A novel approach for hiding data in

International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 7, No. 4, August 2015
DOI : 10.5121/ijwmn.2015.7404 49
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR HIDING DATA IN
VIDEOS USING NETWORK
STEGANOGRAPHY METHODS
Amritha Sekhar1
, Manoj Kumar G.2
& Prof. (Dr.) M. Abdul Rahiman3
1
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Kerala, India
2
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Kerala, India
3
Pro Vice Chancellor, Kerala Technological University, India
ABSTRACT
Steganography is a technology used since years for the communication of messages secretly. These
secret messages are put inside honest carriers. Carriers can be digital images, audio files, video files
and so on. The limitation in sending concealed longer messages has been overcoming by the inclusion
of video files as carriers. Popular internet services such as Skype, BitTorrent, Google Suggest, and
WLANs are targets of information hiding techniques. Nowadays, plotters are not only using the
carriers but also the protocols for communication that regulate the path of the carrier through the
Internet. This technique is named Network Steganography.
KEYWORDS
Protocol Steganography, Network Steganography, Cryptography
1. INTRODUCTION
The term Steganography originates from the ancient Greek words steganos − covered,
concealed or protected and graphein − writing. Likewise, the term cryptography originates
from kryptos − hidden or secret and graphein [1]. Steganography and cryptography can be
applied in combination; both are orthogonal [2]. Both the terms have closer meaning. But both
need to be considered as different techniques for hiding information.
Network steganography is a fast developing field and immature branch of information hiding
[3]. Krzysztof Szczypiorski at Warsaw University of Technology introduced network
steganography and a steganographic method for wireless local area networks (WLANs) -
Hidden Communication System for Corrupted Networks, HICCUPS. The gist of network
steganography is the exploitation of Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI RM)
protocols. Wojciech Mazurczyk and Krzysztof Szczypiorski published the first paper about
network steganography in Internet Protocol telephony, introducing the concept of Lost Audio
Packet Steganography, LACK.

50
The classification of network steganography methods can be based on the protocol
functions associated with the OSI RM layers. These methods utilize one or more protocols
simultaneously. The steganographic method that utilizes single network protocol is termed Intra-
protocol network steganography and the one which utilizes more than one network protocol is
termed Inter-protocol network steganography [1]. Padding Steganography (PadSteg) is one of the
inter-protocol steganographic methods.
The classification of intra-protocol network steganographic methods is based on the type of
modification of Protocol Data Unit (PDU) and modification of time- relations between
PDUs. There exists methods which encompass the modification of PDUs as well as the
modification of time-relations between PDUs, such methods are considered ”hybrid” [10] e.g.
LACK, and Retransmission Steganography (RSTEG). Modification of PDUs includes either
modification of payload, modification of protocol specific fields (e.g. Wireless Padding
(WiPad), specific methods of Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)) or both (hybrid,
e.g. HICCUPS), while the modification of time-relations between PDUs includes either
reordering of the PDUs by SCTP multistreaming based methods, intentional losses of PDUs
or modification of inter-PDU time delay.
The information transfer over the internet is always vulnerable to attacks. Hackers or intruders
are always listening to the transmission channels to tap the information and make use of it.
Cryptographic algorithms always could protect information from such malicious users to a
greater extent. But encrypting the information, does not make it hidden. It becomes unreadable,
but it exists as data itself. This limitation is overcome by the introduction of Steganography.
Steganography is the act of concealing and thus protecting the information. It could hide the
existence of the information. The information can be made hidden in carriers. These carriers can
be text, audio, image, video files and protocol header fields.
Covert channel is the channel used in Steganography for the anonymous transfer of information.
It is not a planned channel, but is a carrier of the secret information. Covert channel has a critical
role in the area of information hiding or hidden communication. It allows the transmission of
information by an unauthorized process. Covert channel is designed in such a way that it is
hidden within the normal communication traffic of authorized logical channel. The violation of
the security policies of the network system is the basis for enabling hidden communication [16].
Numerous network protocols can be made a vehicle to carry out covert communication [17].
Covert channel is not an anticipated channel for the communication process. It makes use of the
bandwidth of other legitimate channels for the transmission of secret data. The application of
Steganography in network protocol headers also succeed in hiding the existence of the data rather
than making the data impossible to read. Packets act as the cover object in this scenario.
Information hiding methods have been using network protocol header fields as covert channels.
The term ‘Network Steganography’ was first introduced in 2003 by Krzysztof Szczypiorski[13].
The information hiding in TCP/IP protocols was illustrated by Craig Rowland [18]. Few fields in
the TCP header can be used for covert communication[20]. In this paper, we propose a new
method which uses the protocol header fields as covert carriers.
Section II of this paper discusses the evolution of Steganography. Section III discusses the recent
developments in the field of network steganography. Section IV discusses various network
steganography methods. Section V deals with the various TCP/IP header fields that can be made
use for covert communication.Section VI handles the proposed system to carry out covert
communication using a new method. Section VII discusses the implementation method of the new
system and section VIII gives the ideas unleashed from the theoretical analysis of the algorithm
used for encryption. Section IX briefs the future possible applications and Section X concludes
the discussion.

