A Brief Introduction To Analytic Philosophy

Oleksandr Kulyk
A Brief Introduction to
Analytic Philosophy
Dnipro
LIRA
2019

УДК 101(075)
К 90
Kulyk, O.
К 90 A Brief Introduction to Analytic Philosophy/
O. Kulyk. – Dnipro : LIRA, 2019. – 76 p.
ISBN 978-966-981-246-9
This brief introduction is for people who want to know the leading approaches to
philosophy in the twentieth century in English-speaking countries but do not have
much time to study them. The book contains texts of lectures and quizzes with
explained answers.
By the end of this book, you will understand what analysis is and how to practice it
in a philosophical way. Moreover, you will be able to talk confidently about some of
the great ideas of such philosophers as L. Wittgenstein, B. Russell, G. E. Moore,
A. Ayer, J. Austin, W. V. O. Quine, P. F. Strawson, and more.
UDС 101(075)
Кулик, О.
К 90 Стислий вступ до аналітичної філософії [Текст]
= A Brief Introduction to Analytic Philosophy [Text]:
навч. посіб. / О. Кулик. – Дніпро : ЛІРА, 2019. – 76 с.
ISBN 978-966-981-246-9
Це видання розраховане на читачів, які бажають отримати уявлення про
основні теорії аналітичної філософії.
УДК 101(075)
© Кулик О., 2019
ISBN 978-966-981-246-9 © ЛІРА, 2019

A Brief Introduction to Analytic Philosophy 3
CONTENTS
PREFACE ...............................................................................4
1. COURSE DESCRIPTION ...................................................5
2. WHAT IS ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY .................................6
Quiz 1....................................................................................13
Answers to Quiz 1 .................................................................15
3. THE APPEARANCE OF ANALYTIC
PHILOSOPHY.......................................................................17
Quiz 2....................................................................................21
Answers to Quiz 2 ................................................................22
Reading.................................................................................24
Quiz 3....................................................................................25
Answers to Quiz 3 .................................................................27
4. LOGICAL ATOMISM ........................................................28
Quiz 4....................................................................................31
Answers to Quiz 4 .................................................................32
Reading.................................................................................34
Quiz 5....................................................................................35
Answers to Quiz 5 .................................................................37
5. LOGICAL POSITIVISM.....................................................38
Quiz 6....................................................................................41
Answers to Quiz 6 .................................................................42
Reading.................................................................................44
Quiz 7....................................................................................45
Answers to Quiz 7 .................................................................46
6. LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY .............................................47
Quiz 8....................................................................................54
Answers to Quiz 8 .................................................................56
7. ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY OF THE SECOND
PART OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY..............................57
Quiz 9....................................................................................62
Answers to Quiz 9 .................................................................63
8. THE KEY POINTS OF THE COURSE..............................65
FINAL EXAM ........................................................................67
Answers to the final exam questions ....................................69
FURTHER READING............................................................72

4 Oleksandr Kulyk
PREFACE
Welcome to the Introduction to Analytic Philosophy course.
We will learn the leading approaches to philosophy in the
twentieth century in the UK and the USA.
My name is Oleksandr Kulyk. I am a professor of
philosophy. I have taught philosophy courses at universities
for 15 years, and analytic philosophy is one of my favorite
subjects to teach. I truly believe learning analytic philosophy
helps students practice logical consistency and clearly
articulated reasoning.
By the end of this course, you will understand what
analysis is and how to practice it in a philosophical way.
Moreover, you will be able to talk confidently about some of
the great ideas of such philosophers as Ludwig Wittgenstein,
Bertrand Russell, George Moore, Alfred Ayer, John Austin,
Willard Van Orman Quine, Peter Strawson, and more.
This course contains lectures and philosophical texts,
and every section is followed by a quiz to make sure you
understand the essentials.

Section 1
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Let me tell you a little bit about what my course will be like.
The course is divided into eight sections. The first one
introduces the course content. The second explains the
characteristic features of analysis and analytic philosophy.
Then we learn about the thoughts of early analysts and the
doctrines of different phases in the development of analytic
philosophy, such as logical atomism, logical positivism,
linguistic philosophy, and late-twentieth-century analytic
philosophy. The last section is a summary of the course.
For each section of the course, there is a short lecture
that you can read at your own pace. There will also be three
assigned readings, which I highly recommend you complete
because you will get a lot more out of the course and lectures
if you read the works of the philosophers that I talk about. I
have included an article by Moore and parts of books by
Wittgenstein and Ayer. You will find links to these readings in
the third, fourth, and fifth sections, respectively.
Moreover, there are multiple choice quizzes at the end of
the majority of the sections. Three of them are about the
content of the assigned readings. There are also other
quizzes designed to help you distill the information covered in
the lectures.
The course finishes with a final exam in the form of a
multiple-choice quiz that contains ten questions. You will also
be provided with information on how to continue studying this
subject should you wish to.

6 Oleksandr Kulyk
Section 2
WHAT IS ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY?
This is the introductory lecture to the analytic philosophy
course. I will try to give you key information about the
characteristic features of analytic philosophy and the
differences between it and continental philosophy.
To start with, I want to tell you that analytic philosophy is
the leading approach to philosophy in the twentieth century in
such English-speaking countries as Great Britain and the
USA.
There are many analytic philosophers among the
prominent thinkers of the twentieth century. Open any book
on the history of Western philosophy and you will encounter
the names of analytic philosophers such as Russell,
Wittgenstein, Austin, Moore, and Quine.
Analytic philosophy differs significantly from other
traditions of Western philosophy. And when we say
“continental philosophy,” we mean all of twentieth-century
Europe’s philosophical schools with the exception of analytic
philosophy.
Analytic philosophy is not solely an Anglophone-country
phenomenon. Ludwig Wittgenstein, one of the most important
analytic philosophers, was Austrian. He wrote his famous
philosophical writings in German. And so did Gottlob Frege
and members of the Vienna circle, whose ideas were highly
important for analytic philosophy. Moreover, we know that
there are proponents of analytic philosophy in many
European countries, such as Poland and Scandinavian
countries.
At the end of this section, you will be able to
- explain what analysis is,
- talk confidently about three characteristic features of analytic philosophy, and
- list five phases in the development of analytic philosophy.

