_TCS Technical questions all tcs question
- 1. Most Asked TCS Technical By Prime Coding
- 2. Define socket programming and mention the benefits and drawbacks of java sockets. Socket programming is a way to enable communication between two nodes over a network. Benefits include easy communication over the network and object-oriented design, while drawbacks include complexity in error handling and potential for performance issues. What do you mean by subnet mask? A subnet mask is a 32-bit number that divides an IP address into network and host parts, used for subnetting.
- 3. What is database schema and its types? A database schema is the structure that defines the organization of data in a database; its types include physical schema, logical schema, and view schema. What is round trip time? Round trip time (RTT) is the time it takes for a signal to travel from the sender to the receiver and back.
- 4. Explain memory leak in C++. How can you avoid it? A memory leak occurs when allocated memory is not properly deallocated; it can be avoided by using smart pointers or ensuring proper use of delete. What is the difference between JDK and JRE? JDK (Java Development Kit) is a full-featured software development kit for Java, while JRE (Java Runtime Environment) is used to run Java applications.
- 5. Mention the two concepts of swapping in the context of OS? How does swapping help in better memory management? Swapping involves moving processes between main memory and disk; it helps in better memory management by optimizing the use of available memory and enabling multitasking. What is a kernel? System calls? A kernel is the core component of an OS managing system resources; system calls are the interface between the user applications and the kernel.
- 6. Explain the functionality of the linked list. Advantages & Disadvantages over Array? A linked list is a data structure where elements are linked using pointers; advantages include dynamic size and ease of insertion/deletion, while disadvantages include higher memory usage and no random access. Mention the four basic principles of OOPS. Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism.
- 7. What is inheritance? Inheritance is an OOP principle where a new class inherits properties and behaviors from an existing class. What are the different types of inheritance? Single, Multiple, Multilevel, Hierarchical, and Hybrid inheritance.
- 8. What is polymorphism? Polymorphism is an OOP concept where a single function or operator can operate in different ways based on the context. Differentiate between classes and interfaces. A class is a blueprint for creating objects with properties and methods, while an interface is a contract specifying methods that a class must implement without providing the method implementations.
- 9. Define the normalization of databases, joins, and keys. Normalization is organizing database structure to reduce redundancy; joins combine rows from two or more tables; keys uniquely identify records in a table. What are loops? Loops are control structures that repeat a block of code while a condition is true.
- 10. Explain Joins, Views, Normalization, and Triggers. Joins combine data from multiple tables; Views are virtual tables based on the result-set of an SQL query; Normalization organizes data to reduce redundancy; Triggers are procedures that automatically execute in response to certain events on a table. What is a Database Management System? A Database Management System (DBMS) is software for creating, managing, and manipulating databases.
- 11. Differentiate between the foreign key and reference key? A foreign key is a field in one table that uniquely identifies a row in another table, while a reference key is another term sometimes used interchangeably with foreign key. Differentiate between socket and session? A socket is an endpoint for communication between two machines, while a session is a series of interactions between a client and server over a network.
- 12. What are interrupts? Interrupts are signals to the processor indicating an event that needs immediate attention. What do you mean by SQL Correlated Subqueries? SQL Correlated Subqueries are subqueries that refer to columns in the outer query, evaluated once for each row processed by the outer query.
- 13. What do you mean by concurrency control? Concurrency control is a database management technique to ensure that transactions are executed in a safe manner and avoid conflicts. What is the difference between the Java Development Kit (JDK), Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and Java Virtual Machine (JVM)? JDK includes tools for Java development, JRE includes the libraries to run Java applications, and JVM is the engine that runs Java bytecode.
- 14. What do you mean by concurrency control? Concurrency control is a database management technique to ensure that transactions are executed in a safe manner and avoid conflicts. What are the two concepts of swapping in the context of OS? How does swapping help in better memory management? Two concepts: swapping in (loading a process into memory) and swapping out (moving a process to disk); it helps by maximizing the use of available memory and ensuring the system can handle multiple processes efficiently.
- 15. What is NAT? Network Address Translation (NAT) modifies network address information in IP packet headers while in transit to remap a given address space into another. List different advantages of DBMS DBMS advantages include data redundancy control, data integrity, security, data consistency, backup, and recovery management.
- 16. What is the difference and similarity between C and C++? C is procedural while C++ supports both procedural and object- oriented programming; both share similar syntax and basic language constructs. The structural difference between bitmap and b-tree index? Bitmap indexes use bit arrays for indexing, ideal for low-cardinality columns; B-tree indexes use a balanced tree structure, suitable for high- cardinality columns.
- 17. What is a static variable? A static variable retains its value across function calls and is shared among all instances of a class. Tell the primary difference between Java and C language. Java is platform-independent and runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) C is platform-dependent and compiles directly to machine code.
- 18. How do you print an address? Use the %p format specifier in printf in C, like printf("%p", (void*)&variable);. Explain objects and classes. A class is a blueprint for creating objects (instances), defining data attributes and methods; objects are instances of classes.