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2. EVOLUTION OF STEGANOGRAPHY
Steganography, meaning hidden writing, has been used to mask secret messages. In olden days,
physical or ordinary objects were selected as carriers for hidden information [9]. The first written
report of the Steganography use is imputed to the Greek historian Herodotus. It involved
disguising the secret message within a hare corpse. The physical object or the carrier had to be
shifted from one communication party to the other without arising any hunch.
Histiaeus tattooed secret message on the shaved head of his slave and waited for the hair to grow.
The slave is sent to the intended receiver and the head was shaved off to read the message.
Another noteworthy method used is the use of wooden tablets for the communication of secret
messages [3], [9]. These were coated with a layer of wax. The woods were the carrier of the
stenograms. Only the cognizant receiver would be able to read the message by removing the wax
coated. Pliny the Elder invented the sympathetic ink or invisible ink which is nothing but the milk
of the tithymalus plant. The messages written by this ink would appear only when it is heated.
Other steganographic methods used in ancient days include Cardano Grille − a stiff sheet
perforated with rectangular holes, Vexierbild − picture puzzle, Eggs, Beer barrel − by smuggling
messages inside the stopper, Musical notes − each note corresponds to a letter, Newspaper code −
by punching holes above letters, combination of invisible ink and musical notes and Microdots −
by shriveling text down to a dot [3], [9]. In the 1980s, user identities were encoded in the spaces
between words, termed watermarking. Today’s steganographic methods make use of computers
and networks. The most popular trends in digital steganography are digital media Steganography,
linguistic Steganography and network Steganography [9]. Digital media steganography includes
image Steganography, video Steganography and streaming Steganography. Alongside these, the
one target of increased interest is the network steganography.
3. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Recent information hiding solutions exploit popular P2P services like Skype, P2P file
sharing systems like BitTorrent, search features like Google Suggest, multimedia and real-time
services like IP telephony, new network protocols like SCTP, wireless network environments
and many more [2].
Steganographers exploit services if it has large volume of traffic that can be altered to bring forth
a covert channel (e.g. IP telephony). Transcoding Steganography (TranSteg) is a steganographic
method which targets IP telephony services. Another steganographic method, Skype Hide
(SkyDe) targets P2P services like Skype. A steganographic method has been introduced for P2P
file sharing services, StegTorrent. The StegSuggest steganographic method targets the
feature, Google Suggest.
Wireless networks are very popular, dynamically evolving network steganography sub-field.
Information hiding techniques target wireless networks also. WiPad, a steganographic method
for WLANs, was introduced by Mazurczyk and Szczypiorski.