Thus, although the geographical factor and the factor of
language contribute significantly to the distinction between
analytic philosophy and continental philosophy, the
differences between the philosophical matters that the two
tendencies concern themselves with are more dominant. Let
us focus on those significant details now.
Analytic philosophy and continental philosophy are
significantly different in methodological terms. Continental
philosophy primarily addresses large questions in a synthetic
or integrative way, whereas analytic philosophy is concerned
with analysis. Analytic philosophy actually derives its name
from analysis. Analytic philosophers think that, if you want to
understand something, you need to research its building
blocks.
So what is analysis? It is a method of seeking to
understand a subject matter by becoming aware of its
composition. Undoubtedly, many philosophical traditions
apply analysis. However, the methodological program of
analytic philosophy has some distinguishing features. First,
the thinkers of analytic philosophy do not apply all forms of
analysis; rather, they primarily apply logical and linguistic
analysis. Second, they do not think that it is necessary to use
other methods that are popular within the framework of
continental philosophy.
There is also a difference between analytic philosophy
and continental philosophy when it comes to understanding
the proper approach to constructing philosophical reflections.
Analytic philosophers not only interpret philosophizing as a
process of constructing theoretical reasoning as rational,
logically consistent, and clearly and rigorously argued but
also practice it in this way. That is why many researchers
emphasize that analytic philosophy is a particular style of
philosophizing that differs from the styles of continental
philosophy. Compare Russell’s and Derrida’s styles of
philosophizing, for example. They are dramatically different.
These very peculiarities of philosophizing have enabled
analytic philosophy to be a problem-solving activity.

8 Oleksandr Kulyk
George Edward Moore (1873–1958)
Bertrand Russell (1872–1970)

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951)
John Langshaw Austin (1911–1960)

10 Oleksandr Kulyk
Willard Van Orman Quine (1908–2000)
Another distinguishing feature is the analytic
philosophers’ specific view on the history of philosophy.
Both continental and analytic philosophers consider
Plato, Descartes, Aristotle, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Kant
to be prominent thinkers. However, proponents of analytic
philosophy do not agree with their continental colleagues that,
for example, the theories of Hegel, Nietzsche, and Husserl
are important for philosophical knowledge.
According to many analytic philosophers, Gottlob Frege
was chronologically the first important philosopher after Kant’s
times. Frege’s theories were little regarded by continental
philosophy, but he became the principal progenitor of analytic
philosophy. As Professor Aloysius Martinich says, Gottlob
Frege “introduced new standards of rigor that made their way
into analytic philosophy.”1
Moreover, Michael Dummett calls
Gottlob Frege “the grandfather of analytical philosophy.”2
Frege is one of the most profound logicians and
philosophers of mathematics. He was born in 1848 and died
in 1925. His ideas were extremely important for analytic
philosophy. An example was his thought that the theory of
1
Martinich, A. P. (2001). Introduction. In Martinich, A. P. & Sosa, D. (Eds.), A Companion to Analytic
Philosophy (pp. 1–5). Malden: Blackwell Publishers.
2
Dummett, M. (1994). Origins of Analytical Philosophy. Harvard University Press.

meaning could be the foundation of all philosophical
investigation.
Gottlob Frege (1848–1925)
I can list five phases in the development of analytic
philosophy: early analytic philosophy, logical atomism, logical
positivism, the phase of linguistic philosophy, and modern
analytic philosophy. I will tell you about each of these phases.

12 Oleksandr Kulyk
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
1. Early analytic philosophy
2. Logical atomism
3. Logical positivism
5. Modern analytic philosophy
4. Linguistic philosophy

Quiz 1
Choose the best option: A, B, C, or D.
1. The countries where analytic philosophy was the
leading approach to philosophy in the twentieth century
A. Germany and France
B. Great Britain and the USA
C. All countries of Europe
D. All countries of the world
2. The thinkers who belong to the approach of analytic
philosophy
A. B. Russell and L. Wittgenstein
B. G. Hegel and F. Bradley
C. E. Husserl and M. Heidegger
D. Thales and Socrates
3. The principal progenitor of analytic philosophy
A. J.-P. Sartre
B. G. Frege
C. W. V. O. Quine
D. J. L. Austin
4. The forms of analysis which are primarily applied by
analytic philosophers
A. Logical and linguistic analysis
B. Medical and chemical analysis
C. Different forms of historical analysis

14 Oleksandr Kulyk
5. Number of phases in the development of analytic
philosophy
A. 2 phases
B. 5 phases

Answers to Quiz 1
1.
A: Incorrect: Analytic philosophy was never popular in
Germany and France. These countries have their own strong
philosophical traditions.
B: Correct.
C: Incorrect: Analytic philosophy was never dominant in
majority of European countries, including France, Germany,
Italy, and Spain.
D: Incorrect: Analytic philosophy has only a few proponents in
Asia, Africa, South America, and the large part of European
countries. It is popular primarily in English-speaking countries
such as Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia, and
others.
2.
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: Both Hegel and Bradley were proponents of
absolute idealism. Their philosophy was the object of analytic
philosophers’ criticism.
C: Incorrect: Husserl and Heidegger were thinkers of
continental philosophy.
D: Incorrect: Thales and Socrates were ancient thinkers.
Although many thinkers in the history of thought apply
analysis, analytic philosophy as a specific approach to
philosophy that appears in the end of nineteenth century or in
the beginning of the twentieth century, according to different
opinions.

16 Oleksandr Kulyk
3
A: Incorrect: French existentialist Sartre has no relation to
analytic philosophy.
B: Correct.
C: Incorrect: W. V. O. Quine is an analytic philosopher, but he
was a thinker who has predecessors in the analytic approach
to philosophy.
D: Incorrect: Austin appears as an analytic thinker when
analytic philosophy already existed.
4
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: Neither medical nor chemical analysis is a
philosophical method.
C: Incorrect: Analytic philosophers usually do not pay
attention to historical aspects in their analysis.
5
A: Incorrect: There are such phases in the development of
analytic philosophy as early analytic philosophy, logical
atomism, logical positivism, the phase of linguistic philosophy,
and modern analytic philosophy.
B: Correct.

Section 3
THE APPEARANCE OF
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
Arguably, analytic philosophy appeared to be a kind of
intellectual protest against the lack of rigor and logical
accuracy in the theories of dominant schools of European
philosophy at the end of the nineteenth century.
There are different opinions about the date of the
appearance of analytic philosophy. For example, Anthony
Quinton wrote that analytic philosophy began with
Wittgenstein’s arrival at Cambridge in 1912 to study with
Russell,3
while Professor Peter Simons selected 1899 as the
starting point in his chronology of the rift between continental
philosophy and analytic philosophy.4
In his autobiographical book My Philosophical
Development, Bertrand Russell wrote that toward the end of
1898, he and George Moore “rebelled against” the theories of
such philosophers as Hegel and Bradley.5
For those who do
not know, Bradley was the leader of English neo-Hegelianism
of those years.
Both Russell and Moore broke demonstratively away
from the dominant philosophical schools of their time. They
aimed to reform philosophy, trying to elaborate a sound way
of obtaining true philosophical knowledge.
3
Quinton, A. (1995). Analytic philosophy. In Honderich, T. (Ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (pp.
28–30). Oxford: OUP.
4
Simons, P. (2010). Whose Fault? The Origins and Evitability of the Analytic–Continental Rift. In
International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 9(3). (pp. 295–311).
5
Russell, B. (1995). My Philosophical Development. Psychology Press.
- explain reasons of the appearance of analytic philosophy,
- talk confidently about G. Moore’s criticism of idealism and his apology for the
ordinary meanings of words, and
- describe the main features of B. Russell’s criticism of monism.

