A literature review of gamification design frameworks
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The document presents a literature review of gamification design frameworks, aiming to analyze the design process and classify existing frameworks. It highlights the distinction between game design and gamification, discusses various principles, and identifies common gaps in the frameworks such as ethical considerations and stakeholder involvement. The findings suggest a need for developing a comprehensive framework and further case studies to validate theoretical approaches.
![4
Motivation
» Games present in all human civilizations
» Historical social and cultural importance
» Homo ludens (Huizinga,1955) [1]
» …
» Digital technologies -> Evolution of games
» Video games -> PONG game of ATARI (1975)
» Digital natives -> Omnipresence of games in their daily
lives](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/vs-games15-30min-bis-150917075733-lva1-app6892/85/A-literature-review-of-gamification-design-frameworks-4-320.jpg)
![5
Motivation
» Gamification
» 2002. Nick Pelling [2]: applying game-like accelerated
user interface design to make electronic transactions
both enjoyable and fast
» …
» 2011. Sebastian Deterding [3]: the use of game
design elements in non-game contexts
» 2012. Kevin Werbach [4]: the process of making
activities more game-like
» …](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/vs-games15-30min-bis-150917075733-lva1-app6892/85/A-literature-review-of-gamification-design-frameworks-5-320.jpg)
![12
Methodology
» Categorization
» Background: academic / non-academic
» Scope: complete / partial
» Approach: generic / business (in this study)
» Requirements (under a framework conceptualization [5]),
» Excluding “ad-hoc” proposals and recommendations
guidelines):
» Filtering up to 18 proposals](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/vs-games15-30min-bis-150917075733-lva1-app6892/85/A-literature-review-of-gamification-design-frameworks-12-320.jpg)
![33
References
[1] J. Huizinga, “Homo ludens: A study ofthe play element in culture,” Trans. RFC
Hull.] Boston: Beacon, 1955.
[2] N. Pelling, “the (short) prehistory of gamification,” Funding Startups (& other
impossibilities). Haettu, 2011.
[3] S. Deterding, R. Khaled, L. Nacke, and D. Dixon, “Gamification: toward a
definition,” in Chi 2011, 2011, pp. 12–15.
[4] Werbach, K., & Hunter, D. (2012). For the win: How game thinking can
revolutionize your business. Wharton Digital Press.
[5] Riehle, D. (2000). Framework design (Doctoral dissertation, Diss. Technische
Wissenschaften ETH Zürich, Nr. 13509, 2000).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/vs-games15-30min-bis-150917075733-lva1-app6892/85/A-literature-review-of-gamification-design-frameworks-33-320.jpg)
A literature review of gamification design frameworks
- 1. A literature review of gamification design frameworks Alberto Mora*º, Daniel Riera*, Carina González^, Joan Arnedo-Moreno* *Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC) ^Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) ºGrupo ICA VS-GAMES 15 - Skövde Sep 17th, 2015
- 2. 2 Introduction » Objectives » Motivation » Methodology » Framework’s review » Results » Conclusions and further work » References
- 3. 3 Objectives » Completing an state of the art about the gamification design process » Analyzing the relationship and differences between game and gamification design principles » Identifying the existing gamification design frameworks in the literature and its classification
- 4. 4 Motivation » Games present in all human civilizations » Historical social and cultural importance » Homo ludens (Huizinga,1955) [1] » … » Digital technologies -> Evolution of games » Video games -> PONG game of ATARI (1975) » Digital natives -> Omnipresence of games in their daily lives
- 5. 5 Motivation » Gamification » 2002. Nick Pelling [2]: applying game-like accelerated user interface design to make electronic transactions both enjoyable and fast » … » 2011. Sebastian Deterding [3]: the use of game design elements in non-game contexts » 2012. Kevin Werbach [4]: the process of making activities more game-like » …
- 6. 6 Motivation » Multidisciplinary field » Scope » Professionals: game designers, UX/UI designers, psychologists, sociologists, computer engineers, etc. » Application » Learning, e-health, business, marketing, human resources, e-commerce, etc.
- 7. 7 Motivation » Gamification’s academical interest (aggregate in Scholar)
- 8. 8 Motivation » Gartner’s predictions » By 2014, 80 percent of the gamified applications would fail to meet their business objectives, primarily due to poor design » By 2015, more than 50 percent of organizations that manage innovation processes will gamify those processes » 2015: “Through of Disillusionment”, 5 to 10 years to stabilize and reach the “Plateau of Productivity”, technology is considered mature
- 9. 9 Motivation » Game design VS gamification design? » Gamification design purpose -> enhance the engagement in non-game contexts » Game design purpose -> towards pure entertainment » Basics of gamification heavily rely on the principles of game design theory. (common properties) » Several authors are making an explicit distinction between game and gamification design (i.e. Marczewski)
- 10. 10 Motivation » Research questions: » Q1: Which gamification design frameworks are available now in the literature and which are their main features? » Q2: Do the gamification frameworks inherit all game design principles for their development? » Q3: What design items are not being applied, or in lesser extent, by the gamification designers?
