A 6G THz MIMO antenna with high gain and wide bandwidth for high-speed wireless communication

TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control
Vol. 23, No. 3, June 2025, pp. 629~638
ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v23i3.26526  629
Journal homepage: http://journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/TELKOMNIKA
A 6G THz MIMO antenna with high gain and wide bandwidth
for high-speed wireless communication
Redwan Al Mahmud Bin Asad Ananta1
, Md. Sharif Ahammed1
, Md. Ashraful Haque1
, Md. Kawsar
Ahmed1
, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh2
, Jamal Hossain Nirob1
, Kamal Hossain Nahin1
, Liton
Chandra Paul3
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
3
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna,
Bangladesh
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 3, 2024
Revised Mar 5, 2025
Accepted Mar 11, 2025
This study presents a comprehensive industrial and innovation design and
thorough analysis of a terahertz (THz) multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) antenna, addressing the increasing demand for high-performance
multi-antenna systems in THz communication applications. The primary
objective of this research is to develop a compact and efficient MIMO
antenna that operates over a wide frequency range and provides high
isolation, specifically within the 1–10 THz spectrum. The proposed antenna
achieves an impressive total bandwidth of approximately 9 THz, featuring
seven distinct resonance frequencies at 1.39 THz, 3.26 THz, 4.72 THz, 5.96
THz, 7.07 THz, 8.194 THz, and 9.426 THz. The design employs a polyimide
substrate and a graphene patch. Key performance metrics include a
maximum gain of 15 dB, efficiency of 99.8%, and isolation values that range
from 28 dB to 63 dB. An resistor inductor capacitor (RLC) equivalent circuit
using advanced design system (ADS) software. Additionally, the antenna
displays remarkable diversity metrics, with an envelope correlation
coefficient (ECC) of 0.000778 and a diversity gain of 9.99961 dB. With
compact dimensions of (65×180) µm2
and outstanding performance
characteristics, this design is confirmed to be suitable for THz applications,
fulfilling the research goal of facilitating efficient and reliable
communication in sophisticated multi-antenna systems.
Keywords:
6G communication
Graphene
High-gain
Industrial and innovation
Resistor inductor capacitor
Terahertz antenna
Wide-bandwidth
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh
Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University
Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Email: narinderjits.sawaran@newinti.edu.my
1. INTRODUCTION
When designing advanced antennas, it’s important to achieve optimal performance by paying
attention to metrics such as resonance frequency, bandwidth, isolation, gain, efficiency, and material
composition [1]. Short-range wireless communication refers to the transfer of data over short distances
without the need for physical links [2]. This form of communication is typically utilized for devices that are
in proximity to one another, generally within a range of a few meters up to around a hundred meters [3].
Wireless communication functions within the radio frequency spectrum, encompassing a broad range of
frequencies. Various wireless systems utilize particular frequency bands within this spectrum for their
communication needs. Electromagnetic waves can travel through air, space, or water, based on the specific

 ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 23, No. 3, June 2025: 629-638
630
environment in which communication occurs [4]. Elements like distance, barriers, disruptions, and signal loss
can greatly affect the transmission of wireless signals [5]. Wireless communication systems generally consist
of transmitters in devices that send information, paired with receivers that collect the transmitted data.
Transmitters convert information into electromagnetic signals, which are then sent out through antennas.
Conversely, receivers use antennas to capture these signals and transform them back into usable information
[6]. One major advantage of wireless communication is its capability to create wireless networks, allowing
devices to connect and utilize shared resources without requiring physical connections. Wireless networks
include several categories, such as local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), cellular
networks, and satellite networks [7].
Terahertz (THz) wireless communication represents a novel technology that involves the
transmission of data through electromagnetic waves in the THz frequency range, which typically spans from
0.1 to 10 THz [8]. This advanced field of research shows significant potential to transform data transfer rates
and exceed the current limitations of traditional wireless technologies [9]. One challenge faced by THz
communication is the considerable atmospheric absorption of these waves, which limits their capacity to
travel long distances [10]. Consequently, THz communication is best suited for use in applications that
require short-range transmission [11]. Nevertheless, ongoing improvements in antenna design, signal
processing, and beamforming techniques provide hope for extending the range of THz communication
systems in the future.
The data in Table 1 provides a comprehensive comparison of various ongoing projects, focusing on
their fundamental principles. It examines a variety of operational parameters, including operating frequency,
board dimensions, bandwidth, gain, isolation, and efficiency. Among the initiatives listed in the table, the
suggested antenna stands out as featuring the widest bandwidth and achieving notable levels of isolation and
gain. Prior works have reported gains of 7.23 dB, 4.5-10 dB, 8.82 dB, 8.2 dB, and 5.49 dB [12]-[14], while
simulations in CST indicate an observed gain of 15 dB. CST also specifies a bandwidth of 9 THz for the
proposed architecture, significantly higher than the bandwidth values cited in other sources: 0.6 THz,
0.3 THz, 1 THz, 2 THz, and 0.4 THz. Isolation levels in the proposed layout exceed -60 dB, in contrast with
measured levels of -55 dB, -54 dB, -23 dB, -20 dB, -20 dB, and -25 dB for the reference works [10]-[15].
The recommended multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna demonstrates outstanding performance
metrics compared to other options, with an EEC of less than 0.0007778 dB and a DG exceeding 9.99961 dB.
Its radiation efficiency of 99.8% outperforms the values of 98% and 85% cited in studies [12], [15].
Table 1. Result comparison between the proposed MIMO antenna and other publications
Ref Resonance frequency
(THz)
Bandwidth
(THz)
Port Antenna
size (um2
)
Isolation
(dB)
Gain
(dB)
Efficiency
(%)
ECC DG
(dB)
Material
[12] 3.5 0.6 2 130×85 -55 7.23 N/A 0.000168/
9.999
N/A
[13] 1.9 0.3 2 120×90 −54 4.5–10 N/A 0.000023/
9.99
N/A
[14] 2.8 1 2 70×35 –23 N/A 98% 0.004859/
9.99
Teflon
[15] 1.1 N/A 2 380×380 −20 8.28 N/A N/A Pyrex
[16] 0.72–2 2 2 125×125 -20 8.2 N/A 0.0015/
N/A
Polyimide
[17] 0.35–0.75 0.4 2 600×300 -25 5.49 85.24% 0.015/
9.99
Polyimide
This work 1-10 9 2 65×180 -63 15 99.8 0.000778/
9.99961
Polyimide
The work presents a new antenna design operating across a wide frequency range (1-10 THz) with a
bandwidth of 9 THz. Using polyimide as the material, it achieves -63 dB isolation, 15 dB gain, and 99.8%
efficiency. These characteristics demonstrate the potential for significant advancements in antenna
performance and application diversity.
2. DESIGNING OF THE SINGLE-ELEMENT ANTENNA AND ITS RESULT
In Figures 1(a) and (b), we observe the design specifications for a single-element antenna as follows:
patch width (Wp)=55 um, patch length (Lp)=30 um, feed length (Lf)=30.50 um, feed width (Wf)=4 um, inset
width (Wi)=2 um, and inset length (Li)=13 um. The substrate and ground dimensions are both 65 um by
65 um. The substrate material is polyimide with a dielectric constant of 3.5 and tangent loss of 0.0027, and

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control 
A 6G THz MIMO antenna with high gain and wide bandwidth … (Redwan Al Mahmud Bin Asad Ananta)
631
the patch is graphene. The graphene is characterized at a temperature of T=300 K with a chemical potential
of (μc)=10 eV, and s relaxation time (τ)=0.1 ps [18]. The substrate thickness is 10 um, the patch thickness is
0.8 um, and Copper was used as ground.
Figure 1. Side of single-element antenna: (a) front and (b) back
In Figure 2(a), the S11 curve illustrates the reflection coefficient, revealing seven resonance
frequencies within a single bandwidth. The frequency range spans 1-10 THz, achieving a total bandwidth of
approximately 9 THz. The specific resonance frequencies and their corresponding return losses are: 1.39 THz
with -24 dB, 3.26 THz with -55.5 dB, 4.72 THz with -26.81 dB, 5.96 THz with -33.54 dB, 7.07 THz with
-39.621 dB, 8.194 THz with -47.795 dB, and 9.426 THz with -44.869 dB. In Figure 2(b), the gain and
efficiency of our single-element antenna. The gain was around 14.5 dB, and the efficiency was around 99%.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Results of the single-element antenna: (a) reflection coefficient and (b) gain and efficiency
3. DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA AND ITS RESULT ANALYSIS
The purpose of designing the MIMO antenna was to improve the antenna’s result [19]. In Figure 3
the proposed MIMO antenna is depicted. The antenna utilizes decoupling with copper. The patch material is
graphene, and the substrate is made of polyamide. The decoupling width (DW) is 50 micrometers, the length
(DL) is equivalent to the substrate length (LS), and the ground length (LG) is 65 micrometers. The substrate
width (WS) and ground width (WG) are both 180 micrometers.

