_-_learning_styles_&_models.ppt in nursing

UNIT 3
Learning Cycle, Models
and Learning Styles

Learning Objectives :
At the end of this presentation, you will
be able to :
Examine the learning cycles
Explain the models of Kolb and Taylor
and how they impact on learning
Discuss the different types of learning
styles
Explain what is problem solving and the
learning cycle

Taylor's Model of Learning
Marilyn Taylor (1987) suggests that
discomfort is a natural and necessary
part of the learning process. However,
her model of the learning cycle
indicates, she believes students can work
through the discomfort with the support
of the educator.

Stages of the
Taylor's
Learning
cycle
1. Disorientation
2. Exploration
3. Reorientation
4. Equilibrium

1. Disorientation
The learner is presented with an
unfamiliar experience or idea which
involves new ideas that challenge the
student to think critically about his/her
beliefs and values. The learner reacts by
becoming confused and anxious.
Support from the educator at this point is
crucial to the learner’s motivation,
participation and self-esteem

2. Exploration
The tutor assists the learner to
“name” (identify) the problem so that the
learner will see that the disorientation
comes from an unresolved/complex issue
rather than any inadequacy on the
learners part. The tutor then assists the
learner to search for information which
can be used in resolving the problem or
issue experienced in the disorientation
phase.

3. Reorientation
This stage is characterized by
synthesis of the information gathered and
reflected on during the Exploration stage.
The educator’s role in this stage is to
encourage and guide the learner through
the process of reflecting critically on the
information. The role of the tutor is also to
assist the learner to achieve a degree of
acceptance of the idea that learning can
evoke disorientation and/or discomfort.

4. Equilibrium
The emotional intensity of the
previous three stages is markedly reduced
by the time this stage is reached and the
learner displays an obvious sense of
comfort with/acceptance of the new
knowledge/skill. The role of the educator is
to encourage the learner to apply/extend
the knowledge/skill it to new situations, as
well as to share it with others.

Taylor's Learning
Cycle
1-
Disorientation
2-
Exploration
4-
Equilibrium
3-
Reorientatio
n
What?? What is this?? Help!
Ok! Don't panic.
Let's see how this works..
Everything is cool again
Oh! I think I get it !

Kolb's Experiential Learning
Model(page#152-154)
David Kolb (1984),developed his
learning style model
He believed that knowledge is acquired
through a transformational process
which is continuously created and
recreated. Learning is a cumulative result
of past experiences, heredity and
demands of present environment.

Modes of Learning
Kolb's model known as the cycle of
learning includes four modes of learning
that reflect two major dimensions which
are perception and processing.
Kolb's Hypothesis about Learning :
He hypothesize that learning results
from the way learner perceives as well as
how he processes what he perceives.

Dimensions of Learning
1.Perception :
* Concrete experience
*Abstract conceptualization
2.Processing :
*Reflective observation
*Active experimentation

Dimension of Perception
This dimension involves two opposite
perceptual view points.
At the CE stage of learning cycle, learner
tends to rely more on feelings . He likes
interacting with people, benefits from
specific experience and is sensitive to others.
He learns from feelings.
At the AC stage, learner tends to rely on
logic and ideas. He uses systematic planning
and logical analysis to solve the problem. He
learns by thinking.

Dimensions of Processing
It also has two opposite orientations.
Some learners process information
through reflective observation and they rely
on objectivity, careful judgment, personal
thoughts and feelings to form opinions. They
learn by watching and listening.
Some learners process information
through active experimentation. They
prefer to influence or change situations and
see the results of their actions. They are risk
takers and learn by doing.

Types of Learning styles
Kolb's describes each learning style as a
combination of four basic learning modes.
The learner demonstrates characteristics of
one of four style types.
1.Diverger
2.Assimilator
3.Converger
4.Accommodator..
These learning styles are in clockwise order
and starts with Diverger.

1.Divergers
They combines the learning modes of CE
and RO.
Characteristics of Diverger :
 Good at viewing concrete situations from
many points of view.
Like to observe, gather information and
gain insights.
Work in group.
Like to learn from experiences, have active
imaginations and are sensitive to feelings.
Participate in brain storming sessions.

