9694 thinking skills ai rev

Technology & Ethics
Artificial Intelligence

 Coined by John McCarthy in 1956
 The intelligence of machines and robots and
the branch of computer science that aims to
create it.
 “The study and design of intelligent agents"
 An intelligent agent is a system that perceives
its environment and takes actions that
maximize its chances of success.

 These advanced technologies are
becoming ubiquitous. We see them:
 Vacuuming our floors
 Giving us directions
 As anti-terrorist drones
 Driver-less cars

 1. Symbolic AI
 2. Connectionism
 3. Situated robotics
 4. Evolutionary programming
 AI artifacts are varied. They include both
programs (including neural networks) and
robots, each of which may be either
designed in detail or largely evolved.

 Also known as classical AI and as GOFAI—short for John
Haugeland's label "Good Old-Fashioned AI" (1985).
 It models mental processes as the step-by-step
information processing of digital computers.
 Thinking is seen as symbol-manipulation
 Some consist of procedures and subroutines specified at
different levels.
 Many consist of sets of logically separate if-then
(condition-action) rules, which define what actions should
be taken in response to specific conditions
 Models include planning programs, theorem-provers,
learning programs, question-answerers, data-mining
systems, machine translators

 Became widely visible in the mid-1980s
 They compute not by following step-by-step
programs but by using large numbers of locally
connected (associative) computational units,
each one of which is simple.
 The processing is bottom-up rather than
top-down.
These models are good for pattern recognition (ex:
reconstructing torn documents)

 These are autonomous systems
embedded in their environment.
 Instead of planning their actions, as
classical robots do, situated robots react
directly to environmental cues.
 Their if-then rules are engineered rather
than programmed, and their conditions lie
in the external environment, not inside
computer memory, like symbolic models

 Genetic algorithms (GAs) are used by a program
to make random variations in its own rules.
 Used to develop both symbolic and connectionist
AI systems.
 It is applied both to abstract problem-solving
(mathematical optimization, for instance, or the
synthesis of new pharmaceutical molecules) and
to evolutionary robotics—wherein the brain
and/or sensorimotor anatomy of robots evolve
within a specific task-environment.

 Turing was the author of “Computing
Machinery and Intelligence” published
in 1950
 He believed that computing machines
could be intelligent but thought that human
bias may not allow one to see this.
 Instead of asking "Can machines think?"
he replaced with "the imitation game.“

 The game involves: a man (A), a woman (B),
and a human interrogator (C).
 The interrogator is in a room apart from the other
two and tries to determine through conversation
(via a teleprinter) the gender of (A) and (B)
 The man may lie but the woman is to tell the
truth.
 Turing believed a machine could be considered
intelligent if it would more accurately determine
the genders of the player than a human
interrogator.

 Might enable humans to  Rational drug design =
 Genomics = reprogram formulating drugs that
our genes and metabolic target precise changes in
processes disease and aging
 Proteomics = processes
understanding and  Ability to design drugs to
influencing the role of carry out precise missions
proteins at the molecular level.
 Gene therapy =  Therapeutic cloning of
suppressing gene rejuvenated cells, tissues,
expression as well as and organs.
adding new genetic
information

 Gene expression is the process by which cellular
components (specifically RNA and the ribosomes)
produce proteins according to a precise genetic blueprint.
 Gene expression is controlled by peptides (molecules
made up of sequences of up to 100 amino acids) and
short RNA strands.
 Many new therapies currently in development and testing
are based on manipulating peptides either to turn off the
expression of disease-causing genes or to turn on
desirable genes that may otherwise not be expressed in
a particular type of cell.
 A new technique called RNA interference is able to turn
off a gene

 Technology where the key feature sizes for
electronic and mechanical technologies will be in
the nanotechnology range
 Generally considered to be less than 100
nanometers (one billionth of one meter)
 Biomedical applications has already entered the
era of nanoparticles, in which nanoscale objects
are being developed to create more-effective
tests and treatments.

