DEVICE-TO-DEVICE (D2D) COMMUNICATION UNDER LTE-ADVANCED NETWORKS

International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 8, No. 1, February 2016
DOI : 10.5121/ijwmn.2016.8102 11
DEVICE-TO-DEVICE (D2D) COMMUNICATION
UNDER LTE-ADVANCED NETWORKS
Magri Hicham1
, Noreddine Abghour2
and Mohammed Ouzzif1
1
RITM Research Lab,ESTC , Hassan II University ,Casablanca, Morocco
2
FSAC, Hassan II University,Casablanca, Morocco
ABSTRACT
Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is a new technology that offer many advantages for the LTE-
advanced network such us wireless peer-to-peer services and higher spectral efficiency. It is also
considered as one of promising techniques for the 5G wireless communications system and used in so
many different fields such as network traffic offloading, public safety, social services and applications such
as gaming and military applications . The goal of this paper is to present advances on the current 3GPP
LTE-advanced system related to Device-to-Device (D2D). In this paper, we provide an overview of the
D2D types based on the communication spectrum of D2D transmission, namely Inband D2D
communication and Outband D2D communication. Then we present the advantages and disadvantages of
each D2D mode. Moreover, architecture and protocol enhancements for D2D communications under
LTE-A network are described.
KEYWORDS
D2D;LTE-advanced;Inband D2D;Outband D2D;3GPP;5G.
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, exponential growth of wireless communication and data traffic , high demands for
broadband mobile wireless communications and the emergence of new wireless multimedia
applications and services are constituted the key drivers to the development of the Long Term
Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A) network.
One of the main challenges of LTE-advanced is to recover the local-area services and enhance
spectrum efficiency.To achieve those goals technical capabilities are required. Device to Device
(Device to Device (D2D) communications is new technology that offer wireless peer-to-peer
services and improve spectrum utilisation in LTE-advanced network [1][2]. D2D
communications was initially proposed in cellular network as a new paradigm to enhance
network performance.
The motivation for D2D come directly from the user requirements and D2D communications will
serve specific future needs. These needs include new types of short range services and data
intensive short range applications[3]. The emergence of context-aware and multimedia
applications have constituted the motivation of using D2D technology.D2D communications will
allow new types of services such multimedia downloading, video streaming, online gaming and
peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing.

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D2D communication refers to technology that enable the communication between multiple D2D
devices or users without having base station or intermediary devices on a network [4] . This
makes D2D communication a key technology to solve some problems such as coverage and
interference management .It increase also spectrum utilisation and capacity and enhance network
performance and throughput .Differing from the Bluetooth and WiFi-direct, we categorize the
D2D communication in cellular network based on the spectrum in which D2D communications
occurs. Thus, D2D communication can occur on cellular system and in this case called Inband
D2D or can occur in unlicensed spectrum and is called Outband D2D . The motivation of
choosing inband communications is usually the high control over licensed spectrum.
In D2D communications the cellular network can handle phone calls and internet data traffic
without additional networks load from the promotional material. However, there are many
complexities of setting up and to deploy D2D communications in LTE advanced networks. These
challenges and complexities include:
• D2D devices cause interference to the cellular users which affect the performance of the
network devices.
• D2D communications define new QoS requirements that must be addressed.
Hence, LTE-advanced present two techniques of D2D communications that use Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Internet Protocol (IP).These techniques have the benefit of providing
the control over the D2D connectivity to the operator. The integration of D2D communications in
LTE-A must take into account LTE-A interfaces and network elements.
While the need for physical layer backward capability imposes the D2D devices to utilize for
their links the current structure of the spectrum resources [5].
2. CLASSIFICATION OF D2D COMMUNICATION
D2D communication in cellular network can be categorized into both Inband D2D and Outband
D2D based on the spectrum in which D2D communications occurs [6]. D2D communications is
divided into two modes or categories called ' Inband underlay mode ' when the D2D
communications use the cellular resources and spectrum and ' Inband overlay mode 'when
cellular resources are allocated for the two D2D end devices that communicate directly (eg,
Figure.1) .
High control over licensed spectrum is the key motivating factor for choosing the Inband D2D
communication. In other hand , the main motivation of using Outband D2D communications is
the capacity to eliminate the interference between D2D links.Furthermore , Outband D2D
communications is faced with a lot of challenges in the coordination between different bands.
Figure.1 .Classification of D2D communication
In this section, we provide a formal definition for each category of D2D communication and an
overview to advantages and disadvantages of each D2D mode.