18 Oleksandr Kulyk
G. E. Moore at the End of
the Nineteenth Century
B. Russell in the Beginning
of the Twentieth Century

In the early phase of analytic philosophy, we see George
Edward Moore’s criticism of idealism6
as well as his apology
for common sense and for the ordinary meanings of words.
Moore criticizes metaphysicians for ignoring words’ literal
meanings. He says that their philosophical sentences are
examples of different types of mistakes.
Moore believes that our everyday language is more
suitable for correct thinking than the sophisticated language
of metaphysicians.
Another important component of the first phase of the
development of analytic philosophy is Russell’s criticism of
the monism7
of previous philosophy. He argues that the idea
of monism is logically irrelevant and is based on logical error.
One of his arguments against monism is the idea that it is
false because of its unacceptable consequences for logic and
mathematics.
6
“Idealism is a metaphysical theory about the nature of reality, and thus presupposes a distinction between
appearance and reality, drawn in an other than common-sense way.” (Honderich, T. [Ed.], The Oxford
Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: OUP.)
7
“Existence monism targets concrete objects and counts by individual token. It holds that exactly one
concrete object token exists (the One).” (Schaffer, J. Monism. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.)
G. E. Moore’s
Thoughts
Criticism of
idealism
Apology for
common sense
Apology for
ordinary language

20 Oleksandr Kulyk
I want to stress that, in his earliest papers, Russell
studies the problems of logic and the foundations of
mathematics. He contributes significantly to this phase
through his logicism.8
He argues that mathematical truths can
be translated into truths of pure logic. Regarding this point,
Russell’s views are close to Frege’s ideas. Russell uses the
results of his research in the area of logic to address different
philosophical problems.
The early analysts, Russell and Moore, succeed in their
criticism of the ideas of previous philosophical schools. Neo-
Hegelian idealism starts to lose popularity in Great Britain
mainly because their efforts.
8
“The goal of logicism is to provide solutions to problems in the philosophy of mathematics, by reducing
mathematics, or some of its branches, to logic.” (Honderich, T. [Ed.], The Oxford Companion to Philosophy.
Oxford: OUP.)
B. Russell’s
Thoughts
Criticism of monism
Logicism

Quiz 2
Choose the best option: A, B, or C.
1. The names of philosophers against whose theories B.
Russell and G. Moore rebelled in 1898
A. G. Hegel and F. Bradley
B. M. Heidegger and A. Camus
C. G. Frege and L. Wittgenstein
2. The object of G. E. Moore’s criticism
A. Common sense
B. Idealism
C. The ordinary meanings of words
3. The idea that was characterized by B. Russell as a
logically irrelevant thought
A. The idea of logicism
B. The idea of analysis
C. The idea of monism
4. The definition of logicism
A. A theory that mathematical truths can be translated into
truths of pure logic
B. A theory that our everyday language is more suitable for
correct thinking than the sophisticated language of
metaphysicians
5. The name of the doctrine that starts to lose popularity
in Great Britain mainly because of early analysts’ efforts
A. Logical positivism
B. Neo-Hegelian idealism

22 Oleksandr Kulyk
Answers to Quiz 2
1
A: Correct: In his autobiographical book My Philosophical
Development, Bertrand Russell wrote about this.
B: Incorrect: In 1898, B. Russell and G. Moore know nothing
about such continental philosophers of the twentieth century
as M. Heidegger and A. Camus.
C: Incorrect: Russell had views which were close to Frege’s
ideas. Also, Russell knew about Wittgenstein only in 1912,
and their views were close then.
2
A: Incorrect option: G. Moore is famous for his apology for
common sense.
B: Correct: You can find an example of this criticism in
Moore’s article “The Refutation of Idealism.”
C: Incorrect: Moore criticizes metaphysicians for ignoring
words’ literal meanings. He believes that our everyday
language is more suitable for correct thinking than the
sophisticated language of metaphysicians.
3
A: Incorrect: Russell argues that mathematical truths can be
translated into truths of pure logic. So he was a proponent of
the logicism doctrine.
B: Incorrect: Russell is one of the founders of analytic
philosophy that is based on applying analysis.
C: Correct.

4
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: This definition refers not to logicism, but to
apology for ordinary language.
5
A: Incorrect: Logical positivism started to lose popularity much
later than the phase of early analytic philosophy finished, and
it happened without any connections with efforts of early
analysts.
B: Correct.

24 Oleksandr Kulyk
Reading
I highly recommend you to read G. E. Moore’s article “The
Refutation of Idealism” in the framework of learning “The
Appearance of Analytic Philosophy” section.
You can find this article, for example, at the Project
Gutenberg web page, where the books may be freely used.
This article is at pages 2–30 of the book at the following link:
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/50141/50141-h/50141-h.htm
After reading this paper, you can go to the quiz.

Quiz 3
Read G. E. Moore’s sentences in the quiz and think of the
word that best fits each gap.
1. “We have, in every sensation, two distinct elements,
one which I call . . . and another which I call the object of
consciousness.”
A. idea
B. consciousness
C. spirit
D. body
2. “Modern . . . , if it asserts any general conclusion about
the universe at all, asserts that it is spiritual."
A. analytic philosophy
B. logicism
C. idealism
D. positivism
3. “I do not propose to dispute that ‘Reality is spiritual;’ I
do not deny that there may be reasons for thinking that it
is: but I do propose to show that one reason upon which,
to the best of my judgment, all other arguments ever
used by Idealists depend is . . . .”
A. false
B. true
4. “If anyone tells us that the existence of blue is the
same thing as the existence of the sensation of blue he . .
. , for he asserts either that blue is the same thing as blue
together with consciousness, or that it is the same thing
as consciousness alone.”

26 Oleksandr Kulyk
A. does not make a mistake
B. makes a mistake and a self-contradictory mistake
5. “The question requiring to be asked about material
things is not: What reason have we for supposing that
anything exists corresponding to our sensations? but: . .
.”
A. What reason have we for supposing that material things do
not exist, since their existence has precisely the same
evidence as that of our sensations?
B. What can I know?
C. What may I hope?
D. What should I do?

