High-bandwidth millimetre wave multiple-input multipleoutput antenna for 38 GHz 5G mobile applications

TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control
Vol. 23, No. 2, April 2025, pp. 283~294
ISSN: 1693-6930, DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v23i2.26491  283
Journal homepage: http://telkomnika.uad.ac.id
High-bandwidth millimetre wave multiple-input multiple-
output antenna for 38 GHz 5G mobile applications
Md. Ashraful Haque1
, Md. Kawsar Ahmed1
, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh2
, Md. Afzalur
Rahman3
, Md. Sharif Ahammed1
, Redwan A. Ananta1
, Kamal Hossain Nahin1
, Jamal Hossain Nirob1
,
Liton Chandra Paul4
1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
3
Space Science Centre, Climate Change Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia
4
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna,
Bangladesh
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Feb 2, 2024
Revised Dec 25, 2024
Accepted Jan 23, 2025
This study assesses the efficacy of an industrial and innovation antenna by
scrutinizing its performance using simulations and an equivalent resistor,
inductor, and capacitor (RLC) circuit model. By utilizing computer
simulation technology (CST) modeling techniques, the antenna’s small
dimensions of 37.75×31.75 mm2
are considered concerning the minimum
frequency. The antenna functions at a frequency of 38 GHz, with a
bandwidth of 11 GHz. It has a maximum gain of 8.875 dB and demonstrates
excellent isolation (-27.627 dB) and efficiency (98.859%), respectively. By
designing and simulating a comparable RLC circuit in advanced design
system (ADS), we have confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the data
acquired via CST. Both CST and ADS simulators yielded similar reflection
coefficients. This antenna is a superb option for the 38 GHz frequency range
in 5G wireless communication.
Keywords:
Array antenna
High bandwidth
Industrial and innovation
Microstrip patch antenna
Multiple-input multiple-output
antenna
Resistor, inductor, and
capacitor
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh
Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University
Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Email: narinderjits.sawaran@newinti.edu.my
1. INTRODUCTION
The millimetre wave (mm-Wave) frequency spectrum, the band in which a 5G antenna operating at
38 GHz operates, is essential for providing the low latency and high data throughput that 5G networks claim
to offer. However, although they have a reduced range and may require a line-of-sight connection due to the
higher frequency, these antennas offer low latency and high transmission rates [1]. These antennas’ total
performance and coverage are improved thanks to their compact design and ability to support multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) functionality. Applications such as augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR),
autonomous vehicles (AVs), and real-time gaming depend on the antenna’s ability to provide low-latency
transmission [2]. High-bandwidth antennas for mobile applications are necessary to support modern wireless
communications, such as 4th
generation long-term evolution (4G LTE) and 5th
generation (5G) networks [3].
These antennas may provide scientists with enhanced connectivity, reduced latency, and increased data
transmission speeds, among other potential benefits [4]. The following is a list of properties and variants of
high-band antennas compatible with mobile devices. The omnidirectional signal propagation these antennas
provide allows them to cover a significant amount of ground. They are compatible with handheld devices and
operate effectively in urban and suburban environments [5]. The technology known as MIMO, which stands

 ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control, Vol. 23, No. 2, April 2025: 283-294
284
for multiple inputs and multiple outputs, is a crucial element of 5G wireless communication systems.
Through the enhancement of data throughput, the improvement of signal quality, and the enhancement of the
overall network capacity, the performance of 5G networks is improved [6]. The design and implementation
of MIMO systems can be complex, and it is necessary to consider the placement and orientation of these
antennas. Optimizing the gain and performance of 5G antennas can be accomplished by applying machine
learning (ML) techniques. The complex and ever-changing nature of wireless networks can be better
managed with the help of these strategies, which can also improve the system’s overall performance. When
attempting to predict antenna gain with a regression model, it is necessary to use previous data on antenna
features and network circumstances to train a machine-learning model. Given new data to be input, the
trained model can then make predictions regarding the gain of an antenna.
This research examines and contrasts many characteristics, including resonance frequency, size,
bandwidth, gain, isolation component carrier leakage (CCL), and efficiency. Despite its compact size, the
suggested antenna exhibits exceptional isolation and gain and offers the widest bandwidth. The computer
simulation technology (CST) simulations demonstrate a gain of 8.875 dB, which exceeds the gains reported
in the literature of 7.9 dB, 4.85 dB, 1.83 dB, 8.1 dB, 8.2 dB, and 5.3 dB [7]-[12]. Based on CST analysis, the
suggested design has a bandwidth of around 11 GHz, higher than the bandwidths claimed by several sources,
ranging from 1.2 GHz to 6 GHz. The proposed design demonstrates isolation values beyond 27 dB, in
contrast to the isolation values of 28 dB, 24 dB, 20 dB, and 22 dB reported in the reference
works [7]-[9], [12]. The proposed MIMO antenna performs well, with an error correction code (ECC) of less
than 0.0003 and a diversity gain (DG) above 9.99 dB. The efficiency of the proposed MIMO antenna is
98.859%, while the reference works [8], [10], [12] have efficiencies of 85%, 76%, and 90%, respectively.
The sources do not utilize the resistor, inductor, and capacitor (RLC) equivalent circuit findings essential to
the providing architecture. The suggested design broadly services ML, a concept that needs a more precise
definition in the relevant literature.
2. DESIGN METHOD
In this section, we will explore the geometrical construction of the single-element 38 GHz antenna
that has been proposed for use. We will identify the most suitable design parameters to consider while
designing this antenna. This will give us a detailed perception of the antenna’s physical structure and how it
has been optimized to perform at its best.
2.1. Single element
The antenna is made specifically to work at a frequency of 38 GHz. Figure 1 shows the detailed
construction of our proposed single-element antenna. Figure 1(a) illustrates the front side, showcasing the
key design features and structural components. Meanwhile, Figure 1(b) presents the back side, highlighting
the ground plane and other relevant elements. Single-element antenna design is the thought of making and
compacting antenna sizes [13]. We pick a dielectric component identified as Rogers RT 5880 (lossy), with
dimensions of 7×7×1.57 mm3
. The specifications of our suggested antenna are as follows: the patch length
(Lp) is 4 mm, the patch width (Wp) is 3.88889 mm, and the thickness (t) is 0.035 mm. The patch and ground
are constructed of the same copper metal (annealed). Ls=7 mm, Ws=7 mm, st=1.57 mm, bl=7 mm, bw=7
mm, r=1 mm, d=2.70 mm, s11=8 mm, Sw1=5 mm, fw=0.7 mm, and fl=3.6 mm.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Proposed single element antenna of view; (a) front and (b) back

TELKOMNIKA Telecommun Comput El Control 
High-bandwidth millimetre wave multiple-input multiple-output antenna for … (Md. Ashraful Haque)
285
2.2. Array antenna
While achieving our final or proposed antenna, the second step was to design the array antenna.
Figure 2 provides an illustration of the proposed array antenna. Figure 2(a) displays the front side, while
Figure 2(b) shows the back side of the array antenna. One of the most important parts was measuring the length
and width of the feed line to ensure better antenna performance, which had an impedance of 50 ohms [14]. We
also calculated the impedance for feedline 2, shown in Figure 2, to be 70 ohms, while the impedance for
feedline three was set to 100 ohms. For measurements, we used 1.70×2.84 mm2
length and width for feedline
one and 0.90×7.25 mm2
length and width for feedline 2. For feedline 3, the length and width were set to
1.50×0.70 mm2
. The distance between two patches was measured as d1. When it comes to the ground, we
considered the substrate. The substrate itself was measured to be 9×13 mm2
. These instructions and
measurements were crucial in designing an effective and efficient array antenna.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. View of proposed array antenna; (a) front and (b) back
2.3. Multiple-input multiple-output antenna
This section provides a detailed investigation of a 4-port MIMO antenna configuration and the
techniques employed to grow the isolation among its components. The MIMO antenna design with
dimensions of 31.75×31.75 mm2
(Lms×Wms) is explored in depth, considering various factors such as
antenna spacing, radiation patterns, and polarization. Additionally, it is positioned within a slot measuring
0.10×8 mm² on the left side of the center of a complete ground plane. The aim is to facilitate a improved
understanding of the antenna’s performance and characteristics. The analysis also covers the various
techniques used to reduce interference and grow the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), such as beamforming and
spatial multiplexing [15]. In Figure 3, we visually represent the MIMO antenna’s design where Figure 3(a)
displays the front side, and Figure 3(b) shows the back side of the MIMO antenna, which is a helpful
reference throughout the analysis.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Design of the proposed MIMO antenna; (a) front and (b) back
3. RESULT, ANALYSIS, AND COMPARISON
Designing an antenna involves a series of steps or parameters that require adjustments to achieve an
acceptable outcome. This section will delve into the outcomes of different techniques to enhance our
antenna’s performance and explore the impact of various parameters on the antenna’s behavior.