 Magnetic nanotags can be used to bind with antibodies
that can then be read using magnetic probes while still
inside the body.
 Successful experiments have been conducted with gold
nanoparticles that are bound to DNA segments
 Small nanoscale beads called quantum dots can be
programmed with specific codes combining multiple
colors, similar to a color bar code, that can facilitate
tracking of substances through the body.
 Nanoparticles can deliver medication to specific sites in
the body by guiding drugs into cell walls and through the
blood-brain barrier.
 MicroCHIPS of Bedford, Massachusetts, has developed
a computerized device that is implanted under the skin
and delivers precise mixtures of medicines

 Brain implants based on massively distributed intelligent
nanobots will greatly expand memories and otherwise
vastly improve sensory, pattern-recognition, and
cognitive abilities
 Since the nanobots will be communicating with one
another, they will be able to create any set of new neural
connections, break existing connections, create new
hybrid biological and computer networks, and add
completely mechanical networks, as well as interface
intimately with new computer programs and artificial
intelligences.

 Soon, scientists may be able to predict the
weather better by using artificial
intelligence software.
 The software can sift through complex
data and spot patterns missed by the
human eye.
 When this software sees a big storm
coming, it will automatically issue alerts to
warn residents and the media, and this
may help save lives

 Think robotic vacuum cleaner
 These devices are able to maneuver around
obstacles like stairs, furniture and even the cat.
 Facilities with large turf areas, like golf courses,
rely on similar technology to mow their lawns
without the need for human intervention].
 In the future, may allow robot sort trash and
recycling at waste processing centers.
 May also allow machines to perform tasks too
dangerous for humans, such as mining or
firefighting.
 Some countries have already put smart robots to
work disabling land mines and even handling
radioactive materials in order to limit the risk to
human workers

 Advanced software programs will allow these
machines to distinguish between biological
organisms and potential pollutants like oil or
hazardous waste.
 Tiny microbes will consume waste products and
leave good biological matter intact, minimizing
damage to the ecosystem.
 Smart software can also limit the effects of air
pollution from manufacturing and industrial
processes.
 Some of these factories already use artificial
intelligence programs to identify patterns during
combustion and modify manufacturing processes to
minimize pollution.
 Others rely on this software to capture dangerous
chemicals before they enter the smokestack and
end up in the air outside

 Through the use of cameras, sensors and
software, AI may soon drive one’s car.
 Manufacturers already rely on this technology to
make backing up and parking safer, while both
the Toyota Prius and certain Lexus models can
self-park at the touch of a button
 Driverless trains carry passengers from city to
city in Japan without the need for human help,
and self-driving cars may be closer than you
think.
 In 2010, Google began testing its own line of
driverless cars, which rely on lasers and sensors
to spot obstacles, interpret signs and interact
with traffic and pedestrians.

 Willallow scientists to travel and explore more of
the universe beyond our solar system.
 Driverless land rovers also allow researchers to
explore and photograph Mars and other planets,
 These smart vehicles sense obstacles, like
craters, and find safe paths of travel around
them before returning to the shuttle
 AI will also help scientists react more quickly to
emergencies during manned flights.
 For example, a radio message from Mars takes
roughly 11 minutes to reach Earth. Rather than
waiting for advice from scientists on the ground
when trouble arises, astronauts will work with
onboard software systems to spot and prevent
problems before they happen

 As of 2010, roughly half of world stock trades are
driven by artificial intelligence-based software.
 These programs rely on algorithms to spot
patterns in the market and predict price changes
based on these patterns
 Some can even buy or sell shares based on
these predictions, while others issue an alert to
human brokers and advise them of the changes
to come.
 AI software may soon be able to protect
consumers from fraud by spotting changes in
spending or credit card use.