Answers to the Quiz 3
1
B: Correct.
2
C: Correct.
3
A: Correct.
4
B: Correct.
5
A: Correct.

28 Oleksandr Kulyk
Section 4
LOGICAL ATOMISM
With Ludwig Wittgenstein’s thoughts and Bertrand Russell’s
new ideas, the next phase in the development of analytic
philosophy starts. I mean the phase of logical atomism.
In the foreword to his lectures in The Philosophy of
Logical Atomism, Bertrand Russell writes that these lectures
are “very largely concerned with explaining certain ideas
which I learnt from my friend and former pupil, Ludwig
Wittgenstein.”9
I want to clarify this. From 1912 to 1914,
Russell and Wittgenstein actively discuss some important
philosophical ideas, and the results of this collaboration are
published later. In 1914, Russell publishes Our Knowledge of
the External World, and then The Philosophy of Logical
Atomism appears in 1918. Wittgenstein’s TLP10
is published
first in German in 1921 and then in English in 1922. I should
note that, in the preface to his treatise, Wittgenstein mentions
that not only Russell’s writings but also “the great works of
Frege” stimulated his own thoughts.
Russell and Wittgenstein believe that the analysis of the
nature of representation and logic relations opens the way to
understanding major philosophical problems in the area of
epistemology and metaphysics.
Russell explains the term “logical atomism” in the
following words: “The reason that I call my doctrine logical
atomism is because the atoms that I wish to arrive at as the
sort of last residue in analysis are logical atoms and not
9
Russell, B.(1956). The Philosophy of Logical Atomism. In Logic and Knowledge (ed. by R. C. Marsh).
Allen & Unwin.
10
Wittgenstein’s the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus widely abbreviated as TLP.
- explain what logical analysis is,
- use Russell’s definition of a fact, and
- list L. Wittgenstein’s early understanding of the terms “world,” “thought,” and
“proposition.”

physical atoms. Some of them will be what I call
‘particulars’—such things as little patches of colour or sounds,
momentary things—and some of them will be predicates or
relations and so on.”11
Russell names the process of
discovering these atoms “logical analysis.”
Ludwig Wittgenstein
According to the first translation of the beginning of
Wittgenstein’s treatise, this philosopher argues that the world
is everything that is the case, that a fact is the existence of
atomic facts, that a thought is a logical picture of facts, that a
thought is a significant proposition, that propositions are truth-
functions of elementary propositions, and so on.
11
Russell, B.(1956). The Philosophy of Logical Atomism. In Logic and Knowledge (ed. by R. C. Marsh).
Allen & Unwin.

30 Oleksandr Kulyk
Russell writes “that the world contains facts, which are
what they are whatever we may choose to think about them,
and that there are also beliefs, which have reference to facts,
and by reference to facts are either true or false.” According
to Russell, a fact is “the kind of thing that makes a proposition
true or false.” For example, the proposition “It is raining” is
true in a certain condition of weather, so this condition of
weather is the fact.

Quiz 4
1. The philosopher who created the logical atomism
theory together with Bertrand Russell
A. W. V. O. Quine
B. J. L. Austin
C. L. Wittgenstein
2. Ludwig Wittgenstein’s interpretation of the nature of a
thought, according to his TLP
A. A thought is a logical picture of facts.
B. A thought is everything that is the case.
3. “The kind of thing that makes a proposition true or
false,” according to Russell, is
A. logic
B. a fact
4. The year when Bertrand Russell published The
Philosophy of Logical Atomism
A. 1918
B. 1921
C. 1903
5. The book in which L. Wittgenstein set out his version
of logical atomism
A. Philosophical Investigations
B. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

32 Oleksandr Kulyk
Answers to Quiz 4
1
A: Incorrect: W. V. O. Quine influenced analytic philosophy on
the second part of the twentieth century, not on the logical
atomism phase.
B: Incorrect: J. L. Austin is a representative of the phase of
linguistic philosophy that was after the logical atomism phase.
C: Correct.
2
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: In TLP, Wittgenstein uses the words “is
everything that is the case” to define the world.
3
A: Incorrect: According to Russell, a fact makes a proposition
true or false.
B: Correct.
4
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: Russell published The Philosophy of Logical
Atomism before Wittgenstein’s TLP that was published in
1921.

C: Incorrect: Russell’s The Philosophy of Logical Atomism is
one of the works of the logical atomism phase. This phase
started not earlier than 1912.
5
A: Incorrect: The book Philosophical Investigations expresses
Wittgenstein’s views on the linguistic philosophy period, not
on logical atomism.
B: Correct.

34 Oleksandr Kulyk
Reading
I recommend you continue learning logical atomism by
reading the seven pages of the beginning of L. Wittgenstein’s
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.
You can find this book, for example, at the Project
Gutenberg web page. The pages I recommend you read are
23–30 at the following link:
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5740
After reading this part of TLP, you can go to the quiz.

Quiz 5
Read the seven pages of the TLP beginning and answer the
following quiz, choosing Wittgenstein’s thoughts among the
options.
1. What is the world?
A. the planet Earth and all life on it
B. things
C. the totality of facts, not of things
C. the whole of the physical Universe
2. What is an atomic fact?
A. something that is postulated to be correct
B. a combination of objects
C. a piece of information that is known to be true
D. a repeatable careful observation or measurement
3. What do objects contain?
A. all states of affairs
B. the possibility of all states of affairs
C. facts
D. things
4. What do objects form?
A. the substance of the world
B. time
C. space
D. subjects
5. What does Wittgenstein’s term “picture” mean?
A. a model of reality

36 Oleksandr Kulyk
B. a combination of objects
C. reality
D. the idea of an object

Answers to Quiz 5
1
C: Correct.
2
B: Correct.
3
B: Correct.
4
A: Correct.
5
A: Correct.