 ISSN: 1693-6930
286
3.1. Parametric study of single-element antenna
During the parametric study, we will explore and analyze various parameters that have impacted our
antenna design process. Our goal is to gain a deeper understanding of how we can optimize these parameters
to increase the performance of our antennas with parameter variation.
− Effects of modifying the width of the feed line: this section analyzes how feed line width affects
antenna resonance frequency. The proposed antenna has a 0.7 mm feed line. We altered the feed line
width to match the antenna resonance frequency while leaving all other parameters the same to evaluate
its effect. The feed line width was investigated, ranging from 0.5 mm to 0.9 mm. Figure 4(a) shows that
changing the feed line width changes the microstrip antenna’s resonance frequency. Feed line width
increases leftward shift and decreases resonance frequency. Conversely, lowering breadth causes a
slight rightward shift and a significant resonance frequency decrease.
− Changing the slot values: slot size impacts antenna resonant frequency. The recommended antenna slot
is 0.18125 mm. While keeping all other settings, the slot is tuned to the antenna’s resonance frequency
to analyze the slot effect. Investigations included 0.175–0.325 mm slots. Figure 4(b) indicates that slot
adjustments considerably alter microstrip antenna resonance frequency. As the graph slot increases,
resonance frequency falls and shifts right. However, a minor left shift and slot decrease boost resonant
frequency.
− Changing the value of patch width: this section examines how the patch width affects the antenna’s
resonance frequency. The suggested antenna has a 3.88889 mm patch. To assess the impact of varying
the patch width while keeping other parameters constant, widths ranging from 3 mm to 4.5 mm were
tested. Figure 4(c) shows that increasing the patch width significantly lowers the return loss, causing a
leftward resonance frequency shift. Conversely, decreasing the width notably drops the return loss,
causing a minor rightward shift.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 4. Single-element antenna of the reflection coefficient for different; (a) feed widths, (b) slot value, and
(c) patch width
3.2. Reflection coefficient of single-element antenna
Examining the reflection coefficient of the single-element antenna in Figure 4 reveals two resonance
frequencies around 38 GHz. The first exhibits a significant return loss, while the second has a low return loss.
Both frequencies are encompassed by a large bandwidth, explicitly targeting the 38 GHz frequency. The
measured bandwidth and reflection coefficient, at 4.808 GHz and -45.481 dB, respectively, indicate positive
results. Figure 5(a) highlights the exceptional performance of our array antenna. While the single-element
antenna had a bandwidth of 4.808 GHz, the array antenna’s bandwidth expanded to 9.814 GHz, a significant
improvement. The initial goal of developing the array antenna was to rise gain, but it also enhanced
frequency range and reduced reflected energy [16]. The measurement of return loss was conducted on this
array antenna. Gain in patch antennas is crucial for concentrating and directing radiated energy in specific
directions [17]. Figure 5(b) shows the single-element antenna’s maximum gain of 6.32 dB. The gain depends
on the antenna’s dimensions, configuration, direction, and signal frequency [18]. Resonance at frequencies
where the single-element antenna produces more power suggests its suitability for solid signal reception and
transmission. In contrast, the array antenna gains 7.71 dB, enhancing signal transmission and reception
efficiency over longer distances.
Efficiency is a cornerstone of antenna design, and our single-element antenna excels with a
remarkable 98% efficiency. This high efficiency is demonstrated by the antenna’s performance curve,
showing that most of the power is effectively radiated, enhancing signal quality and communication stability.