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Figure 3. The front and back sides of the proposed MIMO antenna
3.1. Reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient
In Figure 4, the S-parameter of our MIMO antenna is depicted. It directly influences the antenna’s
efficiency and performance [20]. The blue curve in the graph represents the S11 parameter, also known as the
reflection coefficient, while the red curve corresponds to isolation. Our MIMO antenna is meticulously
designed to exhibit seven resonance frequencies, all falling within a single bandwidth. An important feature
of the MIMO antenna is its isolation capability, and our antenna accomplishes this with a minimum isolation
of approximately 28 dB and a maximum isolation of approximately 63 dB.
3.2. Gain and efficiency
Two key parameters to focus on when analyzing antenna performance are gain and efficiency [21].
Our meticulously designed MIMO antenna has achieved an outstanding maximum gain of approximately 15
decibels (dB), highlighting its exceptional signal amplification capabilities. Additionally, the antenna exhibits
an impressive efficiency level of around 99.8%, demonstrating its effectiveness in converting input power
into radiated energy [22]. A visual representation of these findings can be observed in Figure 5, where the
gain is depicted by the red curve and the efficiency is denoted by the blue curve.
Figure 4. S11 curve and return loss of the proposed
MIMO antenna
Figure 5. Gain and efficiency curve of the proposed
MIMO antenna

633
3.3. Envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain
In Figure 6, we can observe the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG)
displayed as a frequency function simulated in THz. The ECC is represented in red, while the DG is shown in
blue. Throughout the frequency range, the ECC curve exhibits consistently low values, with a peak of
0.000778, signifying minimal correlation between the antenna elements, which is a desirable trait for MIMO
antenna systems. On the other hand, the DG curve remains consistently close to 10.000 (with a maximum
value of 9.99961), indicating exceptional diversity performance [23].
ECC =
|∫
4π
[E1(θ,φ)∗E2(θ,φ)]dΩ|
2
∫
4π
|E1(θ,φ)|2dΩ ∫
4π
|E2(θ,φ)|2dΩ
. (1)
DG = 10√1 − ECC2 (2)
DG quantifies the enhancement in signal reliability and strength resulting from diversity, with higher
values being more desirable [24]. In Figure 6, the ECC and DG demonstrate the effectiveness of the antenna
system in reducing signal correlation and maximizing diversity gain across the frequency range from 1 to
11 THz.
3.4. Radiated power and accepted power
Figure 7 depicts the power characteristics of our proposed antenna, displaying the radiated and
accepted power across a frequency range of 1 THz to 11 THz. The red curve represents the radiated power,
beginning at approximately 0.34 W at 1 THz, reaching a peak of around 0.4908 W between 7 THz and
9 THz, and exhibiting minor peaks and troughs towards 11 THz. The blue curve illustrates the accepted
power, starting at a higher value of about 0.49847 W at 8 THz and showing significant oscillations across the
frequency range. The accepted power demonstrates a pattern of distinct peaks and dips, consistently
oscillating between 0.35 W and 0.50 W. This behaviour suggests that the antenna’s efficiency varies with
frequency, displaying better performance in specific frequency bands. The accepted power generally remains
higher than the radiated power, indicating that not all accepted power is radiated, possibly due to losses or
impedance mismatches within the antenna system [25].
Figure 6. The ECC and DG of the proposed antenna Figure 7. Power analysis of the proposed antenna
4. RADIATION PATTERN
In the polar plot labeled as Figure 8, we can observe the far-field electric field (E-field) at a radius of
1 meter, specifically at an azimuth angle (Phi) of 90 degrees for the THz patch antenna we have designed.
The circular plot includes degrees marked around the circumference from 0 to 360 degrees and radial lines at
various angles to aid data interpretation. The red line represents the far-field (broadband) E-field pattern,
depicting the radiation pattern’s behavior in the far field. Figure 8 shows key metrics, such as a main lobe
magnitude of 1.84 dBV/m, a main lobe direction at 83.0 degrees, an angular width (3 dB) spanning
42.3 degrees, and a side lobe level at -1.4 dB. The plot is annotated with Phi values at the circumference
(Phi=0, Phi=90, Phi=180, Phi=270) to indicate angles in degrees, while the radial axis denotes the E-field
strength in dBV/m. At the bottom of the plot, the axis is labeled Theta (in degrees) versus E-field strength
(dBV/m). The legend in the top right corner identifies the red line representing the far-field (broadband)
E-field data. In addition to the E-field, the plot also provides information on the H-field, which is crucial for a
comprehensive understanding of the antenna’s radiation characteristics [26], [27].