38 Oleksandr Kulyk
Section 5
LOGICAL POSITIVISM
In the second and third decades of the twentieth century,
theories of analytic philosophy came to dominate philosophy
in Great Britain. Moreover, in this period, adherents were
found on the continent, for example, in Austria, the Vienna
Circle. This is when the third phase in the development of
analytic philosophy started. It is the logical positivism phase.
The Vienna Circle is founded by Moritz Schlick. Among
its members are R. Carnap and other prominent thinkers.
Logical positivists try to reconceptualize empiricism. Some of
them think that Wittgenstein’s and Russell’s theories will help
them in this way. The Vienna Circle’s members offer the idea
that verifiability in experience is the criterion of
meaningfulness. According to positivists, it is crucial to
understand that all metaphysical sentences are meaningless.
Nonetheless, some ideas of logical positivism are
rejections of Wittgenstein’s or Russell’s ideas. A good
example is the thought that language is not pictorial but
conventional. This thought contradicts Wittgenstein’s early
ideas.
Let’s move on to the thoughts of Alfred Ayer, the most
famous proponent of logical positivism in the English-
speaking world.
In the preface to the first edition of his Language, Truth
and Logic, which is published in 1936, Alfred Ayer notes that
the views he puts forward in the book derive from the
doctrines of Russell and Wittgenstein and that the
philosophers of the Vienna Circle are those with whom he is
in closest agreement. It is necessary to state that Ayer writes
his book after returning to Oxford from the University of
- use logical positivism’s criterion of meaningfulness,
- describe the main ideas of A. Ayer about the purpose of philosophy, and
- compare the analytic philosophy of logical atomism and logical positivism.

Alfred Ayer wrote his
treatise at the age of 26.

40 Oleksandr Kulyk
Vienna, where he spent a year studying with Moritz Schlick in
1933.
In his treatise, Ayer emphasizes that it is necessary to
understand the purpose and method of philosophy correctly.
He argues that many metaphysical utterances are due to the
commission of logical errors. He criticizes the metaphysical
thesis that philosophy affords us knowledge of a reality that
transcends the world of science and common sense. Ayer
states that philosophy, as he understands it, can be entirely
independent of metaphysics.
Ayer also writes about verifiability as the criterion for
testing the genuineness of apparent statements of fact. Let
me give you his explanation of this criterion: “We say that a
sentence is factually significant to any given person, if, and
only if, he knows how to verify the proposition which it
purports to express–that is, if he knows what observations
would lead him, under certain conditions, to accept the
proposition as being true, or reject it as being false.”12
12
Ayer, A. (1971). Language, Truth and Logic. Penguin Books.

Quiz 6
1. The doctrine that logical positivists try to
reconceptualize
A. Monism
B. Empiricism
2. What are all metaphysical sentences, according to
positivists
A. They are meaningless.
B. They are meaningful.
3. A. Ayer thinks that philosophy can be entirely
independent of this traditional philosophical area
A. The area of metaphysics
B. The area of epistemology
C. The area of logic
4. A. Ayer’s opinion about the thesis that philosophy
affords us knowledge of a reality that transcends the
world of science and common sense
A. A. Ayer thinks that this thesis is correct.
B. A. Ayer thinks that this thesis is wrong.
5. The thought that was offered by the Vienna Circle’s
members
A. The cleavage between analytic and synthetic truths is only
ill-founded dogma.
B. Verifiability in experience is the criterion of meaningfulness.
C. Language is not conventional but pictorial.

42 Oleksandr Kulyk
Answers to Quiz 6
1
A: Incorrect: Logical positivists try to reconceptualize
empiricism.
B: Correct.
2
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: Logical positivists criticize metaphysicians for the
meaninglessness of their sentences.
3
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: Ayer thinks that the area that studies cognition
and the nature of knowledge is important for philosophy.
C: Incorrect: Ayer believes that logic is highly important for
philosophy.
4
A: Incorrect: Ayer states that this metaphysical thesis is
entirely meaningless.
B: Correct.
5
A: Incorrect: This thought was expressed by W. V. O. Quine,
not by the Vienna Circle’s members.

B: Correct.
C: Incorrect: The early Wittgenstein’s thought that language is
pictorial was criticized by the Vienna Circle’s members.

44 Oleksandr Kulyk
Reading
You can continue learning logical positivism by reading the
chapter “The Function of Philosophy” of Alfred Ayer’s
Language, Truth and Logic.
You can find this book, for example, at the Internet
Archive web page. The pages I recommend you to read are
30–46 at the following link:
https://archive.org/details/AlfredAyer/page/n29
After reading this part of Ayer’s treatise, you can go to
the quiz.

Quiz 7
Read the chapter “The Function of Philosophy” of Alfred
Ayer’s Language, Truth and Logic and think of the word that
best fits each gap in the following sentences of this
philosopher in the quiz.
1. “A philosopher has . . . to despise the beliefs of
common sense.”
A. no right
B. the right
2. “The majority of those who are commonly supposed to
have been great philosophers were primarily . . .”
A. not metaphysicians but analysts
B. not analysts but metaphysicians
3. “It is advisable to stress the point that philosophy, as
we understand it, is wholly independent of . . .”
A. analysis
B. metaphysics
C. common sense
4. “The propositions of philosophy are . . . in character—
that is, they do not describe the behaviour of physical, or
even mental, objects; they express definitions, or the
formal consequences of definitions.”
A. not linguistic, but factual
B. not factual, but linguistic
5. “We may say that philosophy is a department of . . .”
A. mathematics
B. history
C. logic

46 Oleksandr Kulyk
Answers to Quiz 7
1
A: Correct.
2
A: Correct.
3
B: Correct.
4
B: Correct.
5
C: Correct.

Section 6
LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY
The appearance of linguistic philosophy is the next significant
event in the development of analytic philosophy. It is
important not to confuse the terms “linguistic philosophy” and
“philosophy of language.” John Searle clearly describes the
difference between them in the following passage: “The
philosophy of language is the attempt to give an account of
certain very general features of the structure, use, and
functioning of language. Linguistic philosophy is the attempt
to solve philosophical problems by using linguistic
methods.”13
The later Wittgenstein starts the phase of linguistic
philosophy. At this point, I want to highlight the fact that there
are two periods in Wittgenstein’s philosophy. Between 1929
and 1932, his philosophical ideas undergo crucial changes.
The early Wittgenstein tries to engage in “the logical
clarification of thoughts” by analyzing the formal structure that
is hidden by ordinary language; however, the later
Wittgenstein tries to solve philosophical issues by using
linguistic analysis, analyzing the practical use of ordinary
language and the aims and functions of different words.
Wittgenstein focuses on the analysis of the use of
language. So he concerns himself with linguistic matters. In
his Philosophical Investigations, the following phrase
appears: “Every sign by itself seems dead. What gives it
life?—In use it is alive. Is life breathed into it there?—Or is the
use its life?”14
13
Searle J. (2001). J. L. Austin. In Martinich, A. P. & Sosa, D. (Eds.), A Companion to Analytic Philosophy
(pp. 218–230). Malden: Blackwell Publishers.
14
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Macmillan Publishing Company.
- differ thoughts of the early and the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy,
- define linguistic philosophy, and
- use J. Austin’s interpretation of knowledge.