287
Figure 5(b) highlights the superior performance of our array antenna with its 99.9% efficiency. This
remarkable achievement underscores the array antenna’s ability to radiate most of its power, significantly
improving signal quality and communication reliability [19]. Our designs provide high gain and efficiency in
single-element and array antennas, making them ideal for applications requiring reliable signal transmission
and reception.
(a) (b)
Figure 5. View single element antenna and array; (a) reflection coefficient and (b) gain and efficiency
3.2.1. Multiple-input multiple-output antenna optimization process
Figure 6(a) shows that in the first step, we attempted to design a MIMO antenna using copper for
both the patch and ground. In this step, we used an array antenna as the fundamental element with a slot on
the ground to create a 4-port MIMO configuration. The ground, positioned just to the left of the center, has a
length of 0.10 mm and a width of 8 mm. The result shows that the resonance frequency of the microstrip
antenna has changed, with the current resonance frequency being 36.68 GHz. The return loss found for this
design is 26.89 dB. We kept everything the same in the second step but used x-shaped decoupling elements
to improve the result. Four x-shaped pieces, each with a length of 1.50 mm and a width of 15 mm, extend
from the ground slot’s center to the left. This modification in the second step changes the antenna design and
shifts the resonant frequency to 37.5 GHz. The return loss found for this design is 29.53 dB. In the third step,
representing our proposed antenna, we fixed everything except removing the slots on the ground. This time,
we achieved better results than in the previous steps, as shown in Figure 6(b). The design change resulted in a
shift in the resonant frequency, with the return loss measured at -37.353 dB.
(a) (b)
Figure 6. Proposed MIMO antenna development; (a) design steps and (b) reflection coefficient for each step
3.2.2. Proposed multiple-input multiple-output antenna’s result and analysis
This segment will delve into the results of our proposed MIMO antenna. One of the primary
deliberations when designing a MIMO antenna is isolation. Our MIMO antenna boasts an impressive
isolation level of 28.01dB, which stands out particularly well compared to other antennas in Table 1.

 ISSN: 1693-6930
288
Furthermore, the impressive bandwidth of our MIMO antenna is noteworthy, as achieving high bandwidth is
a challenging feat. Our MIMO antenna has a bandwidth of 11.948 GHz; the return loss is measured at
-37.353 dB.
Antenna design involves several important factors that affect performance. Gain and efficiency are
crucial. Usually, antenna gain evaluates its capacity to focus energy [20]. Our antenna has an outstanding
8.875 dB gain, indicating exceptional precision and accuracy in signal transmission and reception. Efficiency
is also essential while designing an antenna. This value represents how successfully the antenna converts
input power into radiated power [21]. Our antenna’s high efficiency of 98.859% reassures the audience of its
performance in a reliable wireless communication system. Figure 7 illustrates the performance of the
proposed MIMO antenna in terms of gain and efficiency. Figure 7(a) presents the reflection and transmission
coefficients, while Figure 7(b) shows the gain and radiation efficiency.
Table 1. Performance comparison with the recent published work
Ref. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] Proposed
fr 38 38 38 38 37 28/38 38
Bandwidth 1.2 3.38 2 1.4 6 1.9, 5.5 11.945
No of port 4 2 2 1 1 2 4
Dimension (mm2
) 2.53×3.04 λο 5.44×3.16 λο 3.29×1.77 λο NA NA 27.65×12 31.75×31.75
Gain (dB) 7.9 4.85 1.83 8.1 8.2 5.2/5.3 8.875
Efficiency (%) 85 NA 76 NA 90 NA 98.8
Isolation (dB) 28 >24 >20 NA NA 30/22 27.627
ECC <0.001 NA 0.001 NA NA <10-5
DG NA NA NA NA NA 9.99 9.9998
Material Rogers
RT5880
FR4 Rogers
RT5880
Rogers
RO3003
Rogers
RT5880
Rogers
RO4003
Rogers
RT5880
RLC equivalent circuit No No No No No No Yes
(a) (b)
Figure 7. View of the MIMO antenna; (a) reflection and transmission coefficient and (b) gain and radiation
efficiency
4. CURRENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE DESIGNED ANTENNA
Figure 8(a) shows that a single element’s maximum surface current density (521.092 A/m) happens
at a frequency of 38 GHz. The strongest surface current shows near the feed line and slots. By 38 GHz,
Figure 8(b) shows the 1×2 array elements’ peak surface current density of 159.371 A/m. The patch,
connector, and feedline carry the maximum surface current in this direction. When one port is excited and the
further ports are completed with matched loads, these optimization strategies help the MIMO antenna
function better at 38 GHz. Except for antenna 1, which is activated by a surface current, the antennas do not
exhibit a significant amount of surface current, as seen in Figures 8(c) and 8(d). Turning on just antenna 2
prevents the other antennas from producing surface currents. When antenna 3 or antenna 4 is aroused, the
same happens in Figures 8(e) and 8(f).