 The U.S. Department of Homeland Security
relies on virtual smart agents to supplement its
human workforce, or to replace an agent when
he or she is unavailable.
 The agency also incorporates AI software into its
monitoring systems, which scan phone calls and
other communications.
 These programs can sift through large volumes
of data quickly and are even capable of
distinguishing between casual conversation and
potential threats [
 Homes equipped with smarter security systems
alert the homeowner and local law enforcement
when an intruder enters the property since AI
can distinguish between occupants and unknown

 Unmanned combat air vehicle is armed with weaponry
but has no onboard human pilot.
 Currently operational drones are predominantly under
real-time human control, though some fly pre-planned
routes
 First used by Iran in the Iran-Iraq war and now have
become ubiquitous in the US fight against terror
 A memo was recently linked that outlined some of the
uses for drone to kill American citizen tied to terrorist
groups in foreign countries. It was highly controversial
since it deemed the threat did not have to be imminent
for the drones to be employed.
 Also, there are private companies who want to
commercialize the use of drones for police use, aerial
shots for the media, etc.
 Many states have begun to pass legislation to regulate
any commercial drone use

 AI in medicine is already helping doctors detect
diseases and save lives.
 Cedars-Sinai Medical Center relies on special
software to examine the heart and stop heart
attacks before they occur
 Artificial muscles feature smart technology that
allows them to function more like real muscles
 Robotic surgery assistants can not only pass the
correct tools to doctors, but also keep track of
these tools and learn about a doctor's
preferences
 Software can also tracks changes in health
records to diagnose patients or warn doctors of
potential risk factors and problems with
medications.

 Transhumanism represents the ultimate application of
artificial intelligence to human life.
 As humans incorporate more and more technology into
their everyday lives, transhumanism offers the
opportunity to eliminate disabilities, slow aging and even
stop death.
 Some picture cyborgs, while others picture an entirely
new species that people have yet to imagine: a being
that's developed beyond the current human state to
enjoy a higher level of reasoning, culture and physical
capabilities.
 Some warn this is a dangerous threat to humanity.
 It brings up ethical implications, particularly those related
to cloning and eugenics

 http://www.economist.com/node/21556234
 Should AI machines be allowed to make moral
decisions (such as in warfare)?
 What are the economic impacts?
 What about privacy laws?
 Should military AI be allowed to become
commercial?
 Is technolgy advancing faster than our laws can
regulate or public opinion coalesce around an
issue?
 What social rights would AI robotics be granted if
any?
 Should humanity be allowed to tamper with our
biological limitations to the point of eliminating
aging?

 The most basic governing behavior of all (artificially intelligent)
robots.
 The laws are:
 “1) A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a
human being to come to harm; 2) A robot must obey orders given it
by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the
First Law;
 3) A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection
does not conflict with the First or Second Law.”
 Thus, any possibilities for anti-human action are completely
eliminated.

 Some scientists, such as Dr. Hugo de Garis of Utah State University, feel
that Asimov’s 50 year old views are unrealistic, and that “The artificial brains
that real brain builders will build will not be controllable”
 There I sno way to predict ahead of time how a complex artificial-brained
creature will behave.
 Other safeguards may be possible as critics of de Garis argue, such as
refusing to give artificial intelligences any way to directly influence the
outside world, or incorporating kill switches to turn the machines off if there
is trouble.
 There is still no guarantee that the existence of artificial intelligences would
be desirable.
 Some people hold religious beliefs that forbid the creation of such a thing,
others find the concept instinctually revolting.
 MIT Professor Joseph Weizenbaum argues in his 1976 book Computer
Power and Human Reason that even if artificial intelligences are possible to
build, such a task should never be undertaken.
 He believes that AI’s will never be able to make decisions as humans can
with the same qualities of compassion and wisdom.

 "Artificial
Intelligence Patents." Gale
Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Detroit:
Gale, 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In
Context. Web. 4 Jan. 2013.
 “Philosophical Perspectives on Artificial
Intelligence: Ethical Issues.” http://www-cs-
faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/soco/p
rojects/2004-05/ai/ai-ethics.html: 4 Jan 2013.
 Turner, Bambi. “10 Ways Artificial Intelligence
will Impact Our Lives.” Discovery.
www.ds.disovery.com: 4 Jan 2013.

9694 thinking skills ai rev

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9694 thinking skills ai rev