48 Oleksandr Kulyk
The Early Wittgenstein
The Later Wittgenstein

For example, Wittgenstein analyzes the practices by
means of which children learn their native language. He
discusses the duck-rabbit figure, which can be seen either as
a rabbit’s head or as a duck’s. He discusses this figure,
writing that it is necessary to distinguish between the
“continuous seeing” of an aspect and the “dawning” of an
aspect. Also, he addresses the grammar of the word “know”
and the criteria which we accept for the terms “fitting,” “being
able to,” and “understanding.” Moreover, he distinguishes
“surface grammar” from “depth grammar” in the use of words.
In addition, he shows the differences in grammar between the
verbs “to mean” and “to think.” Wittgenstein introduces the
term “language-game,” seeking to stress “the fact that the
speaking of language is part of an activity, or of a form of life.”
The Duck-Rabbit Figure
In the process of analyzing these kinds of language use,
Wittgenstein strives to clarify the philosophical concepts of
meaning, thinking, and understanding. He poses such
questions as “Why does man think?” and “What is thinking?”
His answers to these questions are unusual. For instance, he
concludes that “It is correct to say, ‘I know what you

50 Oleksandr Kulyk
are thinking,’ and wrong to say, ‘I know what I am thinking.’”15
So one can know what someone else is thinking, not what he
himself or she herself is thinking. Wittgenstein notes
regarding these words that they are “a whole cloud of
philosophy condensed into a drop of grammar.”
Wittgenstein criticizes philosophers for their
sophisticated use of language structures. He writes, “When
philosophers use a word—‘knowledge,’ ‘being,’ ‘object,’ ‘I,’
‘proposition,’ ‘name’—and try to grasp the essence of the
thing, one must always ask oneself: is the word ever actually
used in this way in the language-game which is its original
home?—What we do is to bring words back from their
metaphysical to their everyday use.”16
In their concern
regarding ordinary language, the later Wittgenstein’s theories
have some affinity with Moore’s ideas.
15
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Macmillan Publishing Company.
16
Ibid.
Two Periods in
Wittgenstein’s
Philosophy
The early Wittgenstein
analyzes the formal
structure that is hidden
by ordinary language.
The later Wittgenstein
analyzes the practical use
of ordinary language.

As I mentioned before, Moore criticizes sophisticated
philosophical theories and offers the idea that ordinary
language and commonly held beliefs are not defective. He
believes that we have many obviously true thoughts about the
world and us, and he uses the term “truisms” to refer to these
thoughts.
In his paper, “A Defence of Common Sense,” which is
published in 1925, George Moore lists such truisms as “There
exists at present a living human body, which is my body. This
body was born at a certain time in the past, and has existed
continuously ever since, though not without undergoing
changes . . .”17
The later Wittgenstein’s ideas of linguistic philosophy are
developed by some British philosophers, such as John
Langshaw Austin. Austin and Wittgenstein believe that
thinking about the ordinary use of expressions by means of
linguistics is important for philosophical conclusions.
John Langshaw Austin
17
Moore, G. E. (1990). A Defence of Common Sense. In Ammerman, R. (Ed.), Classics of Analytic
Philosophy (pp. 47–67). Hackett.

52 Oleksandr Kulyk
John Austin holds that analyzing the expressions we use
to describe the world can help us learn a great deal about the
world. Just like Wittgenstein, he states that a lot of the claims
philosophers make are results of their mistakes in the
ordinary use of expressions.
In 1946, Austin published his paper “Other Minds,” in
which he analyzes the use of the phrase “I know.” In part, he
writes that when one says “I know,” he is indicating that he is
in a position to assert that such and such is the case in
circumstances where it is necessary to resolve a doubt.18
Thus, John Austin provides a new interpretation of
knowledge.
Let me remind you that continental philosophy
traditionally interprets knowledge as a state of mind and a
special kind of awareness of things. But John Austin
concludes that one can ascribe knowledge to somebody only
when certain behavioral conditions are satisfied.
A significant event in the development of analytic
philosophy is the posthumous publishing of Wittgenstein’s
second book, Philosophical Investigations, in 1953. This book
expresses his thoughts on linguistic philosophy.
18
Austin, J. L. (1961). Other Minds. Oxford University Press.

Linguistic philosophy was dominant in English-speaking
philosophy from 1945 to 1960. After this period, no doctrine
dominated in analytic philosophy.

54 Oleksandr Kulyk
Quiz 8
1. A definition of linguistic philosophy
A. “It is the attempt to solve philosophical problems by using
linguistic methods.”
B. “It is the attempt to give an account of certain very general
features of the structure, use, and functioning of language.”
2. The characteristic feature of the later period in
L. Wittgenstein’s philosophy
A. L. Wittgenstein tries to engage in “the logical clarification of
thoughts” by analyzing the formal structure that is hidden by
ordinary language.
B. L. Wittgenstein tries to solve philosophical issues by using
linguistic analysis, analyzing the practical use of ordinary
language and the aims and functions of different words.
3. The book that expresses L. Wittgenstein’s thoughts on
linguistic philosophy
A. Philosophical Investigations
B. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
4. The issue that was researched by J. L. Austin in his
paper “Other Minds”
A. The duck-rabbit figure
B. The criteria which we accept for the terms “fitting,” “being
able to,” and “understanding
C. The nature of knowledge

5. The phrase that, according to John Austin, one says
when he or she is indicating that he is in a position to
assert that such and such is the case in circumstances
where it is necessary to resolve a doubt
A. The phrase “I know”
B. The phrase “I think”

56 Oleksandr Kulyk
Answers to Quiz 8
1
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: This is John Searle’s definition of the philosophy
of language.
2
A: Incorrect: It is the characteristic feature of the early period
in L. Wittgenstein’s philosophy.
B: Correct.
3
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: The TLP is the book that was written by
Wittgenstein in the logical atomism period of his philosophy.
4
A: Incorrect: The duck-rabbit figure was considered in
Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations.
B: Incorrect: These criteria were addressed in Wittgenstein’s
Philosophical Investigations.
C: Correct.
5
A: Correct. This is John Austin’s interpretation of knowledge.
B: Incorrect.

Section 7
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY OF THE SECOND PART OF THE
TWENTIETH CENTURY
Modern analytic philosophy is characterized by large varieties
in ideas, although it keeps some traditions of previous phases
of its development. Researchers talk about the “analytic spirit”
of many English-speaking thinkers of the second part of the
twentieth century.
SOME THINKERS OF
MODERN ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
W. V. O. Quine
M. Dummett
H. Putnam
J. Rawls
P. F. Strawson
S. Kripke
- express the ideas of W. V. O. Quine about analytic and synthetic truths,
- define descriptive and revisionary metaphysics, and
- describe the characteristic features of modern analytic philosophy.