52
4. NETWORK STEGANOGRAPHY METHODS
The following are the existing network steganograhic methods.
4.1. HICCUPS
HICCUPS stands for Hidden Communication System for Corrupted Networks. It is the
steganographic system ded- icated to shared medium networks including WLANs. The freshness
of HICCUPS is the use of procure communications network fortified with cryptographic
mechanisms to provide steganographic system and proposal of a new protocol with bandwidth
allocation based on corrupted frames [13]. It is a steganographic system for hidden group with
common knowledge. A station sends a corrupted frame, i.e., a frame with an incorrect checksum.
Remaining hidden stations change their mode of operation to the corrupted frame mode. To
transmit steganograms, HICCUPS replaces payload of intentionally corrupted frames at the
transmitter [10].
4.2. LACK
LACK stands for Lost Audio Packet Steganography. It is the steganographic method which
targets IP telephony. There exists a fact that in typical multimedia communication protocols (e.g.
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)), overly detained packets are not used by the receiver to
rebuild the transmitted data. Those packets are reckoned useless and did cast away [14]. To
transmit steganograms, LACK replaces payload of intentionally delayed voice packets at the
transmitter. And those packets will be recognized as lost and dropped at the receiver [10].
The steps are:
• The voice packets stream is generated at the transmitter.
• One of the voice packets is chosen to be intentionally delayed.
• Chosen voice packet’s payload is replaced with steganogram and it is delayed.
• After the delay timer expires, delayed voice packet is sent to the receiver.
• Usual receiver treats excessively delayed voice packet as lost and it drops such packet.
LACK-aware receiver extracts steganogram from delayed voice packet.
4.3. RSTEG
RSTEG stands for Retransmission Steganography. RSTEG is a new steganographic method
which is meant for a wide class of protocols that uses retransmission mechanisms. The main
novelty in RSTEG is that it does not acknowledge a packet which is received successfully,
thereby intentionally invoking its re-transmission. Instead of user data in the payload field, the
retransmitted packet carries a steganogram [12]. In RSTEG, to transmit steganograms, the
receiver intentionally does not acknowledge received packets to invoke retransmission. The
sender replaces the payload with the secret message which is recognized as a steganogram by the
receiver.
One possible detection method is statistical steganalysis based on the network retransmission rate.
RSTEG is very hard to detect, if it is used reasonably [10].

53
4.4. SCTP MULTISTREAMING-BASED METHOD
SCTP is Stream Control Transmission Protocol. SCTP improves by mixing components of TCP
and UDP. In this method, subsequent chunks are transmitted within streams determined
by bits of steganogram. Let the steganogram be 10011100 and let there be 4 streams -
Stream 1, 2, 3 and 4 [10]. The steps are:
• Sender wants to transmit following hidden bits: 10011100.
• First two hidden bits are 10, so a chunk within stream 3 is sent.
• Next a chunk within stream 2 is sent in order to transmit bits 01.
• Then a chunk within stream 4 - bits 11.
• Finally a chunk within stream 1 - bits 00.
4.5. PADSTEG
PadSteg stands for Padding Steganography. It is the steganographic system for LANs. PadSteg is
known to be the first inter-protocol steganography solution. By the term inter-protocol, it means
the usage of relation between two or more protocols from the TCP/IP stack to enable secret
communication [10].
PadSteg replaces padding bits of the short Ethernet frames with steganograms. The known
Etherleak vulnerability makes PadSteg not trivial to detect. Etherleak is caused by ambiguous
standardization that makes implementation of padding mechanism vary. In result, some NIC
drivers handle frame padding incorrectly and fail to fill it with zeroes [4].
PadSteg utilizes Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) to identify all PadSteg-capable hidden
nodes and also to perform so called carrier-protocol hopping during hidden exchange.
Carrier-protocol hopping is an ability to negotiate carrier-protocol of the steganograms during
hidden communication.
PadSteg actually exchanges data with short frames of protocols such as Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP), ARP, User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP).
4.6. TRANSTEG
TranSteg (Trancoding Steganography) is a middlingly new IP telephony steganographic method.
It functions by compressing open data to make space for the steganogram. This is achieved by
means of transcoding. It offers high steganographic bandwidth. TranSteg retains good voice
quality. It is harder to detect than any other VoIP steganographic methods that exist today. In
TranSteg, the hidden information is extracted and the speech data is practically restored to what
was originally sent, after the steganogram reaches the receiver. This is a brobdingnagian
advantage when TranSteg is compared with the existing VoIP steganographic methods. In all
other methods, hidden data can be extracted and removed, but the original data cannot be restored
because it was previously erased due to a hidden data insertion process [15].
TranSteg is intended for a broad class of multimedia and real-time applications e.g. IP
telephony. TranSteg can be exploited in other applications or services like video
streaming, wherever a possibility exists to efficiently compress the overt data. The typical

