8.2 Manage Quality
- 2. Manage Quality Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Process Group and Knowledge Area Mapping Knowledge Areas Initiating Planning Process Group Executing Process Group Monitoring and Controlling Process Group Closing Process Group 4. Project Integration Management 4.1 Develop Project Charter 4.2 Develop Project Management Plan 4.3 Direct and Manage Project Work 4.4 Manage Project Knowledge 4.5 Monitor and Control Project Work 4.6 Perform Integrated Change Control 4.7 Close Project or Phase 5. Project Scope Management 5.1 Plan Scope Management 5.2 Collect Requirements 5.3 Define Scope 5.4 Create WBS 5.5 Validate Scope 5.6 Control Scope 6. Project Schedule Management 6.1 Plan Schedule Management 6.2 Define Activities 6.3 Sequence Activities 6.4 Estimate Activity Durations 6.5 Develop Schedule 6.6 Control Schedule 7. Project Cost Management 7.1 Plan Cost Management 7.2 Estimate Costs 7.3 Determine Budget 7.4 Control Costs 8. Project Quality Management 8.1 Plan Quality Management 8.2 Manage Quality 8.3 Control Quality 9. Project Resource Management 9.1 Plan Resource Management 9.2 Estimate Activity Resources 9.3 Acquire Resources 9.4 Develop Team 9.5 Manage Team 9.6 Control Resources 10. Project Communications Management 10.1 Plan Communications Management 10.2 Manage Communications 10.3 Monitor Communications 11. Project Risk Management 11.1 Plan Risk Management 11.2 Identify Risks 11.3 Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis 11.4 Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis 11.5 Plan Risk Responses 11.6 Implement Risk Responses 11.7 Monitor Risks 12. Project Procurement Management 12.1 Plan Procurement Management 12.2 Conduct Procurements 12.3 Control Procurements 13. Project Stakeholder Management 13.1 Identify Stakeholders 13.2 Plan Stakeholder Engagement 13.3 Manage Stakeholder Engagement 13.4 Monitor Stakeholder Engagement
- 3. What is it? Manage Quality is the process of translating the quality management plan into executable quality activities that incorporate the organization’s quality policies into the project. Why? The key benefits of this process are that it increases the probability of meeting the quality objectives as well as identifying ineffective processes and causes of poor quality. Manage Quality Coincides with PMBOK 8.2
- 4. Manage Quality Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Inputs Tools & Techniques Outputs 1. Project management plan • Quality management plan 2. Project documents • Lessons learned register • Quality control • Measurements • Quality metrics • Risk report 3. Organizational process assets 1. Data gathering • Checklists 2. Data analysis • Alternatives analysis • Document analysis • Process analysis • Root cause analysis 3. Decision making • Multicriteria decision analysis 4. Data representation • Affinity diagrams • Cause-and-effect diagrams • Flowcharts • Histograms • Matrix diagrams • Scatter diagrams 5. Audits 6. Design for X 7. Problem solving 8. Quality improvement methods 1. Quality reports 2. Test and evaluation documents 3. Change requests 4. Project management plan updates • Quality management plan • Scope baseline • Schedule baseline • Cost baseline 5. Project documents updates • Issue log • Lessons learned register • Risk register Inputs, Tools & Techniques, Outputs
- 5. Manage Quality Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 8.2 Manage Quality Project Management Plan Enterprise/Orga nization • Change requests • Quality management plan • Organizational process assets Project Documents • Lessons learned register • Quality control measurements • Quality metrics • Risk report Project Management Plan Project Documents • Quality reports • Test and evaluation documents • Issue log • Lessons learned register • Risk register • Quality management plan • Scope baseline • Schedule baseline • Cost baseline 4.6 Perform Integrated Change Control
- 6. Overview Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Manage Quality Manage Quality involves activities such as: • Failure Analysis, design of experiments and quality improvement. • Manage Quality is considered the work of everybody—the project manager, the project team, the project sponsor, the management of the performing organization, and even the customer.
- 7. Manage Quality - Inputs Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Project Management Plan Project management plan components include but are not limited to the quality management plan. The quality management plan defines the acceptable level of project and product quality and describes how to ensure this level of quality in its deliverables and processes. The quality management plan also describes what to do with nonconforming products and what corrective action to implement.