289
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 8. Current distribution of; (a) single-element, (b) array antenna, (c) MIMO (Ant. 1), (d) MIMO
(Ant. 2), (e) MIMO (Ant. 3), and (f) MIMO (Ant. 4)
5. RADIATION PATTERN
A radiation pattern directly describes an antenna’s power in space. Two main electromagnetic field
components surround an antenna: the electric field (E-field) and the magnetic field (H-field). Figure 9
illustrates the XZ cut at Φ=0°, also referred to as the E-plane of the radiation pattern. On the other hand, the
configuration in question, which remains at a fixed angle of 90° and varies between 0° and 360° [22], is
denoted as the YZ cut (Φ=90°) in Figure 9 and is also known as the H-plane. The lobe’s initial focus, which
corresponds to 44 GHz, is positioned at (3460, 16.40) for (0°, 90°). At angles of 0° and 90°, the amplitude of
the initial lobe of the E-field is 18.8- and 16.4-dB V/m, respectively. The H-field has a half-power beam
width (HPBW) of 38.7°, an initial lobe magnitude of -32.4 dB A/m at phi=9°, whereas the 3 dB angular beam
width at φ=90° is 14.50 at 44 GHz.
Figure 9. View proposed MIMO antenna normalized radiation pattern

 ISSN: 1693-6930
290
6. ENVELOP CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND DIVERSITY GAIN
To evaluate the functionality of the MIMO antenna method, it is essential to analyze exact attributes
usually known as “MIMO performance metrics.” These metrics can be calculated after the S-Parameters,
providing worthy information on how common coupling and antenna impedance similarly touch the diversity
presentation of the MIMO antenna. The ECC, a measure used to gauge the similarity of radiation patterns
from changed antennas, is not just a theoretical concept. It has real-world implications. A calculated value of
ECC less than 0.0008 was determined, indicating the practicality of the MIMO antenna. In an uncorrelated
MIMO antenna, the ideal ECC value is zero, but in practical MIMO situations, maintaining ECC below or
equal to 0.5 across the entire usable frequency range is advisable [23]. Figure 10 visually represents the
antenna’s envelope correlation coefficient, reinforcing the practicality of our work.
𝐸𝐶𝐶 =
|𝑆𝑖𝑖
∗
𝑆𝑖𝑗+𝑆𝑗𝑖
∗
𝑆𝑗𝑗|
2
((1−|𝑆𝑖𝑖|2−|𝑆𝑖𝑗|
2
)(1−|𝑆𝑗𝑖|
2
−|𝑆𝑗𝑗|
2
))
To improve the reliability of the radio connection, we measured the diversity gain for a set of
antennas with ECC=0 and found it to be 10 dB [24]. However, the performance of the MIMO system is
contrarily impacted by the correlation among its antenna components, resulting in √1 − 𝐸𝐶𝐶2. As such, we
can determine the diversity gain. Of the MIMO system with connected antenna essentials using the provided
equation, Figure 10 shows the antenna’s diversity gain, which is a favorable value of 9.9998 dB.
𝐷𝐺 = 10 √1 − 𝐸𝐶𝐶2
Figure 10. ECC and DG of proposed MIMO antenna
7. RESISTOR, INDUCTOR, AND CAPACITOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Figure 11 shows the circuit diagram of the MIMO antenna. The impedance investigation function in
CST Studio, a simulation and circuit pattern software, can be used to assess the values of RLC [25]. Agilent
ADS is a component of the environment. The parameter names of components L1, C1, and R1 establish the
frequency. A series circuit of L8, C8, and R3 represents the main feed line, and C3, L3, and C4, L4
represents the branching feedline of the array antenna. Finally, the circuit of the four-array antenna is
combined to make the circuit of the proposed MIMO antenna. The capacitance and inductance among
antenna 1 and antenna 2 are determined by the components L10 and C10, correspondingly. Similarly, the
same parameters for antennae 2 and 3 are determined by C13 and L13. The inductance and capacitance
among antenna 3 and 4 are dictated by the values of C12 and L12, respectively. Similarly, the values of C14
and L14 define the inductance and capacitance among antenna 1 and antenna 4. Antenna 2 and antenna 4
share elements C11 and L11. The values of capacitance and inductance among antenna 1 and antenna 3 are
determined by the components C9 and L9. The values of the circuit components are provided in the table.
This model can be used to evaluation the performance of the proposed MIMO antenna. Figure 12 shows the
result of the simulation conducted using CST and the equivalent RLC circuit result obtained from ADS.