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approach to steganography is to compress the covert data in order to limit its size, because it
is reasonable in the context of a limited steganographic bandwidth [10]. TranSteg utilizes
compression of the overt data to make space for the steganogram. TranSteg for IP telephony is
using transcoding of the voice data from a higher bit rate codec - overt codec to a lower bit rate
codec - covert codec with the least possible degradation in voice quality.
TranSteg operates as follows:
• For a chosen RTP voice stream, find a codec that will result in a similar voice
quality but smaller voice payload size than the originally selected.
• Then, transcode the voice stream.
• At this step, the original voice payload size is intentionally unaltered and the change of
the codec is not indicated.
• Instead, after placing the transcoded voice payload, the remaining free space is filled with
hidden data.
If Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) is utilized for RTP streams, TranSteg
detection is very difficult to perform.
4.7. SKYDE
SkyDe stands for Skype Hide which is a new steganographic method. SkyDe uses Skype-
encrypted silent packets to provide means for secret communication. Skype does use any silence
suppression mechanism. Therefore, it is possible to reprocess those packets that have no voice
signal, for steganographic purposes. SkyDe experiments prove that the method is viable. Also,
results show that SkyDe offers high steganographic bandwidth.
Voice over IP (VoIP) or IP telephony is a real-time service. It enables users to make phone calls
through data networks that use an IP protocol. One of the most popular of the IP telephony
systems is Skype. It is a proprietary P2P telephony service. Skype is owned by Microsoft [5].
Because of Skype traffic encryption, SkyDe can replace the encrypted silence with encrypted
secret data. This makes SkyDe hard to detect. Packets with silence have low impact on Skype
conversation quality. To provide undetectability and low voice quality distortion SkyDe that
utilizes 30% of all packets with silence is advised [10]. This gives almost 2 kbits steganographic
bandwidth.
4.8. STEGTORRENT
StegTorrent is a new network steganographic method. It is intended for the popular P2P file
transfer service - BitTorrent. StegTorrent is developed for encoding classified data or
information in transactions via BitTorrent. It works on the basis of reordering data packets in
the peer to peer data exchange protocol. Some of the existing steganographic methods also
reorder packets, but they need synchronization. StegTorrent doesn’t.
BitTorrent is a P2P file sharing system that allows its users to distribute large amounts of data
over IP networks [6]. A BitTorrent user shares a file or part of a file with so many recipients at
once. This is the advantage taken up by StegTorrent. [7].
In the clandestine communication scenario, both the secret data senders and receivers are in
control of a number of BitTorrent clients and their IP addresses are known to each other. It is not

55
at all necessary to have any knowledge about the topology of the network. The hidden data sender
uses the modified BitTorrent client, i.e., the StegTorrent client. This client then shares a resource
downloaded by another StegTorrent client. And that consists of a controlled group of BitTorrent
clients [6].
4.9. STEGSUGGEST
StegSuggest is the steganography method that targets Google Suggest. Google Suggest service’s
suggestions within Google search are utilized as a hidden data carrier.
Google Suggest was created to aid a user bump the right phrase by suggesting and completing
popular phrases automatically while typing. StegSuggest is another approach to attack Google
searches. Google Suggest is based on Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax) technology. It
brings up a list of 10 most popular related search phrases as the user types. It integrates Document
Object Model (DOM), HTML/XHTML, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Extensible Markup
Language (XML), JavaScript etc. Web applications that uses Ajax can retrieve data from the
server asynchronously. This retrieval will neither disrupt the display nor behavior of the page
which is loaded currently.
One attack intercepts the suggestions from Google server. It adds a word to the end of each of the
suggested phrases [11]. The hidden receiver extracts these appended words and then converts it
into a meaning message with the aid of a pre-shared lookup table.
Google Suggest uses HTTP and TCP protocols. Both of them have been used for exchanging
web pages. StegSuggest works as follows:
When user begins typing a search phrase into the search field, once in a while, these
characters are sent to the Google server in HTTP GET message [8]. Google server returns a list
of the most popular search phrases in HTTP OK message. The list is then presented to the user in
a drop-down list. While the user is typing, HTTP GET messages are sent frequently. This means
that during search for particular phrase, numerous HTTP messages will be exchanged. Each
HTTP request may carry at least one or more characters of the search phrase.
5. USING NETWORK FIELDS
Fig. 1 shows the TCP header. The Options field is used to provide additional functionality or
optional parameters that may be used by the sender or the receiver, whereas the 32 bit Sequence
number field is used to identify the current position of the data byte in the segment.
Figure 1. TCP Header.