- 19. What is the difference between arrays and structures? Arrays store elements of the same type in contiguous memory locations, while structures can store elements of different types. What are different techniques to prevent deadlocks? Techniques include deadlock avoidance, detection, and recovery, as well as resource allocation ordering and using a timeout.
- 20. Explain bubble sort and insertion sort. Bubble sort repeatedly swaps adjacent elements if they are in the wrong order; insertion sort builds a sorted array one element at a time by comparing each new element to those already sorted. Explain cache memory. Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located close to the CPU to temporarily hold frequently accessed data and instructions.
- 21. What is a bug? A bug is an error, flaw, or fault in a software program that causes it to produce incorrect or unexpected results. Explain SDLC. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system.
- 22. Explain "pass by value" and "pass by reference." Pass by value copies the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the function; pass by reference copies the address of the argument into the formal parameter. Explain nested query with example. A nested query is a query within another SQL query, for example, SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Salary > (SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employees);.
- 23. How are nested queries different from join queries? Which is more efficient? Nested queries are subqueries within a main query; joins combine columns from two or more tables based on a related column; joins are generally more efficient. Explain the difference between function overriding and function overloading. Function overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method already defined in its superclass; function overloading is defining multiple functions with the same name but different parameters.
- 24. How are nested queries different from join queries? Which is more efficient? Nested queries are subqueries within a main query; joins combine columns from two or more tables based on a related column; joins are generally more efficient. Explain the difference between function overriding and function overloading. Function overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method already defined in its superclass; function overloading is defining multiple functions with the same name but different parameters.
- 25. What is an object-oriented language? An object-oriented language is a programming language that uses objects and classes to structure software in a more modular and reusable way. What is schema? A schema is a structured framework or plan that outlines the organization of data in a database.
- 26. What do you mean by API? An API (Application Programming Interface) is a set of rules and protocols for building and interacting with software applications. What is servlet? A servlet is a Java program that runs on a server and handles client requests by generating dynamic web content.
- 27. What is DOM? The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface for web documents that represents the structure of a document as a tree of objects. Difference between abstract class and encapsulation? Uses? Examples? An abstract class cannot be instantiated and is used to define common behavior for subclasses; encapsulation is the bundling of data and methods that operate on the data within a single unit (class), hiding implementation details.
- 28. What do you mean by overloading and overriding? Overloading allows multiple functions with the same name but different parameters; overriding allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a method already defined in its superclass. Difference between NoSQL and SQL? Give software examples. SQL databases are relational, table-based, and use structured query language; NoSQL databases are non-relational, can be document-based, key-value pairs, graph databases, or wide-column stores (e.g., SQL: MySQL, PostgreSQL; NoSQL: MongoDB, Cassandra).
- 29. Define Class A class is a blueprint for creating objects, providing initial values for state (member variables) and implementations of behavior (member functions or methods). Define Structure A structure is a user-defined data type in C/C++ that groups related variables of different data types under a single name.
- 30. Is Abstraction Possible in C? If No, Why? No, abstraction as a concept of hiding implementation details is not natively supported in C because it lacks classes and objects; abstraction is achieved through function pointers and data encapsulation. What is Modulus? Modulus is an arithmetic operation that finds the remainder of the division of one number by another.
- 31. Is Abstraction Possible in C? If No, Why? No, abstraction as a concept of hiding implementation details is not natively supported in C because it lacks classes and objects; abstraction is achieved through function pointers and data encapsulation. What is Modulus? Modulus is an arithmetic operation that finds the remainder of the division of one number by another.
- 32. Programs Where Modulus Can Be Used: Modulus can be used in programs involving cycles, periodicity, determining even/odd numbers, hashing algorithms, and clock arithmetic. What is an Armstrong Number? An Armstrong number (or narcissistic number) is a number that is equal to the sum of its own digits raised to the power of the number of digits.
- 33. What is Recursion? Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself directly or indirectly to solve a problem. Programs That Use Recursion: Examples include factorial calculation, Fibonacci sequence generation, tree traversal, quicksort, and merge sort.
- 34. Static and dynamic function: • Static function: A function with a static storage class specifier, meaning it is limited to the file it is declared in. • Dynamic function: Generally refers to functions that can change behavior at runtime, often associated with dynamic dispatch in OOP. Rare HTML tags Rare HTML tags are tags that are less commonly used or specialized, such as <bdi>, <wbr>, <rp>, <rt>, <rb>, etc.
- 35. How to identify the version of HTML? HTML versions are typically identified in the <!DOCTYPE> declaration at the beginning of an HTML document, which specifies the HTML version being used. How to link a JS file? <script src="script.js"></script>
- 36. What are the functions in JS? JavaScript functions are blocks of code designed to perform a particular task. They are defined using the function keyword and can be named or anonymous. What is onclick function? onclick is an event attribute in HTML and JavaScript that triggers a specified function when an element is clicked by the user.
- 37. How to encrypt data while sending to the database? Encrypt data before sending it to a database using techniques like AES encryption, hashing algorithms (like SHA-256), or SSL/TLS for secure transmission. How to combine front-end and backend code? Front-end (client-side) and backend (server-side) code can be combined by making HTTP requests (AJAX, Fetch API) from the front-end to the backend, passing data back and forth using JSON or other formats.
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