291
Figure 11. RLC of the proposed antenna
Figure 12. Simulated equivalent circuit reflection coefficient in ADS and CST
8. CONCLUSION
Its comprehensive development of CST simulation tools demonstrates the design’s exceptional
accuracy. Each element has dimensions of 7×7 mm² and a bandwidth of 4.81 GHz. The system’s efficiency is
97.81%, which indicates its remarkable performance. Additionally, the gain is measured at 7.604 dB. In the
1x2 array configuration, the bandwidth significantly rose from 4.81 GHz to 9.814 GHz, while efficiency
improved significantly from 97.81% to 99.74%. The MIMO design resulted in the antenna achieving ideal
performance, exhibiting a gain of roughly 8.875 dB and a bandwidth of 11.952 GHz. By designing and
simulating a similar RLC circuit in ADS, we have verified the precision and dependability of the data
obtained via CST. The CST and ADS simulators produced comparable reflection coefficients.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author acknowledges the collaboration of the Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering and the Faculty of Graduate Studies at Daffodil International University in Bangladesh.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Abhishek and P. Suraj, “A Compact Patch Antenna for 5G Communication (39 GHz-mmWave-n260) Employing Aperture
Coupled Feeding Technique,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 1259–1284, Mar. 2024, doi:
10.1007/s11277-024-11127-x.
[2] A. Hazarika and M. Rahmati, “Towards an Evolved Immersive Experience: Exploring 5G- and Beyond-Enabled Ultra-Low-
Latency Communications for Augmented and Virtual Reality,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 7, p. 3682, Apr. 2023, doi:
10.3390/s23073682.
[3] A. K. Arya, S. J. Kim, and S. Kim, “A Dual-Band Antenna for Lte-R and 5G Lower Frequency Operations,” PIER Letters, vol.
88, pp. 113–119, 2020, doi: 10.2528/PIERL19081502.
[4] P. Tiwari, V. Gahlaut, M. Kaushik, P. Rani, A. Shastri, and B. Singh, “Advancing 5G Connectivity: A Comprehensive Review of
MIMO Antennas for 5G Applications,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2023, pp. 1–19, Aug. 2023, doi:
10.1155/2023/5906721.

