diagnostic aids
 3D printers are widely used in medicine to reproduce 3-
dimensional representation of a patients internal parts of the
body after a CT scan or an MRI scan.
 Computer Tomography (CT): This involves producing an image of
the
internal organs or parts of a body on thin slices less than 1mm
thick.
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): makes use of strong
magnetic waves to produce images of internal parts of
the body.
 3D printers are used as aids to print prosthetics such as hands,
legs
false arms etc.
 3D printing of biocompatible materials for tissue engineering
is also being explored in medicine.
 3D printing has enabled patient-centric medicine by enabling
Source:MedlinePlus
Source:Omega PDS

Surgical and diagnostic aids
• Computers are also used as surgical aids
• Computers controlled robots enable high
precision surgery
In critical areas of the body.

6.8 Expert systems
Expert systems are automated systems that mimic the expertise and knowledge of an expert in
a particular filed. E.g medical diagnosis, route scheduling for delivery vehicles, detecting and
diagnosing faults in cars etc.
An expert system is usually developed by gathering information from experts or using written
expert resources like research papers, text books, articles etc. The gathered information is stored
in the system, rules are made on how information is search and can be matched to the users
request.
• User interacts with system through the interface
• Questions asked usually have just Yes or NO
responses.
• The inference engine is the processing element
of the system, it gathers information from the
user and makes inferences to match the
information.
• The knowledge base stores knowledge about an
area of expertise obtained from a number of
expert resources.
Source: Javatpoint

6.8 Expert Systems
Advantages and disadvantages of Expert systems
Advantages Disadvantages
• They offer high accuracy • Users need to be trained
• Results are usually consistent • Initial setup is costly
• Capable of storing vast amounts of ideas and
facts.
• They are only as good as the gathered information
and facts
• They offer a very fast response time • Their answers are sometimes “cold” and not
appropriate

Q. The manager of the hospital has purchased an expert system to
help
diagnose their patients’
illnesses.
Name three components of an expert system.
[3] SP/2023/Q18 b
• Possible answers:
Inference engine
User interface
Rules base
Knowledge base
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•
•
•
• Explanation system
Exam question

6.9 Computers in the retail industry
Point of sale (POS)Terminals
• Point of sale terminals in shops make use of Barcodes for product
tagging
and identification. The information in a barcode is read by scanning
with a barcode reader which displays the details on screen.
• Barcodes are made up of four key parts; country code,
manufacturers
code, product code and check digit. The check digit is a validation
routine which ensures no errors occur during barcode reading.
• Barcodes enable easy identification of products details at POS
terminals.
• Barcodes carry information such as; product name, price,
product description.
• During shopping, each item needs to be scanned at the electronic
point of
sale terminal (EPOS) and the prices are automaticallyupdated in
the
shopping lists, if the scanning does not work, the product
number is manually entered by the EPOS operator.
• Electronic or card payments at POS terminals are called Electronic
funds
transfer at point-of-sale (EFTPOS) made with chip and PIN,
Credit:getty images/isotckphoto

Point of sale (POS)Terminals
Near field communication (NFC) devices.
• NFC is a form of electronic payments at POS terminal usually
using a
smartphone.
• NFC is a subset of RFID technology operating at a particularly
frequency for data transmissions. NFC requires devices to be in
close proximity (5 cm) for data transmission with enhanced security.
• In a shopping event where NFC payment is used, the smartphone is
held in close proximity to the NFC reader and
• when payment is initiated, encrypted data transmission takes
place between the sender and receiver to make the payment.
• NFC payments are very secure as they use tokenization which
has continues change in encrypted data.
Source: Amazon.com

Online shopping and banking
• Online banking and shopping allows for online management of bank
accounts, bank transfers, payment of bills, buying and selling of goods
with direct electronic bank deposits etc.
Advantages and disadvantages of online shopping and banking
• No need to travel to shops or banks reducing cost • Security issues are still a major concern as
card/account details can be stolen online
• Fast and easy payment of bill without living the house • Can lead to social isolation when people do all shopping
and banking from home
• Provides access to the global market for shopping • Costly since User needs a computer and internet
connection for online banking and shopping.
• Internet banking and shopping saves time; no queues • Easy to make errors transferring funds to wrong accounts
• The banks and shops can save cost by employing just a few
workers.
• Possibility of buying fake items and its usually time
consuming
to buy and return items.

Effects of online shopping and banking on companies
 Increase in customer base of companies since online shopping is available to the global
community
 Robberies are less likely to occur as all sales and banking activities are mostly done online
 Lack of personal service and little customer-employee interactions can lead to drop in customer
loyalty which contributed to decrease in sales.
 Companies are also able to save cost as fewer employees are needed in some cases
reducing amount of salaries
 Increased cost in cases where more dispatch staff and customer service personnel need
to be employed.
 It is also costly to setup and maintain sophisticated e-commence websites with high
security features.
 Banks now can employ a fewer security staff which saves cost.

Q. Tawara Retail is an online store. This online store does not have physical shops. Customers
buy
products from this store using internet
shopping.
Describe the advantages to Tawara Retail of offering internet
shopping. [4] SP1/Q12/2023
• Advantage
s Tawara retail can update their stocks and prices more quickly compared to a physical
store
Cheaper to advertise new stocks on their online platform compared sending to
mails
Tawara retail can target specific groups of customers with products/prices based on data from their
buying habits.
The shop can sell in the global market to customers
internationally.
•
•
•
•
• Large customer base can contribute to increase profits from
sales
Exam question

6.10 Recognition systems
Optical Mark recognition (OMR) (see chapter 2 notes)
Barcode readers (see chapter 2 notes)
QR code readers (see chapter 2 notes)
Optical character recognition (OCR) (see chapter 2 notes)
Automated number plate Recognition.
NFC (treated in 6.9)
Radio frequency identification (RFID) (Chapter 2)
Biometric recognition systems;
Face recognition, eye (iris & retina) recognition, hand recognition, voice recognition.