2.Assimilators
They combine the learning modes of RO
and AC.
Characteristics of Assimilators:
Convert information in precise and
logical form.
Less interested in people and more focus
on abstract ideas and concepts.
Good at inductive reasoning.
Need time to reflect.
Value theory over practical.
Learn through lecture one to one
instruction and reading materials.

3.Convergers
They combines the learning modes of AC
and AE.
Characteristics of Convergers:
Find practical application for ideas and
theories.
Use deductive reasoning to solve the
problem.
Prefer technical task rather than dealing
with social and interpersonal issues.
Learn best through demonstrations,
handouts and diagrams.

4. Accommodators
They combine the learning modes of AE and
CE.
Characteristics of Accommodators:
Learn best by hand on experience.
Enjoy new and challenging situations.
Act on gut feelings rather than on logic.
Are risk takers
Most challenging to educators because they
demand new and exciting experiences.
Learn through role play, games and
computer stimulation.

Effects of Kolb's model on
Learning
This pattern of learning works because
learners must first have foundational
knowledge of a subject before they can
test information. So they must have
familiarity with facts and ideas before they
can explore and test concepts.
These four learning styles help better
explain the uniqueness of individual
learning style. It helps to explain the
strengths and weaknesses of the learner
and to increase their learning power
through different teaching strategies and
learning experiences.

Learning style:(page#139-140)
Refers to the ways in which and
condition under which learners most
efficiently and most effectively
perceive , process, store and recall what
they are attempting to learn and their
preferred approaches to different
learning tasks.

Characteristics of learning may be
 Biological
or
sociological

Types of learning styles
There are 8 types of learning styles
1. visual /spatial learner
2. The musical/audio learner
3. Linguistic/verbal learner
4. Kinesthetic learner
5. Logical/mathematical learner
6. Interpersonal/social learner
7. Intrapersonal/solitary learner
8. Naruralistic learner

1-Visual/Spatial Learner
Visual learners are those that learn
best when they have an image or cue to
help them process the information. They
may also need to map out or write out
their thoughts in order to really process
what they are thinking

Characteristics
Have good spatial sense and sense of direction




Are good at using maps and rarely get lost
Have good color balance
Like coloring, drawing, and doodling
Can easily visualize objects, plans, and outcomes

For example, a visual learner in a
writing class may process the
information better by seeing a movie
clip of how a film adapts the literature it
was based on, instead of listening to the
literature being read aloud.
You are a visual learner if: You prefer
pictures, images, and mind maps to
help you process information.

2-Aural (Auditory-Musical)
Aural learning is a unique type of
learning style, but it is used to classify
those who respond primarily to sound.
Unsurprisingly, most musicians are aural
learners. This is a learning style that isn’t
often addressed in many schools
because it can be hard to teach
outside of music class. These are also
individuals who respond best to things
such as binaural beats.

Characteristics
 Find that certain music invokes strong emotions



 Often hear songs, jingles, and themes tend to
pop in their head without prompts
 Have a good sense of pitch or rhythm
 Enjoy listening to music in the background
while learning

 For example, a song that helps you
remember the alphabetical order of
all the states is a way to tap into aural
learning styles.
 You are an aural learner if: You prefer
learning through rhythms or tend to
use clever rhymes to remember
something.

3-Verbal/Linguistic Learner
Verbal learners learn best both
under verbal instruction and writing.
They typically excel with both. These
learners are typically those that go into
public speaking, writing, journalism,
and debating.

Characteristics
 Express themselves in both written and
spoken word



 Has a large vocabulary and enjoys learning
new words
 Like tongue twisters and rhymes
 Enjoy reading and writing

 For example, reading definitions of a
word aloud or writing them down a
few times, are ways for verbal learners
to process information.
 You are a verbal learner if: You need
to read content aloud to learn
something or prefer to have someone
speak the information to you so you
can process it.

4-Kinesthetic/physical learner
If you are someone who likes
getting their hands dirty, then you are
likely a physical learner. Physical
learners are extremely animated and
always need to be moving. They learn
best by going through the motions of
what they are learning.

