A 1 maintain electrical system installation of mechatronics system
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- 2. 3/15/2016 2 MECHATRONICS TECHNICIAN Tailored By Obaid ur Rehman ™
- 3. 3/15/2016 3 Module A: Maintain Electrical System Task A1 : Maintain electrical system installation of mechatronics system
- 4. Interpret electrical drawing / manual • Symbols • Legends • Technique to Interpret (Right or Left / Up or Down/ Source or Output) Where to Start ?. 3/15/2016 4
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- 19. Electrical Quantities 100.2 -The Three main Electrical Quantities are – Voltage – Current – Resistance 3/15/2016 19
- 20. Voltage The force which tends the electron to flow is termed as voltage. The unit voltage is volts. Voltage must always be measured in parallel, across the electrical load with instrument Voltmeter. Current The flow of electrons in called current. The flow of electrons is due to the certain potential difference between two conductors. The unit of current is Ampere. It must be measured in Series with the electrical circuit or load with the instrument Ammeter. 3/15/2016 20
- 21. Resistance The opposition to the flow of current is termed as resistance. The resistance must be measured when the circuit is isolated from the major source. The unit of resistance is ohms Ω.The instrument need to measure resistance is ohmmeter. All these electrical values can be measure through an instrument “Multimeter” 3/15/2016 21
- 22. 100.3 Differentiate Alternating and Direct current Types and Sources of Supply There are only two types of electricity supply, direct current (D.C) and alternating current (A.C), D.C is obtained from cells and batteries, D.C generators or electronically derived from A.C (rectification), A.C is obtained from A.C generators. 3/15/2016 22
- 23. C Comparison Chart3/15/2016 23
- 24. 100.4 Identification of Electrical tools 3/15/2016 24
- 25. 100.5 Use test and measuring Instrument • Tests and measurements are important in designing, evaluating, maintaining and servicing electrical circuits and equipment. • In order to detect electrical quantities such as current, voltage, resistance or power, it is necessary to transform an electrical quantity or condition into a visible indication. • This is done with the aid of instruments (or meters) that indicate the magnitude of quantities either by the position of a pointer moving over a graduated scale (called an analogue instrument) or in the form of a decimal number (called a digital instrument). 3/15/2016 25
- 26. Multimeter • A multimeter is a devise used to measure voltage, resistance and current in electronics & electrical equipment • It is also used to test continuity between to 2 points to verify if there is any breaks in circuit or line • There are two types of multimeter Analog & Digital – Analog has a needle style gauge – Digital has a LCD display 3/15/2016 26
- 27. There are 2 styles of multimeters. 3/15/2016 27
- 28. Meter leads Red meter lead Is connected to Voltage/Resistance or amperage port Is considered the positive connection. Probes Are the handles used to hold tip on the tested connection. Tips Are at the end of the probe and provides a connection point. Black meter lead Is always connected to the common port Is considered the negative connection. 3/15/2016 28
- 29. Display & Dial Settings 3/15/2016 29
- 30. 3/15/2016 30 Common DMM Symbols These symbols are often found on multimeter and schematics. They are designed to symbolize components and reference values.
- 31. Measuring Voltage • Voltage (V) is the unit of electrical pressure; one volt is the potential difference needed to cause one amp of current to pass through one ohm of resistance • Voltage is broke up into 2 sections AC & DC Alternating Current (AC) is house voltage (220vac) Direct Current (DC) is battery voltage (12vdc) • On switched meters use one value higher than your expected value • Be very careful to not touch any other electronic components within the equipment and do not touch the tips to each other while connected to anything else • To measure voltage connect the leads in parallel between the two points where the measurement is to be made. The multimeter provides a parallel pathway so it needs to be of a high resistance to allow as little current flow through it as possible. 3/15/2016 31
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- 33. Measuring Resistance and Continuity • Resistance (Ω) is the opposition to current • Resistance is measured in Ohm's • Disconnect power source before testing • Remove component or part from system before testing • Measure using lowest value, if OL move to next level • Testing for continuity is used to test to verify if a circuit, wire or fuse is complete with no open Audible continuity allows an alarm if circuit is complete • If there is no audible alarm resistance of 1 ohm to 0 .1ohm should be present 3/15/2016 33
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- 35. Measuring Current • Current (amps) is the flow of electrical charge though a component or conductor • Current is measured in amps or amperes • Disconnect power source before testing • Disconnect completed circuit at end of circuit • Place multimeter in series with circuit • Reconnect power source and turn ON • Select highest current setting and work your way down. 3/15/2016 35
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- 37. Review • A meter capable of checking for voltage, current, and resistance is called a multimeter, • When measuring Voltage the multimeter must be connected to two points in a circuit in order to obtain a good reading. Be careful not to touch the bare probe tips together while measuring voltage, as this will create a short-circuit! • Never read Resistance or test for Continuity with a multimeter on a circuit that is energized. • When measuring Current the multimeter must be connected in a circuit so the electrons have to flow through the meter • Multimeters have practically no resistance between their leads. This is intended to allow electrons to flow through the meter with the least possible difficulty. If this were not the case, the meter would add extra resistance in the circuit, thereby affecting the current. 3/15/2016 37
