9 syllabus statements
- 1. 09/04/2016 9. Transport in Animals Syllabus statements Statements from Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry syllabus 0610 (for exams in 2016 – 2018)
- 2. 9.1 Transport in Animals • Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood • Describe the single circulation of a fish • Describe the double circulation of a mammal • Explain the advantages of a double circulation
- 3. 9.2 Heart • Name and identify the structures of the mammalian heart, limited to the muscular wall, the septum, the left and right ventricles and atria, one-way valves, coronary arteries and the atrioventricular and semilunar valves • State that blood is pumped away from the heart into arteries and returns to the heart in veins
- 4. 9.2 Heart • Explain the relative thickness: – of the muscle wall of the left and right ventricles – of the muscle wall of the atria compared to that of the ventricles • Explain the importance of the septum in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood • Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action of the valves
- 5. 9.2 Heart • State that the activity of the heart may be monitored by ECG, pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves closing • Investigate and state the effect of physical activity on the pulse rate • Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate
- 6. 9.2 Heart • Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors as diet, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and gender • Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease • Describe ways in which coronary heart disease may be treated, limited to drug treatment with aspirin and surgery (stents, angioplasty and by- pass)
- 7. 9.3 Blood & lymphatic vessels • Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries • Explain how the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted for their functions • Name the main blood vessels to and from the: – heart, limited to vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein – lungs, limited to the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein – kidney, limited to the renal artery and renal vein
- 8. 9.3 Blood & lymphatic vessels • State the function of arterioles, venules and shunt vessels • Outline the lymphatic system in terms of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes • Describe the function of the lymphatic system in the circulation of body fluids and the protection of the body from infection
- 9. 9.4 Blood • List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma • Identify red and white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs • Identify lymphocyte and phagocyte white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs
- 10. 9.4 Blood • State the functions of the following components of blood: – red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of haemoglobin – white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production – platelets in clotting (details are not required) – plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide
- 11. 9.4 Blood • State the functions of: – lymphocytes – antibody production – phagocytes – phagocytosis • Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh • State the roles of blood clotting as preventing blood loss and preventing the entry of pathogens • Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid (details of the roles of water potential and hydrostatic pressure are not required)