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Figure 8. Radiation pattern of the proposed MIMO antenna
5. RESISTOR INDUCTOR CAPACITOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND RESULT ANALYSIS
The advanced design system (ADS) software is used to design the resistor inductor capacitor (RLC)
equivalent circuit of the THz MIMO antenna and offers a comprehensive portrayal of its impedance
characteristics at seven distinct resonance frequencies: 1.39 THz, 3.26 THz, 4.72 THz, 5.96 THz, 7.07 THz,
8.194 THz, and 9.426 THz [28]. This model encompasses resistive (R), inductive (L), and capacitive (C)
components, which are crucial for understanding the antenna’s behavior across these frequencies. The
resistive values range from 125.04 Ohm to 161.18 Ohm, indicating inherent losses within the antenna
structure. These losses significantly impact the antenna’s quality factor and efficiency. The inductive
components, with values ranging from 0.00002306 nH to 0.00452 nH, are notably small, reflecting the
antenna’s ability to operate at high frequencies typical of the THz range. The capacitive elements, ranging
from 0.003366 pF to 0.03056 pF, also play a crucial role in tuning and impedance matching. These
capacitance values are essential for ensuring the antenna’s effective resonance at the desired frequencies and
maintaining optimal performance across a wide bandwidth. The combination of these RLC components in
the equivalent circuit model provides a comprehensive understanding of the antenna’s electrical
characteristics, facilitating accurate simulations and optimizations for high-frequency THz applications.
Figure 9 shows the RLC model, and Figure 10 shows the result.
Figure 9. RLC equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna

635
Figure 10. The S11 curve of the MIMO antenna and RLC circuit
6. CONCLUSION
The THz MIMO antenna is meticulously designed to operate across the 1-10 THz frequency range
with exceptional performance. Its construction utilizes polyimide as the substrate, graphene for the patch, and
copper for the ground and decoupling structures. The antenna boasts seven resonance frequencies, ensuring
wideband operation and a high gain of 15 dB, along with an impressive efficiency of 99.8%, indicating
superior signal strength and minimal energy loss. Furthermore, isolation values between 28 dB and 63 dB
contribute to minimal interference between antenna elements, ensuring reliable communication. The low
error correction coding (ECC) value of 0.000778 and high diversity gain of 9.99961 dB underscore the
antenna’s capability to support robust MIMO systems. Despite its powerful performance, the antenna
maintains a compact size of 65 µm by 180 µm, making it highly suitable for integration into advanced THz
communication applications and offering a promising solution for future high-speed wireless networks.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author expresses gratitude to the Research Division and Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering of Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, for their cooperation.
FUNDING INFORMATION
This research was funded by Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. No specific
grant number is associated with this funding.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS STATEMENT
This journal uses the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) to recognize individual author
contributions, reduce authorship disputes, and facilitate collaboration.
Name of Author C M So Va Fo I R D O E Vi Su P Fu
Redwan Al Mahmud
Bin Asad Ananta
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Md. Sharif Ahammed ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Md. Ashraful Haque ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Md. Kawsar Ahmed ✓ ✓ ✓
Narinderjit Singh
Sawaran Singh
✓ ✓ ✓
Jamal Hossain Nirob ✓ ✓ ✓
Kamal Hossain Nahin ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Liton Chandra Paul ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