Characteristics
 Notice and appreciate the physical world
around them, such as textures



 Enjoy making models or doing jigsaw puzzles
 Tend to use and pick up on body language
 Enjoys sports and exercise along with outdoor
activities and working with their hands

 You are a physical learner if: You don’t
learn something until you do it, and
need to draw out your own diagrams or
role play to learn new information. You
may also be constantly in motion and
speak with your hands.
 For example, if something is bothering
you or you are trying to wrap your head
around a concept, you would rather go
for a run or walk than sit down and
figure it out.

5-Logical/Mathematical
Most logical thinkers end up being
engineers, mathematicians, or
pursuing the sciences. This is because
they have a very unique way of
learning. They are the individuals who
want to understand the reason behind
content or skills and tend to enjoy
games like chess and doing
brainteasers.

Characteristics
 Classify and group information together to better
understand it




 For example, those who prefer making a neat and
organized list while studying and extracting key points
from material forLogical learners:
 Plan agendas and itineraries and even rank and
number them
 Create procedures for future use, after coming up with
a solution to a problem
 Perform complex calculations

 Classify and group information together to better
understand it





 You are a logical learner if: You can learn something
only when you understand the bigger picture, along
with the logic, reasoning and systems behind that
concept.
 For example, those who prefer making a neat and
organized list while studying and extracting key points
from material for these lists are typically logical
learners.
 Plan agendas and itineraries and even rank and
number them
 Create procedures for future use, after coming up with
a solution to a problem
 Perform complex calculations

6-Interpersonal/Social Learner
 As the name suggests, social learners
are natural group workers. For
students, these are the individuals that
seem to be involved in every
extracurricular activity. For adults, they
are the individuals that like to be
engaged with others, work on teams,
and ask their peers for feedback in
order to learn.

Characteristics
 Prefer to socialize after work or class




 Are often trusted by others for their advice
 Listen well
 Bounce ideas off of others and to work through
issues in a group
 Enjoy playing group sports

 For example, in school when teachers
assign group projects, it is often a way
to appeal to social learners.

 You are a social learner if: You prefer
to work with other people and find
you learn best in groups.

7-Intrapersonal/Solitary
Learner
 Solitary learners are individuals who
simply prefer to learn on their own and
keep to themselves. In most situations,
this is a learning style for socially
introverted people—but not always.
There are some people who are
extroverts in social situations but prefer
to be alone when they are trying to
learn. They also tend to be concerned
with goals and outcomes.

Characteristics
 Spend time on self-analysis
 Prefer to relax or travel away from
crowds
 Think independently
 Journal, write, and record personal
thoughts and events as a way to
improve.

 For example, someone who reads self-
help books to develop a deeper
understanding of themselves is often a
solitary learner.

 You are a solitary learner if: You need
to sit alone and study by yourself in
order to retain information.

8-Naturalistic Learner
 These learner learn by working with,
and experiencing nature
 If this sounds lika a scientist,it is
because that is how scientist learns.
 The naturalist loves experience,loves,
observing the world around them and
captures the best information thorugh
experimentation

Dunn and Dunn Learning
Styles(page#145-148)
In 1967, Rita Dunn and Kenneth
Dunn develop a user friendly model
that would assist educators in
identifying characteristics that allow
individuals to learn in different ways .

Researchers identified five basic stimuli
that affect a person's ability to learn ;
1. Environmental elements
2. Emotional elements
3. Sociological elements
4. Physical elements
5. Psychological elements

Environmental Elements
 Sounds
 Light
 Temperature
 Design

Emotional Elements
Motivation
Persistence
Responsibility
Structure

Sociological Elements
 Learning alone
 presence of an authority figure
 variety of ways

Physical Elements
 Perceptual strenghts
 Intake
 Time of day
 Mobility

Psychological Elements
 Global versus analytic
 Hemispheric preference
 Impulsivity versus reflectivity

References :
 http://blog.mindvalley.com
 https://meds.queensu.ca
 Kolb, D. A. (1984) Experiential learning.
Retrieved from
http://www.simplepsychology.com

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