 Automated number plate recognition
(ANPR) systems
 ANPR systems are used to read the number plates on cars by
using images and software applications.
 They are used for vehicle speed monitoring on roads, detecting
stolen vehicles etc.
 ANPR uses an algorithm to recognize and isolate number plates
of cars as they enter or exit a parking lot, pass through a
boarder, road etc.
 Characters are recognized using an OCR software which
converts it
into a string of editable text by the software.
 The text is then stored in a database which can track the
time of arrival or departure of the car.
 The number plate can be matched to individuals and used for
billing or tracking crime.
Source: bodyguard.com.my

Automated number plate recognition (ANPR) systems
Advantages and disadvantages of ANPR systems
Advantages of ANR Disadvantages of ANPR
• Can be used to automatically monitor average
speed of vehicles on highways
• Can lead to car theft in parks where just ANPR is
used.
• Saves money as it eliminates the need for security
guards in car parks.
• Invasion of privacy
• Can be used to monitor entry and exit of cars in a
car park
• Dirty number plates may not be able to
recognizable.
• Used for highway taxation in various countries • ANPR can not differentiate between cars, it only
recognizes number plates.
• Can be used to study driver behaviors which is
useful for transport planning.

Q. An automatic washing machine contains a device to read RFID chips sewn into clothing.
When
an item of clothing is placed in the washing machine it is
scanned.
a) Describe how the data is read from the RFID chip.
[2]
b) Explain the benefits of using RFID technology in a washing
machine. [2] IGCSE(0417) Paper 11 Q9, May/June 2017
a) How data is read from the RFID chip
the receiver of the washing machine ends out radio waves to read data from the
RFID chip

The chip on the clothes send out signals containing data about
them.
b) The benefits of using RFID technology in a washing
machine




Its stops wrong mixture of colored items in the
machine
Its prevents wrong materials from being
washed
Automatically presets the wash cycle depending on the type of
materials
It also automatically determines the amount of water
to use
Exam question

6.11 Satellite systems
Global positioning systems (GPS) and satellite navigation
 GPS (satellite navigation system) is used to determine the
exact location of a place, cars, ships, aeroplanes etc.
How it works?
 Satellites constantly orbiting the earth continuously transmit
signals to computers on the earths surface.
 The computers onboard transport systems or mobile devices
receive
and interpret these signals.
 The computers or mobile devices make use of signals from at
least
three satellites to determine the exact location of the transport
system (car etc) or place.
 Modern cars have onboard satellite navigation system with stored
road
maps that can tell the driver his/her exact location and can
be
instructed by an onboard audio assistant to Safely navigate to a
particular location.

 Global positioning systems (GPS) and
satellite navigation (satnav)
Advantages and disadvantages of GPS and
satnav
• It is easy to use as you don’t have to consult
paper maps
• Can be misdirecting if maps are not kept up
to date
• Can accurately predict the time of arrival • Loss of satellite signals will cause system
malfunctions
• Can give useful information on the location of
traffic lights, speed trackers, fuel stations etc.
• If incorrect location is fed to the system, it
gives a wrong destination.

Geographic information systems (GIS)
 GIS allow users to map, model, query, edit and
analyse large amounts of data according to their
location.
 GIS technology combines maps, databases
and graphics about a location.
 GIS mainly enable the following;
 Combining information into easily understandable maps
 Performs complex calculations and presents
resultsas maps, tables or images.
 Provide data for comparative studies and making
informed decisions.
 Common uses of GIS;
 send emergency personnel to a location,
 used to protect animal life and plants in
vulnerable locations.
 Use for mapping of crime regions in a country,
route monitoring etc.

Geographic information systems (GIS)
Advantages and disadvantages of GIS
• Allows for manipulation and handling huge
amounts of data
• GIS software is very expensive
• Allows for combining and analysing
interconnectedness between geographical data.
• Very long learning curve
• Allows integration and visualization of data from
different sources
• Require large amounts of data entry

Satellite television and satellite phones
 This refers to telecommunication between satellites
and ground based devices by sending and receiving
data.
 Satellites are equipped with antennas and transponders for sending
and receiving data from satellite dish on earth.
 Signals are transmittedin analogue form by radio waves at
different
frequencies and bandwidth(how large data can be transmitted).
 Satellites generally enable data transmission (television, internet
and telephone data) across the planet due to their high
altitude above the earth.
• Cheaper and faster than laying cables • Time delay in receiving and sending signals
• Have a good global coverage • Signals can be affected by weather conditions
• Has very high bandwidths • Need to be monitored and controlled to ensure
they are in correct orbit.

Q. A taxi company tracks the routes their cars have travelled and the current location of each one
us
in
g
a Global Positioning System (GPS). A map showing the route taken and current location of each
car is
displayed on the office
monitor.
Describe in detail how this system could work.
[4] SP1/Q9/2023
• Answer
:





GPS software calculates the location/position of the
car.
The data is sent to the office
computer
Data is continuously transmitted every few seconds to update the
route
The computer software calculates the location of the
car
The map is continuously updated every few
seconds
Exam question

IGCSE ICT CHAP:6.
ICT APPLICATIONS

765835037-IGCSE-ICT-Chapter-6-ICT-Applications.pptx

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