 ISSN: 1693-6930
636
DATA AVAILABILITY
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author
(N.S.S.S) upon reasonable request.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Redwan Al Mahmud Bin Asad Ananta has accomplished his undergraduate
studies in the field of Electrical and Electronics at Daffodil International University. He
completed his higher secondary education at Adamjee Cantonment College. His research
focus encompasses wireless communication, specifically microstrip patch antenna, terahertz
antenna, and 5G, and 6G applications. He can be contacted at email: redwan33-
1145@diu.edu.bd.
Md. Sharif Ahammed is a student at Daffodil International University pursuing
a B.Sc. in the Electrical and Electronics Department. He passed from the Government
Bangabandhu College with a higher secondary. His research interests include microstrip patch
antenna, terahertz antenna, 5G application, and biomedical applications. He can be contacted
at email: sharif33-1152@diu.edu.bd.
Md. Ashraful Haque is doing Ph.D. at the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, He got his B.Sc. in
Electronics and Electronic Engineering (EEE) from Bangladesh’s Rajshahi University of
Engineering and Technology (RUET) and his M.Sc. in the same field from Bangladesh’s
Islamic University of Technology (IUT). He is currently on leave from Daffodil International
University (DIU) in Bangladesh. His research interest includes microstrip patch antenna, sub
6 5G application, and supervised regression model machine learning on antenna design. He
can be contacted at email: limon.ashraf@gmail.com.
Md. Kawsar Ahmed is currently pursuing his studies in the field of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering at Daffodil International University. He successfully finished his
Higher Secondary education at Agricultural University College, Mymensingh. He is presently
employed as a student associate at Daffodil International University (DIU) in Bangladesh.
The areas of his research focus encompassed microstrip patch antennas, terahertz antennas,
and applications related to 4G and 5G technologies. He can be contacted at email: kawsar33-
1241@diu.edu.bd.

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Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh is an Associate Professor in INTI
International University, Malaysia. He graduated from the Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
(UTP) in 2016 with Ph.D. in Electrical and Electronic Engineering specialized in Probabilistic
methods for fault tolerant computing. Currently, he is appointed as the research cluster head
for computational mathematics, technology and optimization which focuses on the areas like
pattern recognition and symbolic computations, game theory, mathematical artificial
intelligence, parallel computing, expert systems and artificial intelligence, quality software,
information technology, exploratory data analysis, optimization algorithms, stochastic
methods, data modelling, and computational intelligence-swarm intelligence. He can be
contacted at email: narinderjits.sawaran@newinti.edu.my.
Jamal Hossain Nirob is a student in the Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering (EEE) at Daffodil International University. His educational journey began at
Maniknagar High School, where he successfully completed his Secondary School Certificate
(SSC). Following that, he pursued higher studies at Ishwardi Government College, obtaining
his Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC). With a strong enthusiasm for expanding
communication technology, Jamal has focused his research on wireless communication,
specifically on microstrip patch antennas, terahertz antennas, and applications of 5G and 6G.
He can be contacted at email: jamal33-1243@diu.edu.bd.
Kamal Hossain Nahin currently pursuing a degree in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering at Daffodil International University. His educational journey commenced at
Ishwardi Govt College for Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) and earlier at Maniknagar
High School for Secondary School Certificate (SSC). Embarking on a journey as a budding
researcher in the communication field, He is passionately immersed in exploring the realms of
wireless communication. His focus lies in delving into the intricacies of wireless
communication, particularly exploring microstrip patch antennas, terahertz antennas, and their
potential applications in the future realms of 5G and 6G technologies. He can be contacted at
email: kamal33-1242@diu.edu.bd.
Liton Chandra Paul (SMIEEE) successfully finished his master’s degree in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) and bachelor’s degree in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering (ETE) in 2015 and 2012, respectively. Throughout his time
as a student, he has made generous contributions to numerous nonprofit social welfare
organizations. His research interests are RFIC, bioelectromagnetic, microwave technology,
antennas, phased arrays, mmWave, metamaterials, meta surfaces, and wireless sensors. He
can be contacted at email: litonpaulete@gmail.com.

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