- 8. Manage Quality - Inputs Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Project Document Project Document Updates include: • Lessons learned register • Quality control • Measurements • Quality metrics • Risk report
- 9. Manage Quality - Inputs Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Organisational Process Assets The organizational process assets that can influence the Manage Quality process include: • Organizational quality management system that includes policies, procedures, and guidelines • Quality templates such as check sheets, traceability matrix, test plans, test documents, and others • Results from previous audits • Lessons learned repository with information from similar projects
- 10. Manage Quality – Tools & Techniques Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Data Gathering A data-gathering technique that can be used for this process includes checklists. A checklist is a structured tool, usually component-specific, used to verify that a set of required steps has been performed or to check if a list of requirements has been satisfied. Quality checklists should incorporate the acceptance criteria included in the scope baseline.
- 11. Manage Quality – Tools & Techniques Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Data Analysis Data analysis techniques that can be used for this process include: • Alternatives analysis • Document analysis • Process analysis • Root cause analysis
- 12. Manage Quality – Tools & Techniques Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Decision Making A decision-making technique that can be used for this process includes multicriteria decision analysis. Multicriteria decision making is used to evaluate several criteria when discussing alternatives that impact project or product quality. Project decisions can include choosing among different implementation scenarios or suppliers. Product decisions can include evaluating the life cycle cost, schedule, stakeholder satisfaction, and risks associated with resolving product defects.
- 13. Manage Quality – Tools & Techniques Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Data Representation Data representation techniques that can be used for this process include: • Affinity diagrams • Cause-and-effect diagrams • Flowcharts • Histograms • Matrix diagrams • Scatter diagrams Cause-and-effect diagram
- 14. Manage Quality – Tools & Techniques Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Audits An audit is a structured, independent process used to determine if project activities comply with organizational and project policies, processes, and procedures. Quality audit objectives may include: • Identifying all good and best practices being implemented • Identifying all nonconformity, gaps, and shortcomings • Sharing good practices introduced or implemented in similar projects in the organization and/or industry • Proactively offering assistance in a positive manner to improve the implementation of processes to help raise team productivity • Highlighting contributions of each audit in the lessons learned repository of the organization.
- 15. Manage Quality – Tools & Techniques Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Design for X Design for X (DfX) is a set of technical guidelines that may be applied during the design of a product for the optimization of a specific aspect of the design. DfX can control or even improve the product’s final characteristics. The X in DfX can be different aspects of product development, such as reliability, deployment, assembly, manufacturing, cost, service, usability, safety, and quality. Using the DfX may result in cost reduction, quality improvement, better performance, and customer satisfaction.
- 16. Manage Quality – Tools & Techniques Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Problem Solving Problem solving entails finding solutions for issues or challenges. It can include gathering additional information, critical thinking, creative, quantitative and/or logical approaches. Problem-solving methods generally include the following elements: • Defining the problem • Identifying the root-cause • Generating possible solutions • Choosing the best solution • Implementing the solution • Verifying solution effectiveness
- 17. Manage Quality – Tools & Techniques Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Quality Improvement Methods Quality improvements can occur based on findings and recommendations from quality control processes, the findings of the quality audits, or problem solving in the Manage Quality process. Plan-do-check-act and Six Sigma are two of the most common quality improvement tools used to analyse and evaluate opportunities for improvement.
- 18. Manage Quality– Outputs Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Quality Reports The quality reports can be graphical, numerical, or qualitative. The information provided can be used by other processes and departments to take corrective actions in order to achieve the project quality expectations. The information presented in the quality reports may include all quality management issues escalated by the team: recommendations for process, project, and product improvements; corrective actions recommendations (including rework, defect/bugs repair, 100% inspection, and more); and the summary of findings from the Control Quality process.
- 19. Manage Quality– Outputs Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Test and Evaluation Documents Test and evaluation documents can be created based on industry needs and the organization’s templates. They are inputs to the Control Quality process and are used to evaluate the achievement of quality objectives. These documents may include dedicated checklists and detailed requirements traceability matrices as part of the document.
- 20. Manage Quality– Outputs Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Change Requests If changes occur during the Manage Quality process that impact any of the components of the project management plan, project documents, or project or product management processes, the project manager should submit a change request and follow the Perform Integrated Change Control process.