 ISSN: 1693-6930
292
[5] O. O. Erunkulu, A. M. Zungeru, C. K. Lebekwe, M. Mosalaosi, and J. M. Chuma, “5G Mobile Communication Applications: A
Survey and Comparison of Use Cases,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 97251–97295, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3093213.
[6] A. A. El-Saleh et al., “Measuring and Assessing Performance of Mobile Broadband Networks and Future 5G Trends,”
Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 829, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14020829.
[7] K. Raheel et al., “E-Shaped H-Slotted Dual Band mmWave Antenna for 5G Technology,” Electronics, vol. 10, no. 9, p. 1019,
Apr. 2021, doi: 10.3390/electronics10091019.
[8] F. F. Kiouach, M. El Ghzaoui, S. Varakumari, R. El Alami, and S. Das, “A Low-profile Wideband Two Ports MIMO Antenna
Working at 38 GHz for mm-wave 5G Applications,” Journal of Nano- and Electronic Physics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 01025-1-01025–
5, 2023, doi: 10.21272/jnep.15(1).01025.
[9] M. N. Hasan, S. Bashir, and S. Chu, “Dual band omnidirectional millimeter wave antenna for 5G communications,” Journal of
Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1581–1590, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1080/09205071.2019.1617790.
[10] S. N. Nafea and N. N. Khamiss, “For 5G applications, high-gain patch antenna in Ka-Band,” Indonesian Journal of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 802-809, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.11591/ijeecs.v31.i2.pp802-809.
[11] S. M. Shamim, U. S. Dina, N. Arafin, and S. Sultana, “Design of Efficient 37 GHz Millimeter Wave Microstrip Patch Antenna for
5G Mobile Application,” Plasmonics, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1417–1425, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11468-021-01412-x.
[12] A. R. Sabek, W. A. E. Ali, and A. A. Ibrahim, “Minimally Coupled Two-Element MIMO Antenna with Dual Band (28/38 GHz)
for 5G Wireless Communications,” Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, vol. 43, no. 3–4, pp. 335–348, Mar.
2022, doi: 10.1007/s10762-022-00857-3.
[13] Md. A. Haque et al., “Machine learning-based technique for gain prediction of mm-wave miniaturized 5G MIMO slotted antenna
array with high isolation characteristics,” scientific reports, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 276, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84182-w.
[14] D. Bu, S. -W. Qu and S. Yang, "Planar, Ultra-Wideband and Dual-Polarized Phased Array Antenna for Millimeter-Wave
Vehicular Communication," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 73, no. 7, pp. 9972-9983, Jul. 2024, doi:
10.1109/TVT.2024.3364251.
[15] P. Tiwari, V. Gahlaut, U. N. Mishra, A. Shastri, and M. Kaushik, “Polarization diversity configuration of millimeter wave MIMO
antenna for Ka-band application in 5G wireless networks,” Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, vol. 38, no. 4, pp.
486–507, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1080/09205071.2024.2319683.
[16] C.-Y.-D. Sim, J.-J. Lo, and Z. N. Chen, “Design of a Broadband Millimeter-Wave Array Antenna for 5G Applications,” IEEE
Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1030–1034, May 2023, doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2022.3231358.
[17] K. Cuneray, N. Akcam, T. Okan, and G. O. Arican, “28/38 GHz dual-band MIMO antenna with wideband and high gain
properties for 5G applications,” AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 162, p. 154553, Apr. 2023,
doi: 10.1016/j.aeue.2023.154553.
[18] I. U. Din et al., “Improvement in the Gain of UWB Antenna for GPR Applications by Using Frequency-Selective Surface,”
International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2022, pp. 1–12, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/2002552.
[19] Md. K. Ahmed et al., “ANN-based performance estimation of a slotted inverted F-shaped tri-band antenna for satellite/mm-wave
5G application,” TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 773-783, Aug.
2024, doi: 10.12928/telkomnika.v22i4.26028.
[20] S. Maity, T. Tewary, S. Mukherjee, A. Roy, P. P. Sarkar, and S. Bhunia, “Super wideband high gain hybrid microstrip patch
antenna,” AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 153, p. 154264, Aug. 2022, doi:
10.1016/j.aeue.2022.154264.
[21] M. A. Haque et al., “A Modified E-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for C Band Satellite Applications,” in 2019 IEEE
International Conference on Signal Processing, Information, Communication & Systems (SPICSCON), Dhaka, Bangladesh:
IEEE, Nov. 2019, pp. 27–31, doi: 10.1109/SPICSCON48833.2019.9065126.
[22] L. C. Paul et al., “Design a slotted metamaterial microstrip patch antenna by creating three dual isosceles triangular slots on the
patch and bandwidth enhancement,” in 2017 3rd International Conference on Electrical Information and Communication
Technology (EICT), Khulna: IEEE, Dec. 2017, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/EICT.2017.8275143.
[23] A. K. Singh and S. Pal, “Compact Self-Isolated Extremely Low ECC Folded-SIW-Based Slot MIMO Antenna for 5G
Application,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 194-198, Jan. 2024, doi:
10.1109/LAWP.2023.3321065.
[24] S. Xi, J. Cai, L. Shen, Q. Li, and G. Liu, “Dual-Band MIMO Antenna with Enhanced Isolation for 5G NR Application,”
Micromachines, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 95, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3390/mi14010095.
[25] Md. A. Haque et al., “Dual Band Antenna Design and Prediction of Resonance Frequency Using Machine Learning Approaches,”
Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 20, p. 10505, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.3390/app122010505.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Md. Ashraful Haque is doing Ph.D. at the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, He got his B.Sc. in
electronics and electronic engineering (EEE) from Bangladesh’s Rajshahi University of
Engineering and Technology (RUET) and his M.Sc. in the same field from Bangladesh’s
Islamic University of Technology (IUT). He is currently on leave from Daffodil International
University (DIU) in Bangladesh. His research interest includes microstrip patch antenna, sub 6
5G application, and supervised regression model machine learning on antenna design. He can
be contacted at email: limon.ashraf@gmail.com.