- 38. 100.6 Calculate electrical quantities in circuits • Voltage • Current • Resistance • Power 3/15/2016 38
- 39. 3/15/2016 39 Formulas Voltage V = IR Resistance R = V/I Current = V/R Power – P = VI P = I2R P = V2R
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- 42. 100.7 Interpret Electrical Component Specifications The general electrical component specifications are based on voltage and current rating emphasize by the manufacturer for the optimum utilization , safety of device and devices associated with the component. 3/15/2016 42
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- 45. Activity • Find an Electrical/Electronic Component in the Mechatronics System. • Translate there specifications in terms of • Rating Voltage • Rating Current • Etc. • Mention the role and characteristics of a Component for the Mechatronics System 3/15/2016 45
- 46. Characteristics and Terminology • Breakdown Voltage The maximum tolerated voltage by the relay for a specified time period without damaging the relay. • Coil Current The nominal current that flows when nominal voltage is applied to coil. • Coil Resistance The electrical resistance across the coil wire. • Coil Voltage The nominal voltage necessary for the coil current to flow. Contact Bounce Time • The elapsed time between from the initial to the final closing or opening of a contact. It is typically shorter than 5 ms. 3/15/2016 46
- 47. Characteristics and Terminology • Contact Rating The amount of voltage/current that can be handled by the contacts for nominal operation. • Contact Resistance The electrical resistance across the closed contacts. • Drop Out Current/Voltage The amount of current/voltage at or above which the relay must deenergize and move the armature back to its initial position. • Electrical Life The minimum number of times the relay can be operated under nominal conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.) with a specific load being switched by the contacts. • Mechanical Life The minimum number of times the relay can be operated under nominal conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.) with no load on the contacts. 3/15/2016 47
- 48. Characteristics and Terminology • Pick Up Current/Voltage The amount of current/voltage at or below which the coil must energize and move the armature. It is typically around 75% to 85% of the nominal current/voltage. • Release Time The time from the initial removal of coil power to the moment the armature returns to its deenergized position, either making or breaking contacts (depending on switch type). This does not include bounce time. 3/15/2016 48
- 49. 100.8 Describe necessity of earthing system. • Earthing Earthing is the connection of the exposed conductive parts of an electrical installation to the main protective earthing terminal of the installation. 3/15/2016 49
- 50. • Exposed conductive parts Are the metalwork of the electrical installation. The conduit, trunking, metal boxes and equipment that make up the electrical installation. 3/15/2016 50
- 51. • Extraneous conductive parts A conductive part liable to introduce a potential, generally earth potential, and not forming part of the electrical installation. The structural steelwork of the building, gas, water and central heating pipes and radiators. 3/15/2016 51
- 52. 100.9 State characteristics of semi-conductor components and circuits 3/15/2016 52
- 53. Semi-Conductor • Semi-conductor is composed of two words-Semi and Conductor. Semi means not completely while conductor mean something, which can conduct electricity. • Semiconductors are group 4 elements, which means they have four valence electrons For this reason they are also known as tetravalent elements. • These group elements are Carbon (C) , Silicon (Si) , Germanium (Ge) and tin (Sn) of these only Silicon and Germanium are used as Intrinsic Semiconductors. • Silicon and Germanium possess the resistivity 2.3 x 103 Ω m and 0.45 Ω m 3/15/2016 53
- 54. Doping • Adding extremely small amounts of impurities to pure semiconductors in a controlled manner is called doping. • In order to improve their conduction very small quantities (in the order of 1 part in 105 to 1 part in 108 ) of certain other elements are added. • The impurity elements that are added are either pentavalent (have five valence electrons) or are trivalent (have three valence electrons) atoms. 3/15/2016 54
- 55. Types of Semi Conductor N-Type • Antimony, arsenic and phosphorus are called n-type impurities and form an n-type material when any of these impurities are added to silicon or germanium. 3/15/2016 55
- 56. Conduction in N-Type Material • Arsenic, antimony and phosphorus have five valency electrons. • The ‘fifth’ valency electron is not rigidly bonded and is free to conduct, the impurity atom donating a charge carrier. • A two-dimensional diagram depicting this in which a phosphorus atom has replaced one of the germanium atoms. The resulting material is called n-type material, and contains free electrons. 3/15/2016 56
- 57. Types of Semi Conductor P –Type • Indium, aluminium and boron are called p-type impurities and form a p-type material when any of these impurities are added to a semiconductor. 3/15/2016 57
- 58. Conduction in P-Type Material • Indium, Aluminium and boron have three valency electrons. • One of the four bonds associated with the semiconductor material is deficient by one electron and this deficiency is called a hole. Holes give rise to conduction when a potential difference exists across the semiconductor material. 3/15/2016 58
- 59. 3/15/2016 59 DIODE • A diode is so called because it has two terminals: the anode, which is the positive terminal, and the cathode, which is the negative terminal. • In the case of a p-n junction diode the anode is the p-type and the cathode is the n-type. • A diode will conduct in one direction but not in the other.