- 21. Manage Quality– Outputs Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Project Management Plan Updates Any change to the project management plan goes through the organization’s change control process via a change request. Components that may require a change request for the project management plan include: • Quality management plan • Scope baseline • Schedule baseline • Cost baseline
- 22. Manage Quality– Outputs Coincides with PMBOK 8.2 Project Document Updates Project documents that may be updated as a result of carrying out this process include: • Issue log • Lessons learned register • Risk register
Editor's Notes
- #4: Manage Quality uses the data and results from the control quality process to reflect the overall quality status of the project to the stakeholders. This process is performed throughout the project.
- #7: Managing quality is about using project processes effectively and its activities include using quality assurance tools and techniques to: Design an optimal and mature product by implementing specific design guidelines that address specific aspects of the product Build confidence that a future output will be completed in a manner that meets the specified requirements and expectations Confirm that the quality processes are used and that their use meets the quality objectives of the project Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of processes and activities to achieve better results and performance
- #9: Lessons learned register - Lessons learned earlier in the project with regard to managing quality can be applied to later phases in the project to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of managing quality. Quality control measurements -Quality control measurements are used to analyze and evaluate the quality of the processes and deliverables of the project against the standards of the performing organization or the requirements specified. Quality metrics - The Manage Quality process uses these quality metrics as a basis for the development of test scenarios for the project and its deliverables and as a basis for improvement initiatives. Risk report - Risk report is used in the Manage Quality process to identify sources of overall project risk and the most important drivers of overall risk exposure that can impact the quality objectives of the project.
- #11: Based on the project’s requirements and practices, checklists may be simple or complex. Many organizations have standardized checklists available to ensure consistency in frequently performed tasks. In some application areas, checklists are also available from professional associations or commercial service providers.
- #12: Alternatives analysis -This technique is used to evaluate identified options in order to select which different quality options or approaches are most appropriate to use. Document analysis - The analysis of different documents produced as part of the output of project control processes, such as quality reports, test reports, performance reports, and variance analysis, can point to and focus on processes that may be out of control and may jeopardize meeting the specified requirements or stakeholders’ expectations. Process analysis. Process analysis identifies opportunities for process improvements. This analysis also examines problems, constraints, and non-value-added activities that occur during a process. Root cause analysis (RCA). Root cause analysis is an analytical technique used to determine the basic underlying reason that causes a variance, defect, or risk
- #14: Affinity diagrams - Affinity diagrams can organize potential causes of defects into groups showing areas that should be focused on the most. Cause-and-effect diagrams. Cause-and-effect diagrams are also known as fishbone diagrams, why-why diagrams, or Ishikawa diagrams. This type of diagram breaks down the causes of the problem statement identified into discrete branches, helping to identify the main or root cause of the problem Flowcharts - Flowcharts show a series of steps that lead to a defect. Histograms. Histograms show a graphical representation of numerical data. Histograms can show the number of defects per deliverable, a ranking of the cause of defects, the number of times each process is noncompliant, or other representations of project or product defects. Matrix diagrams - The matrix diagram seeks to show the strength of relationships among factors, causes, and objectives that exist between the rows and columns that form the matrix. Scatter diagrams. A scatter diagram is a graph that shows the relationship between two variables. Scatter diagrams can demonstrate a relationship between any element of a process, environment, or activity on one axis and a quality defect on the other axis.
- #15: A quality audit is usually conducted by a team external to the project, such as the organization’s internal audit department, PMO, or by an auditor external to the organization. The subsequent effort to correct any deficiencies should result in a reduced cost of quality and an increase in sponsor or customer acceptance of the project’s product. Quality audits may be scheduled or random, and may be conducted by internal or external auditors. Quality audits can confirm the implementation of approved change requests including updates, corrective actions, defect repairs, and preventive actions.
- #17: Problems can arise as a result of the Control Quality process or from quality audits and can be associated with a process or deliverable. Using a structured problem-solving method will help eliminate the problem and develop a long-lasting solution.
- #22: Quality management plan - The agreed-upon approach to managing quality may need to be modified due to the actual results. Scope baseline - The scope baseline may change as a result of specific quality management activities. Schedule baseline -The schedule baseline may change as a result of specific quality management activities. Cost baseline - The cost baseline may change as a result of specific quality management activities.
- #23: Issue log - New issues raised as a result of this process are recorded in the issue log. Lessons learned register - The lessons learned register is updated with information on challenges encountered and how they could have been avoided as well as approaches that worked well for the managing quality. Risk register - New risks identified during this process are recorded in the risk register and managed using the risk management processes.