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Fig. 2 shows the IP header. In the IP header, the 8 bit ToS field is not used by many of the
network systems. The 16 bit ID field helps the receiver in reassembling the datagram fragments.
The value in the ID field is copied to all fragments when a fragmentation occurs. The Flag field
has 3 reserved bits – X (Reserved), DF (Do not Fragment) and MF (More Fragments). The use of
DF bit in covert communication requires prior knowledge about the MTU [18]. In [19], a method
of covert communication by manipulating the lower order bits of the TCP timestamp field has
been presented.
Figure 2. IP Header.
From the analysis made in [6], it is concluded that the use of most of these header fields in
carrying out network steganography, can be easily detected. Therefore, it is necessary to have
new systems that are capable for the effective transmission of secret information across the
network.
6. PROPOSED SYSTEM
We propose a new method which efficiently carries out steganography in network protocols using
PRNGs which minimizes the attacks and information recovery by intruders.
The system involves the sender, the receiver and the intruder trying to access the channel to
decode the information but fails in recovering them.
In this method, application of steganography on the header field of the network protocols involves
the use of a key generating function to generate keys to decode the secret information. It is
assumed that both Alice and Bob make use of the same generating function for the decoding
process. This is the critical part of the method, where the function and thereby the bit positions in
the header are priorly shared only between the communicating parties.
If we apply randomization on the generating function for keys, then the level of complexity for
extracting data from the headers will be increased and thereby process of retrieving the right
information again gets complicated due to the change in bit positions.
In addition, a concept of ‘fake key’ is also introduced in this method. Along with the actual data
and keys, fake keys are transmitted that are keys which could mislead one who gets access to the
transmission channel. If any eavesdrop in the transmission channel occurs, then it incurs greater
delay in time to meet the goal to identify and recover the exact information. The goal to achieve
minimum recovery by intruders and thereby countering attacks is met here. Since, the bit
positions of the actual key to decode the data is known only to the sender and the receiver, anyone
having the encoded information might be at a sea of keys – trying to identify the actual key to
decode.

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7. IMPLEMENTATION METHOD
Consider a sender (Alice) and a receiver (Bob) intended to transmit and receive secret data
respectively by using the covert channels in TCP/IP headers. The secret message is encrypted and
is steganographically embedded in the video by Alice. The resultant stego object is again
encrypted followed by compression. The end file is embedded steganographically into the
network packet headers, thus generating a sequence of steganographic network packet sequence.
This sequence is sent over the computer network. Fig. 3 shows the process of encoding and
embedding by Alice.
Figure 3. Sender side processes of encoding and embedding
Upon receiving the sequence of steganographic packets from Alice, Bob starts extracting data
from the headers of the packets. Then, the data undergo decompression followed by the
decryption process. Now Bob has the video file with the encrypted secret message embedded in
it. Bob now carries out the desteganography process to desteg the encrypted secret message from
the video file. Following this, the secret message undergoes decryption again and thereby Bob
gets the original secret information. The final decryption step makes use of the key that Bob has
extracted from the protocol header fields.
Fig. 4 represents the process of decoding and extracting the crypto-steg data by Bob. Once the
data and key are successfully extracted from the header fields, the decompression and decryption
steps are followed respectively. The resulting Stego file is then encrypted using the key extracted
from the header fields and thus Bob obtains the original secret information.
It is to be noted that both Alice and Bob need to have agreed upon a common encryption and
compression algorithms for use during the communication process.
Figure 4. Receiver side processes of decoding and extracting

58
8. THEORITICAL ANALYSIS
From the analysis over an 1 Mbps link, the time for the transmission of say, 1 MB of information
by Alice is far less than the time it takes by an intruder to decode the same information, extracted
from the header fields. Thus, the practicality of the new method lies in the fact that by the time
the intruder decodes the message, numerous sequences of packets resulting in heavy bulks of data
would have been transmitted and received respectively by Alice and Bob. The entire method
involves two encryption phases in the transmission side and thus involves two decryption phases
in the reception side. The latter is the same if the data transmitted is tapped by the intruder.
TABLE I. TIME ANALYSIS
No. of
characters
Time Analysis (Time in ms)
Numbers Alphabets Alphanumeric
10
20
30
40
50
740.6539
742.0332
742.4247
742.8254
743.2308
743.6669
744.0288
744.3779
744.7556
745.1829
746.0217
746.5179
746.9502
747.4468
747.9269
Average of
each kind
of input
742.2336 744.4024 746.9727
Average 744.5362
For instance, let the Blowfish encryption algorithm, one of the most efficient cryptographic
algorithms in use[7], be agreed by Alice and Bob prior to the transmission[21]. As an initial step,
in order to arrive at the complexity in time it takes for different – numbers, alphabets and
alphanumeric – and for varying number of inputs – 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 characters, the Blowfish
algorithm has been analyzed. Table 1 shows the analysis made based on time for each kind of
input.
Figure 5. Encryption time for numbers.
The time is measured in ms. It is seen that Blowfish algorithm takes on an average equal amount
of time for the encryption process for varying set of characters and for different kind of input
data. Fig. 5, 6, and 7 shows the graphical representation of the analysis done on time for different
and varying number of inputs.