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2.1. Inband Communication
The motivation for choosing inband communication is the high control over licensed spectrum.
[2][3][7], Results show that QoS provisioning had lot of requirements by the consideration of the
uncontrollability of interference in the unlicensed spectrum . In [3],the feasibility of D2D
communications and its impacts in licensed spectrum are studied by simulation and analysis of
different scenarios and authors show that by tolerating the increase of interference in licensed
spectrum the D2D communication will be possible .
To improve the spectrum efficiency the D2D inband can reuse the time and frequency ressources
by d2D users (i.e Underlay) or allocating time and frequency resources occupied by D2D users
(i.e overlay) [8]. Under this, Inband communications can be divided into underlay and overlay
categories.
The most disadvantage of inband D2D is the interference caused by D2D users to cellular
communications .This interference can be mitigated by introducing high complexity resource
allocation methods, which increase the computational overhead of the eNB of D2D users.
2.1.1. Undelay Inband D2D mode
In underlay inband mode, cellular and D2D communications share the same radio resources. To
date, most of the papers in literature are dedicated to D2D communications underlaying cellular
network [9] [10] [11].
Underlay inband can improve and enhance the performance of different targets such as
spectrum efficiency, energy efficiency,and cellular coverage by the use of different techniques
including diversity techniques,interference reduction ,resource allocation and by using nework
coding [12][13][14][15],[16],[17].The papers, [14], [18] and [19] adopt more advanced
mathematical techniques than the others.
The [20][21] works define and propose new algorithms and interference management strategy
to achieve overall capacity enhancement and to solve mode selection problem in cellular
networks and D2D systems .Another method is proposed in [22]. The computational complexity
of the above mentioned method is higher but it is better than those proposed in [20][21].
To improve the system performance of D2D cellular system with QoS / power constraints,
advanced techniques are required. These techniques include stochastic optimization, nonlinear
programming, and integer optimization [23][24].
Several research papers have an interest in resolving interference problems in D2D
communication underlaying cellular networks [25][26][29].In [26] paper and using numerical
results authors discuss different problems sush as interference management , Optimization of
Transmission Power and throughput maximization of D2D communications in the case of the
coexistence of many D2D users and one cellular user .An interference avoidance scheme and
system model is proposed in [27] . This scheme is based on overhearing the received signal
power of cellular UEs .New management method is presented in [28] to enhance the overall
capacity of cellular networks and device-to-device (D2D) systems. The integration of D2D
communication in a LTE-Advanced network is discussed in [29]. In the same way, authors
propose different mechanism such as D2D communication session setup and management
procedures. Another scheme is given in [25] to manage the interference between D2D
communications and cellular network . In [30], authors propose a network controlled algorithm
with low computation complexity to efficiently maximize the reuse of cellular network spectrum
and to minimize system capacity.
Finally, by allowing underlying direct D2D communications, LTE-advanced mobile network can
offers several advantages such as low end-to-end latency and high spectral efficiency.

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2.1.2. Overlay Inband D2D mode
In this mode, cellular and D2D are given dedicated cellular resources and those cellular resources
are subtracted from cellular users in order to eliminate interference for the D2D communications
on cellular transmissions [31][32][33]. In [33], a BS-assisted scheduling and D2D power control
was proposed in order to reduce D2D interference. The authors of [31] and [32] focus on relaying
use-case of D2D. Specifically, [32] proposes to use the BS as a backup transmitter for D2D
transmission and [31] use multiple D2D users as relays for multicasting. The performance of the
proposed methods and algorithms in [31] and [32] are given under the low complexity which
makes them practical for real scenarios. On the other side, propose a network controlled
algorithm to maximize the cellular network spectrum reuse and to provide high performance for
D2D users .
2.2. Outband D2D communication
Nowadays , Outband D2D communication is attracting the attention of many researchers .In
this category , D2D communication is performed in the unlicensed spectrum such as ISM 2.4G
which made the interference between D2D and cellular communications impossible.On the other
hand, Outband D2D my suffer from the uncontrolled nature of unlicensed spectrum. To exploit
the unlicensed spectrum it is necessary to have another extra interface that implements WIFI-
Direct ,Zig Bee or Bluetooth[34][35][36].
The coordination between two different bands for achieving Outband D2D communication has
a lot of challenges because in most cases the D2D communications occur in the above
mentioned extra interface [8] . Outband D2D communication can be classified into two
categories or modes depend on the occurrence of the second interface .These modes are called
controlled mode when the second interface in under cellular network or autonomous when D2D
control is done by users and the occurrence of the second interface is not under cellular
network. There are also several literatures that refer to Outband D2D communications. In
[37][38] works ,energy efficiency and throughput performance are boosted by the use of gaming
theory and clustering. The works in [39][23][40] and [41] aim to improve the performance of
content distribution. Forthermore , authors of the [41] paper provide an evaluation of QoS
parameters such as delay and traffic load . Simulation results shows that the D2D architecture
proposed and simulated in this work provide delay and traffic load performance enhancement .
2.2.1. D2D Outband communications: Controlled mode
In this category of D2D communications, all the literature propose to use the cellular network
advanced management features to control D2D communication in order to improve the efficiency
and reliability of D2D communications and to improve also the system performance in terms of
throughput, power efficiency and multicast.
The authors of [42] and [43] papers discuss how D2D communications can be one of the key
issues of the improvement of energy efficiency and throughput. They propose a novel scheme
based on users cooperation and provide an analytical model to evaluate throughput and power
consumption for the proposed scheme.
The work in [41] introduces a protocol that focuses on D2D communications using LTE and
Wifi-Direct. The authors elaborate on required modification for messaging and signalling
procedures of LTE and WiFi Direct technologies. The D2D communication paradigm can be
implemented on LTE infrastructure by using the Wifi Direct and without making a major change
in LTE protocols .