58 Oleksandr Kulyk
Antony Quinton characterizes this analytic spirit with the
following words: They “think and write in the analytic spirit,
respectful of science, both as a paradigm of reasonable belief
and in conformity with its argumentative rigour, its clarity, and
its determination to be objective.”19
There are many significant thinkers in analytic
philosophy in the second part of the twentieth century. I will
tell you about two of them, Quine and Strawson.
In his 1951 essay “Two Dogmas of Empiricism,” US
philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine argues that the
cleavage between analytic and synthetic truths is only ill-
founded dogma.
Willard Van Orman Quine
Quine considers that there is no sufficient distinction
between truths that are grounded in meanings independent of
matters of fact (that is, analytic truths) and truths that are
grounded in fact (that is, synthetic truths).
19
Quinton, A. (1995). Analytic Philosophy. In Honderich, T. (Ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
(pp. 28–30). Oxford: OUP.

Also, in Two Dogmas of Empiricism, W. V. O. Quine
challenges reductionism. What is reductionism? It is the belief
that each meaningful statement is equivalent to some logical
construct on terms that refer to immediate experience.
I must remind you that reductionism and the analytic-
synthetic distinction are central doctrines of logical positivism.
So in the second part of the twentieth century, we see serious
criticism of the traditional foundations of positivism by analytic
philosophers.
Peter Frederick Strawson
(1919–2006)
Another new idea within the framework of analytic
philosophy is represented by English philosopher Peter
Frederick Strawson. In his work Individuals, which was

60 Oleksandr Kulyk
published in 1959, he distinguishes between “revisionary” and
“descriptive” metaphysics.
He writes, “Descriptive metaphysics is content to
describe the actual structure of our thought about the world,
revisionary metaphysics is concerned to produce a better
structure.”20
Strawson argues that Descartes, Leibniz, and Berkeley
produced different forms of revisionary metaphysics, while
Aristotle and Kant were philosophers who offered descriptive
metaphysics.
It is interesting that Strawson believes that descriptive
metaphysics differs from “what is called philosophical, or
logical, or conceptual analysis” only in scope and generality
and does not differ in the kind of intention.
20
Strawson, P. F. (1959). Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics. London: Methuen.
Metaphysics,
According to
P. F. Strawson
Descriptive metaphysics
It aims to describe
the actual structure of
our thought about the world.
Revisionary metaphysics
It is concerned with
producing a better structure.

I want to stress that, in the framework of modern analytic
philosophy, interest in metaphysics grows.
Revisionary
Metaphysics
R. Descartes G. Leibniz G. Berkeley
Descriptive
Metaphysics
Aristotle Kant

62 Oleksandr Kulyk
Quiz 9
Choose the best option: A or B.
1. The characteristic feature of many English-speaking
thinkers of the second part of the twentieth century
A. “They think and write in the analytic spirit.”
B. “They think and write in the synthetic spirit.”
2. A philosopher who argues that there is no sufficient
distinction between analytic and synthetic truths
A. W. V. O. Quine
B. A. Ayer
3. The kind of metaphysics that “is content to describe
the actual structure of our thought about the world,”
according to P. Strawson
A. Revisionary metaphysics
B. Descriptive metaphysics
4. The kind of metaphysics that differs from logical
analysis only in scope and generality, according to P.
Strawson
A. Descriptive metaphysics
B. Revisionary metaphysics
5. The name of the philosopher who criticizes
reductionism
A. M. Schlick
B. W. V. O. Quine

Answers to Quiz 9
1
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: A. Quinton and other researchers emphasize
that many modern English-speaking thinkers continue to use
an analytic approach to philosophy.
2
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: A. Ayer and other logical positivists consider the
distinction between analytic and synthetic truths as the
important one for their philosophy.
3
A: Incorrect: P. Strawson uses these words for characterizing
descriptive metaphysics.
B: Correct.
4
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: P. Strawson considers that descriptive
metaphysics differs from logical analysis only in scope and
generality.

64 Oleksandr Kulyk
5
A: Incorrect: The members of the Vienna Circle were
proponents of the idea that each meaningful statement is
equivalent to some logical construct on terms that refer to
immediate experience.
B: Correct.

Section 8
THE KEY POINTS OF THE COURSE
I hope that this brief introduction to analytic philosophy
has given you a general impression of this philosophical
approach and its development.
I want to finish by repeating the key points of my course.
In the twentieth century, analytic philosophy was the
leading approach to philosophy in Great Britain and the USA.
Although the geographical factor and the factor of
language play an important role in the distinction between
continental philosophy and analytic philosophy, the
differences between the philosophical matters that the two
tendencies concern themselves with are more dominant.
Continental philosophy primarily addresses large
questions in a synthetic way, whereas analytic philosophy is
concerned with analysis.
Analysis is a method of seeking to understand the
subject matter by becoming aware of its composition. Analytic
philosophers think that, if you want to understand something,
you need to research its building blocks.
Despite the fact that many philosophical traditions apply
analysis, the methodological program of analytic philosophy
has some distinguishing features. Thinkers of analytic
philosophy apply logical and linguistic analysis, and they do
not think it is necessary to use other methods that are popular
within the framework of continental philosophy.
In addition, not only do analytic philosophers interpret
philosophizing as a process of constructing theoretical
reasoning as rational, logically consistent, and rigorously and
clearly argued, but also they practice it in this way. These
very peculiarities of philosophizing have enabled analytic
philosophy to be a problem-solving activity.
Finally, I have said that the development of analytic
philosophy took place in five phases: early analytic
philosophy, logical atomism, logical positivism, the phase of
linguistic philosophy, and modern analytic philosophy.

66 Oleksandr Kulyk
In the early phase of analytic philosophy, we see George
Moore’s criticism of idealism as well as his apology for
common sense and for the ordinary meanings of words.
Another important component of this phase is Russell’s
criticism of the monism of previous philosophy.
With Ludwig Wittgenstein’s thoughts and Bertrand
Russell’s new ideas, the phase of logical atomism begins.
These philosophers believe that the analysis of the nature of
representation and logic relations opens the way to
understanding major philosophical problems.
Alfred Ayer and other logical positivists try to
reconceptualize empiricism. They offer the idea that
verifiability in experience is the criterion of meaningfulness.
Linguistic philosophy is the attempt to solve
philosophical problems using linguistic methods. The later
Wittgenstein starts this phase. His ideas are developed by
some British philosophers, such as John Austin.
Researchers talk about the “analytic spirit” of many
English-speaking thinkers of the second part of the twentieth
century. There are many significant thinkers in modern
analytic philosophy like W. V. O. Quine and P. F. Strawson.