59
Figure 6. Encryption time for alphabets.
The most important point to be noticed here at this step is that, as in the case of the encryption
process at the sender side which takes time in the order of ms, all the steps that follow would also
be processed within a short period of time and the information will be sent, received and decoded
by the receiver in the same order of time.
What distinguishes this method from the existing ones is that, the decoding complexity involved
in the entire process because of the presence of fake keys which would mislead the intruder, the
intruder wouldn’t get enough time to decode the packet sequences.
Figure 7. Encryption time for alphanumeric inputs.
Though the intruders could decode a fraction of the packet sequences, they would not be able to
make the correct order of the packets.
9. FUTURE APPLICATIONS
Network Steganography has a lot of future applications for malicious software. The application of
the aforementioned network steganographic methods leads to more sophisticated malware. The
covertness of malevolent programs on smart phones can be increased in the future. This
possibility is dra- matically doubled in smart phones because the multimedia capability lets to
create and use a video range of carriers e.g. audio, video, images or Quick-Response (QR) codes.
Another reason is the availability of a full featured TCP/IP stack. It gives the possibility to
interact with desktop-class services, thereby completely utilizing all the already available network
methods for computing devices. Also, covert channels can be made exploitable based on VoIP
and P2P, since the plethora of the adopted OS allows developing sophisticated applications.
Network Steganography has been emerging into new and new domains. The stealthiness of illegal
data exchange can be increased. Network Steganography can have tremendous influence to
industrial espionage when it comes to data leakage.

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10. CONCLUSIONS
Network Steganographic methods are getting more sophisticated. They are becoming harder to
detect. New and new data carriers could be developed. It must be highlighted that as new and
popular steganographic methods evolve, the data traffic of genuine internet users will also be
utilized by network steganograhers. The network steganography threat can affect all internet
users. This would lead to legal as well as ethical problems. Recently, there has been a significant
increase in the development and application of network steganographic methods for malicious
purposes. This in turn has increased the qualities, capabilities and covertness of the network
steganography. Network steganography would be applied in an increasing manner in each and
every future malware or malicious activities. But, there lacks effective countermeasures.
Therefore, an additional research is a critical need in the field of network steganography which
would formulate universal countermeasures[22].
Network steganography is the art of concealing information inside protocol headers i.e., the secret
information is made hidden in the unused fields of headers of the protocols such as TCP/IP. The
need for secure hidden communication welcomes new and new reliable methods using which the
purpose can be fulfilled. Though several methods have been introduced in this area of security,
some of them fail to meet the goal, while others pave a way for the effective communication of
the covert information. In this method, by the introduction of time as the critical factor, we
succeed in achieving an extended security by reducing the effect of malicious attacks and thereby
the recovery of the hidden information becomes more or less infeasible.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank her guide, Mr. Manoj Kumar G., Associate Professor, LBS
Institute of Technology for Women, Thiruvananthapuram who encouraged her throughout the
preparation of this paper.
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Authors
Ms. Amritha Sekhar,Post Graduate-Student, Department of Computer-Science and
Engineering from LBS-Institute of Technology for Women, Poojappura,
Thiruvananthapuram, University of Kerala, India.
Mr. Manoj Kumar G., Associate-Professor, Department of Computer-Science and
Engineering from LBS-Institute of Technology for Women, Poojappura,
Thiruvananthapuram, University of Kerala, India.
Prof. (Dr.) M. Abdul Rahiman, Pro Vice Chancellor, Kerala Technological University.

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