- 60. 3/15/2016 60 Transistor • The bipolar junction transistor consists of three regions of semiconductor material. One type is called a p-n-p transistor, in which two regions material sandwich a very thin layer of n-type material. Of p-type • A second type is called an n-p-n transistor, in which two regions of n-type material sandwich a very thin layer of p-type material.
- 61. 100.10 Identify current path in D.C power supplies Current Path in D.C Power Supplies • A direct current (DC) circuit is a circuit is which the current through each branch in the circuit is always in the same direction. • When the power supply is steady in time, and then the circuit is a purely resistive network then the current in each branch will be steady, that is the currents will not vary in time. 3/15/2016 61
- 62. 100.11 State characteristics of analogue and digital electronic circuits 3/15/2016 62
- 63. Signal A signal is any kind of physical quantity that conveys information. • Audible speech is certainly a kind of signal, as it conveys the thoughts (information) of one person to another through the physical medium of sound. • Hand gestures are signals, too, conveying information. • This text is another kind of signal, interpreted by your English-trained mind as information about electric circuits. The word signal will be used primarily in reference to an electrical quantity of voltage or current that is used to represent or signify some other physical quantity . 3/15/2016 63
- 64. Analog Signal • An Analog Signal is a kind of signal that is continuously variable, as opposed to having a limited number of steps along its range (called digital). • A well-known example of analog vs. digital is that of clocks. • In the early days of industrial instrumentation, compressed air was used as a signaling medium to convey information from measuring instruments to indicating and controlling devices located remotely. • A pneumatic (air signal) level "transmitter" device set up to measure height of water (the "process variable") in a storage tank would output a low air pressure when the tank was empty, a medium pressure when the tank was partially full, and a high pressure when the tank was completely full. 3/15/2016 64
- 65. Digital Signal • Digital Signals are based 0 and 1 level. • Digital Clock is an example of it. • The signal you send to your TV to change channels 3/15/2016 65
Editor's Notes
- #57: Arsenic, antimony and phosphorus have five valency electrons and when a semiconductor is doped with one of these substances, some impurity atoms are incorporated in the tetrahedral structure. The ‘fifth’ valency electron is not rigidly bonded and is free to conduct, the impurity atom donating a charge carrier. A two-dimensional diagram depicting this is shown in Figure in which a phosphorus atom has replaced one of the germanium atoms. The resulting material is called n-type material, and contains free electrons.
- #59: Indium, Aluminium and boron have three valency electrons and when a semiconductor is doped with one of these substances, some of the semiconductor atoms are replaced by impurity atoms. One of the four bonds associated with the semiconductor material is deficient by one electron and this deficiency is called a hole. Holes give rise to conduction when a potential difference exists across the semiconductor material due to movement of electrons from one hole to another, as shown in Figure. In this figure, an electron moves from A to B, giving the appearance that the hole moves from B to A. Then electron C moves to A, giving the appearance that the hole moves to C, and so on. The resulting material is p-type material containing holes.
- #65: A well-known example of analog vs. digital is that of clocks: analog being the type with pointers that slowly rotate around a circular scale, and digital being the type with decimal number displays or a "second-hand" that jerks rather than smoothly rotates.