293
Md. Kawsar Ahmed is currently pursuing his studies in the field of electrical and
electronic engineering at Daffodil International University. He successfully finished his
Higher Secondary education at Agricultural University College, Mymensingh. He is presently
employed as an Assistant Administrative Officer at the Office of Students’ Affairs at Daffodil
International University (DIU) in Bangladesh. The areas of his research focus encompassed
microstrip patch antennas, terahertz antennas, and applications related to 4G and 5G
technologies. He can be contacted at email: kawsar33-1241@diu.edu.bd.
Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh is an Associate Professor in INTI
International University, Malaysia. He graduated from the Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
(UTP) in 2016 with Ph.D. in electrical and electronic engineering specialized in probabilistic
methods for fault tolerant computing. Currently, he is appointed as the research cluster head
for computational mathematics, technology, and optimization which focuses on the areas like
pattern recognition and symbolic computations, game theory, mathematical artificial
intelligence, parallel computing, expert systems and artificial intelligence, quality software,
information technology, exploratory data analysis, optimization algorithms, stochastic
methods, data modelling, and computational intelligence-swarm intelligence. He can be
contacted at email: narinderjits.sawaran@newinti.edu.my.
Md. Afzalur Rahman is working as an Assistant Engineer in a consultancy firm
named Fire and Electrical Solutions, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He is from Cumilla, Bangladesh. He
has completed his B.Sc. in engineering degree in electrical and electronics engineering (EEE)
from Daffodil International University in 2022. Before that, he completed his Higher
Secondary School Certificate from Bangladesh Navy College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and his
Secondary School Certificate from Cumilla Modern High School, Cumilla, Bangladesh. He
can be contacted at email: afzalur33-4556@diu.edu.bd.
Md. Sharif Ahammed is a student of Daffodil International University and
pursuing a B.Sc. in the Department of Electrical and Electronics. He passed from Government
Bangabandhu college with a higher secondary. Microstrip patch antenna, terahertz antenna,
and 5G application are some of his research interests. He can be contacted at email: sharif33-
1152@diu.edu.bd.
Redwan A. Ananta is currently studying B.Sc. in Department of Electrical and
Electronics at Daffodil International University. He passed higher secondary from Adamjee
Cantonment College. His research focuses on advanced antenna technologies for mm-wave,
5G, 6G, sub-6 GHz, and THz frequencies. He can be contacted at email: redwan33-
1145@diu.edu.bd.

 ISSN: 1693-6930
294
Kamal Hossain Nahin currently pursuing a degree in electrical and electronic
engineering at Daffodil International University. His educational journey began at Ishwardi
Govt College for his Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC). As a budding researcher in the
communication field, he is passionate about wireless communication, focusing on microstrip
patch antennas, terahertz antennas, and their potential applications in future 5G and 6G
technologies. He can be contacted at email: kamal33-1242@diu.edu.bd.
Jamal Hossain Nirob is a student in the Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering (EEE) at Daffodil International University. His educational journey began at
Maniknagar High School, where he successfully completed his Secondary School Certificate
(SSC). Following that, he pursued higher studies at Ishwardi Government College, obtaining
his Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC). With a strong enthusiasm for expanding
communication technology, Jamal has focused his research on wireless communication,
specifically on microstrip patch antennas, terahertz antennas, and applications of 5G and 6G.
He can be contacted at email: jamal33-1243@diu.edu.bd.
Liton Chandra Paul successfully completed his master’s in electrical and
electronic engineering (EEE) in 2012 and his bachelor’s in electronics and telecommunication
engineering (ETE) in 2015. As a student, he actively contributed to various nonprofit
organizations. He currently serves as an advisor for IEEE PUST SB and IEEE PUST AP-S SB
Chapter, and as a student activity coordinator for IEEE APS-MTTS BD Joint Chapter. He is
also an ambassador for IEEE Day 2024. His research interests include RFIC,
bioelectromagnetics, microwave technology, antennas, phased arrays, and mmWave. He can
be contacted at: litonpaulete@gmail.com.

High-bandwidth millimetre wave multiple-input multipleoutput antenna for 38 GHz 5G mobile applications

More Related Content

Similar to High-bandwidth millimetre wave multiple-input multipleoutput antenna for 38 GHz 5G mobile applications (20)

More from TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

High-bandwidth millimetre wave multiple-input multipleoutput antenna for 38 GHz 5G mobile applications