FINAL EXAM
1. The thinkers who belong to the approach of analytic
philosophy
A. S. Kierkegaard and F. Nietzsche
B. H.-G. Gadamer and M. Foucault
C. J. L. Austin and W. V. O. Quine
2. The author of the book Individuals
A. Hilary Putnam
B. P. F. Strawson
C. John Rawls
3. One of Russell’s arguments against monism
A. Monism is false because of its unacceptable
consequences for logic and mathematics.
B. Monism is false because of its unacceptable
consequences for art and history.
4. What “the logical picture of the facts” is, according to
Wittgenstein’s TLP
A. The thought
B. Philosophy
5. A. Ayer’s thoughts about the characteristic feature of
philosophizing activity
A. A. Ayer thinks that the activity of philosophizing is
essentially analytic.
B. A. Ayer thinks that the activity of philosophizing is
essentially metaphysical.

68 Oleksandr Kulyk
6. The paper that was written by G. E. Moore
A. “The Refutation of Idealism”
B. “Other Minds”
C. “On Denoting”
7. The second phase in the development of analytic
philosophy
A. Linguistic philosophy
B. Modern analytic philosophy
C. Logical atomism
8. The term that was introduced by L. Wittgenstein to
stress “the fact that the speaking of language is part of
an activity, or of a form of life”
A. Picture
B. Language-game
9. The term that was used by G. E. Moore to refer to
obviously true thoughts about the world and us
A. Atoms
B. Truisms
10. The author of the essay “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”
A. P. F. Strawson
B. W. V. O. Quine

Answers to the Final Exam Questions
1
A: Incorrect: S. Kierkegaard and F. Nietzsche are
representatives of continental philosophy.
B: Incorrect: H.-G. Gadamer and M. Foucault are
representatives of continental philosophy.
C: Correct.
2
A: Incorrect.
B: Correct: P. F. Strawson wrote it in 1959.
C: Incorrect.
3
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: Russell created his arguments against monism in
the period when he was addressing problems of logic and
mathematics.
4
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: In Wittgenstein’s TLP, there is a phrase “The
logical picture of the facts is the thought.”

70 Oleksandr Kulyk
5
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: Ayer states that philosophy, as he understands
it, can be entirely independent of metaphysics.
6
A: Correct.
B: Incorrect: “Other Minds” was written by John Austin.
C: Incorrect: “On Denoting” was written by B. Russell.
7
A: Incorrect: Linguistic philosophy appears after such phases
in the development of analytic philosophy as early analytic
philosophy, logical atomism, and logical positivism.
B: Incorrect: Modern analytic philosophy is the last phase in
the development of analytic philosophy that contains five
phases.
C: Correct.
8
A: Incorrect: L. Wittgenstein uses the term “language-game”
to stress “the fact that the speaking of language is part of an
activity, or of a form of life.”
B: Correct.

9
A: Incorrect: G. E. Moore uses the term “truisms” to refer to
obviously true thoughts about the world and us.
B: Correct.
10
A: Incorrect: Two Dogmas of Empiricism was written by W. V.
O. Quine.
B: Correct.

72 Oleksandr Kulyk
FURTHER READING
If you want to continue learning the subject, you can read the
following sources which I recommend. The articles and books
will expand your knowledge about each topic of my course.
Section 2. What Is Analytic Philosophy?
Beaney, M. (2018). Analysis. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. Retrieved from
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/analysis/.
Preston, A. (2019). Analytic Philosophy. In The Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from
https://www.iep.utm.edu/analytic/.
Martinich, A. P. (2001). Introduction. In Martinich, A. P. &
Sosa, D. (Eds.), A Companion to Analytic Philosophy (pp. 1–
5). Malden: Blackwell Publishers.
Glock, H.-J. (2008). What is Analytic Philosophy? Cambridge
University Press.
Critchley, S. (2008). What is Continental Philosophy?
International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 5(3), 347–363.
Section 3. The Appearance of Analytic Philosophy
Baldwin, T. (2018). George Edward Moore. In The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/moore/.
Russell, B. (1995). My Philosophical Development.
Psychology Press.
Baldwin, T. (2001). Bertrand Russell. In Martinich, A. P. &
Sosa, D. (Eds.), A Companion to Analytic Philosophy (pp. 21–
44). Malden: Blackwell Publishers.

Dummett, M. (1994). Origins of Analytical Philosophy.
Harvard University Press.
Simons, P. (2010). Whose Fault? The Origins and Evitability
of the Analytic–Continental Rift. In International Journal of
Philosophical Studies, 9(3), 295–311.
Section 4. Logical Atomism
Klement, K. (2018). Russell’s Logical Atomism. In The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/logical-
atomism/.
Proops, I. (2018). Wittgenstein’s Logical Atomism. In The
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/wittgenst
ein-atomism/.
Wittgenstein, L. (1961). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
(translated by D. F. Pears and B. F. McGuiness). Routledge.
Russell, B. (1956). The Philosophy of Logical Atomism. In
Logic and Knowledge (ed. by R. C. Marsh). Allen & Unwin.
Sainsbury, R. M. (1995). Russell, Bertrand. In Honderich, T.
(Ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (pp. 781–785).
Oxford: OUP.
Section 5. Logical Positivism
Ayer, A. (1971). Language, Truth and Logic. Penguin Books.
In The Internet Archive. Retrieved from
https://archive.org/details/AlfredAyer.
Uebel, T. (2018). Vienna Circle. In The Stanford Encyclopedia
of Philosophy. Retrieved from

74 Oleksandr Kulyk
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/vienna-
circle/.
Stroll, A. (2000). Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy.
Columbia University Press.
Soames, S. (2003). Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth
Century (Vol. 2). Princeton University Press.
Quinton, A. (1995). Analytic Philosophy. In Honderich, T.
(Ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (pp. 28–30).
Oxford: OUP.
Section 6. Linguistic Philosophy
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Навчальне видання
Олександр Кулик
Стислий вступ до аналітичної філософії
Навчальний посібник
(Англійською мовою)
Education Publication
Oleksandr Kulyk
A Brief Introduction to
Analytic Philosophy
В авторській редакції
Підписано до друку 09.09.2019. Формат 60x84 1/16.
Папір офсетний. Друк офсетний. Ум. друк. арк. 4,42
Наклад 20 пр. Зам. № 261
Видавництво і друкарня «Ліра».
49107, м. Дніпро, вул. Наукова, 5.
Свідоцтво про внесення до Держреєстру
ДК № 6042 від 26.02.2018.

A Brief Introduction To Analytic Philosophy

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