A Deeper Study Into Cell Parts, Processes and Substances
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Cells are the basic unit of life and come in many forms. They contain various structures that allow different functions like metabolism, waste disposal, movement, and protein production. Key parts include a membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, and lysosomes. Cells use complex chemical processes like cellular respiration and protein synthesis to carry out functions and remain healthy.
A Deeper Study Into Cell Parts, Processes and Substances
- 1. Done by: Lim Zheng Sen, Joel (17) 1A1 A deeper study into…
- 2. What are cells? Complex structures which exist alone or form multicellular organisms Consists of an outer membrane which holds the contents of the cell Fun fact The largest living cell is an unfertilised ostrich egg. (A fertilised egg cannot be a cell as it is a fusion of the egg and sperm cell of ostriches.)
- 3. Substances Free Radicals Lysosomes Acids Fatty Acids Nucleic Acids Amino Acids Proteins Defensins Slicer Enzymes DNA mRNA Glucose Ribosomes
- 4. Parts Pseudopod Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Mitochondrion Processes Cellular Metabolism Lysosomic Recycling Necrosis Apoptosis
- 5. Commonly seen in advertisements concerning beauty products Most molecules or atoms have an even number of electrons One which has an unpaired electron is known as a free radical Have a strong tendency to acquire or give away electrons to achieve an electron React extremely easily with other chemicals, at the same time, also altering their function and composition Dangerous to cells as they can react with their components and alter their structure and behaviour
- 7. Filled with digestive proteins Absorbs excess or worn-out organelles and food particles Important Digests foreign objects like viruses and bacteria as well Found in animals cells only Vacuoles in plant cells take their place Have a membrane so that they can work in an environment where the acidity is higher May lead to autolysis, a condition where cells digest themselves
- 8. Fatty acids Primary component of membranes Can be made into energy by mitochondria Nucleic acids Used to store data, most commonly in the form of DNA or RNA Present in all living cells Amino acids Building blocks of proteins Proteins are used for every function in the cell
- 9. Defensins Family of proteins which defend the cell from pathogens Work by binding with cell membrane Strengthens membrane against intruders Can be alpha, beta or theta Human cells express alpha and beta defensins but not theta Experiments forcing theta defensins to be expressed have proved helpful against AIDs and herpes
- 10. Slicer enzymes Allow the cell to keep itself from producing certain things Process is known as “gene silencing” Effective process against producing viral RNA Fights viruses Common in plant cells
- 11. Nucleic acid Contains genetic information Comparable to a “blueprint” Represented in a specific sequence of molecules Present in a cell’s nucleus When required, information is transcribed into mRNA to be used
- 12. Important part of DNA transcription Transcribed in a nucleus and leaves through nuclear pores Translated into a series of amino acids to form a protein when it meets a ribosome Process is called “protein sysnthesis” RNA strand
- 13. A simple sugar consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen C 6 H 12 O 6 Known as a carbohydrate Building block for more complex sugars such as sucrose and fructose Plants and animals cells store it in the form of starch and is converted into energy through respiration when needed
- 14. Translate RNA into proteins from amino acids Can happen while floating in the cytoplasm or docked on the endoplasmic reticulum Makes the endoplasmic reticulum look rough
- 15. Called “false feet” that certain cells use to move Occurs when the cell temporarily pushes out its plasma membrane and retracts it back in, allowing the cell to “crawl” Does this by pushing against the actin network A mesh of structural fibers in the cell
- 16. A network of tubules (tubes which serve different purposes), vesicles (e.g. lyosomes) and cisternae (sac-like structures within the cell Two types: Rough and smooth Rough: Studded with ribosomes which give it its “rough” appearance; synthsize proteins Smooth: Carries out processes like drug detoxification and carbohydrates and steroids metabolism
- 17. “ Packaging and shipping plant” of the cell Tags vesicles and proteins and sends them to their correct destinations either within the cell or out of the cell
- 18. Membrane-enclosed “ Cellular power plants” Produce energy for the cell Break down carbohydrates and sometimes fats int energy Energy productivity decreases over time and must be replaced
- 19. Process of converting resources into energy Has different routes of metabolism Cytoplasmic metabolism Where glycolsis occurs in the cytoplasm A process where glucose is converted into energy Mitochondrial metabolism Used to create large amounts of energy within the mitochondria
- 20. Often referred to cellular authopagy Greek for “self-eating” Part to be recycled is enclosed in a membrane, producing a vesicle Lysosomes fuse with the vesicle and release acids, breaking down the vesicle into simple substances to be reused
- 21. Traumatic death of a cell Cell is killed by outside means such as bacteria and toxins and it is unable to recycle or dispose of itself In multicellular organisms, they will accumulate and produce toxins which will eventually lead to medical issues
- 22. A form of cell death Cell decides that it can no longer function Kills itself Breaks down in a safe and organised fashion, recycling itself into resources which are reused by healthy cells
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