- 11. 11 Methodology » Steps » Survey (until March 2015) » Literature review » Web of Science (WOS) » Scopus » ScienceDirect » ACM Digital » IEEE Xplore » Proquest » Google Scholar
- 12. 12 Methodology » Categorization » Background: academic / non-academic » Scope: complete / partial » Approach: generic / business (in this study) » Requirements (under a framework conceptualization [5]), » Excluding “ad-hoc” proposals and recommendations guidelines): » Filtering up to 18 proposals
- 16. 16 Framework’s review » 19 Items reviewed within the proposals (categorization) » Economic » Logic » Measurement » Psychology » Interaction
- 17. 17 Framework’s review » Economic » Objectives: specific performance goals » Viability: evaluation and analysis of the potential of applying gamification or refuse it » Risk: probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss, or any other negative occurrence » ROI: the benefit to the investor resulting from running a gamified experience » Stakeholders: integrating people who have to interact in the design process
- 18. 18 Framework’s review » Logic » Loop: reinforcement and feedback in order to engage the player in the key system actions » End / epic win: a pre-established end of game or glorious victory in the system » On-boarding: the way of starting the new participants » Rules: the body of regulations prescribed by the designer
- 19. 19 Framework’s review » Measurement » Metrics: the standards of measurement by which efficiency, performance, progress, process or quality » Analytic: the algorithms and data used to measure key performance indicators
- 20. 20 Framework’s review » Psychology » Fun: the enjoyment or playfulness » Motivation: the behavior which causes a person to want to repeat an action and vice-versa » Social: the interaction between players » Desired behaviors: the expected response of the players after the interaction » Ethics: right and wrong conducts
- 21. 21 Framework’s review » Interaction » Narrative: the story and context created by designers » UI/UX: everything designed into the gamified system which a player being may interact and the player’s behaviors, attitudes, and emotions about using it » Technology: the use or need of a software component for implementing
- 22. 22 Framework’s review » Framework’s feature summary in TABLE 1 (10 items are displayed in APPENDIX A) » Explicit (E): the item has appeared in the framework’s definition. » Implicit (I): the item has not appeared explicitly in the framework definition. Inferred by the authors or referred inside an academic work of the author. » Unavailable (U): the item has not appeared anyway.
- 23. 23 Results » Economic » These issues are important for a few authors » Usually, terms as risk, viability or ROI are low referred » For more than a half, the participation of the stakeholders in the design process is necessary » The necessary definition of business objectives is widespread
- 24. 24 Results » Logic » The importance of a well defined loop item is extended in more than a half frameworks » Less than a half of them consider the on-boarding and endgame actions (entry and exit process) as relevant in their approaches
- 25. 25 Results » Measurement » Most of frameworks refer explicitly the user data and the importance of collecting these data » The use of metrics is not widespread in all over the approaches as a tool for quantify data
- 26. 26 Results » Psychology » This approach is an essential key that must be present in the design process (high significance of this topic in almost all of the frameworks) » Most of them are Human-Based » Most of the apply human motivation theories
- 27. 27 Results » Interaction » More than a half of them emphasize the importance of user interface, user experience and the recommendation of a software development » No software architecture references to be employed excepting one case
- 28. 28 Results » Q1: What gamification design frameworks are available now in the literature and what are their features? » A1: » Original or based on other frameworks » Different point of view. (UCD, Goals, IT, etc.) » Gamification frameworks are very recent, matching with the highest point of Gartner’s Hype Cycle in 2013 » Case studies needed (highly theoretical approaches)
- 29. 29 Results » Q2: Do the gamification frameworks inherit all game design principles for their development? » A2: » Game design principles and components are being inherited » Gamification design process differs from the traditional game design process
- 30. 30 Results » Q3: What design considerations are not being applied, or only to a lesser extent, by the gamification designers? » A3: » Viability, on-boarding, endgame/epic win, ethics, technology, stakeholders (teamwork), etc.
- 31. 31 Conclusions » Many frameworks are based or rely on others (i.e. 6D) » Most of proposals are theoretical » Case studies are not published from most of proposals » Necessary items that are not being taken into account » Highly regarded psychological items » Less references to ethical, Viability, and On-boarding / End-game processes (items)
- 32. 32 Further work » A development of a complete and generic framework from a new perspective not currently found in the literature (lean-agile) » Implementation (prototype) » Application to different environments (learning and e- health case studies) » An extended of present work (another approaches and updates, i.e. educational)
- 33. 33 References [1] J. Huizinga, “Homo ludens: A study ofthe play element in culture,” Trans. RFC Hull.] Boston: Beacon, 1955. [2] N. Pelling, “the (short) prehistory of gamification,” Funding Startups (& other impossibilities). Haettu, 2011. [3] S. Deterding, R. Khaled, L. Nacke, and D. Dixon, “Gamification: toward a definition,” in Chi 2011, 2011, pp. 12–15. [4] Werbach, K., & Hunter, D. (2012). For the win: How game thinking can revolutionize your business. Wharton Digital Press. [5] Riehle, D. (2000). Framework design (Doctoral dissertation, Diss. Technische Wissenschaften ETH Zürich, Nr. 13509, 2000).
- 34. 34 Thank you… Alberto Mora Estudis d'Informática, Multimedia i Telecomunicació Universitat Oberta de Catalunya / Grupo ICA Barcelona, Spain amoraca@uoc.edu alberto.mora@grupoica.com