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2.2.2. D2D Outband communications: Autonomous mode
Nowadays, there are very few works on this category. Autonomous D2D communication is
motivated by reducing the overhead of cellular network. This category does not require any
changes at the BS (eNB) and can be deployed easily. The authors of [41] assume that the BS
(eNB) does not always have traffic to send to all users at any time. They depict a scenario with
two users, u1 and u2 that being served by one BS. They formulated the problem of choosing the
optimal dispatching policy as a Markov decision process and studied is properties. Simulation
results showed in [41] demonstrated that by considering the above mentioned approach delay
performance can be improved and the major performance requirements is to increase power
expenditure .
2.3. Advantages and disadvantages of the different types of D2D communications
Nowadays, Outband communications is attracting more and more attention. With the arrival of
new smartphones and new mobile devices in phone market , device will be capable to
implement Outband D2D schemes. Some researchers provides an overview of the advantages and
disadvantages of Outband D2D communications . They are putting high hopes and are seeing it
as the alternative to inbnd D2D communication category .
A brief look of advantages and disadvantages of of Inband D2D and Outband D2D
communications are given in the following tables :
Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of Inband D2D communication
Advantages of Inband D2D Disadvantages of Inband D2D
• Underlay D2D increases the spectral
efficiency of cellular spectrum by exploiting
the spatial diversity.
• QoS management is easy by reason of
entirely controlled by eNBs .
• The possibility of using Inband D2D
communication on any mobile equipement .
• Challenging control of level of
interference.
• No possibility for D2D and cellular
simultaneous transmission.
• High complication of resource
allocation procedure and power
control
Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of Outband D2D communication
Advantages of Outband D2D Disadvantages of Outband D2D
• Easier resource allocation.
• Possibility of simultaneous occurrence of
D2D and cellular users.
• None interference between D2D and
cellular subscribers.
• None necessary to devote cellular
resources to D2D spectrum
• Necessary to decode and to encode
packets
• D2D communication only used by
LTE and WiFi radio interfaces
• Need of the efficient power
management

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3. D2D ARCHITECTURE MODEL AND REQUIREMENTS IN LTE-A
NETWORKS
LTE-advanced technology was the first platform that implements D2D communications. In June
2012, 3GPP was started a workshop about LTE Release 12 standardization that include new
steps for D2D communication scenario and use to to introduce new services in LTE-
A[53].Integrity and high standards of D2D communications such as LTE Proximity service
(ProSe) was discussed at the RAN 58 meeting [44][45] in Demeber 2012.
D2D use case and D2D communication requirements are given in [45] paper .An overview of
D2D Proximity Services standardization in 3GPP LTE is given on workshop presented by
Michael Gundlach at the European Conference on Networks and Communications (EUCNC) on
June 2014.
[46] discussed the scenarios and requirements for D2D discovery and provided several
considerations on discovery issues. Proposals about scenarios and requirements are presented.
The D2D/ProSe functionality are in the first integrated in LTE Release 12 .Literature about
ProSe is divided into two parts,called D2D discovery and D2D communication.
With proximity discovery or D2D discovery, users can discover other users that are in the
proximity. Using E-UTRA, this process identifies that a UE is in proximity of another [45].
The D2D communication can be directlty between UEs by the use of the proximity discovery to
reduce the need for manual interaction or via eNBs.
The direct communication between UEs can be also etablish without using proximity discovery
function.In cellular network, direct communication is integrated with a cellular network and is
naturally preceded by network supported proximity discovery.
The 3GPP system enablers for ProSe consists of the following functionalities :
• EPC-level ProSe Discovery
• ProSe direct discovery models.
• ProSe direct communication Modes.
• UE-to-Network relay or UE-to-UE relay.
Architectural enhancements for the EPC core network are necessery in order to facilitate D2D
and cellular inks coexistence and for best D2D integration in LTE-A mobile networks .
An overview of architectural and protocol enhancements for the D2D integration in LTE-
Advanced system is given in [48] .The paper describe also procedures and services used by
D2D devices to discover each other .

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Figure 2. D2D communication architecture under LTE-A network
As depicted in Figure 2., The D2D system architecture under LTE-A consists of a number of new
entities that are required for D2D communication. These entities are as follows:
ProSe App Server: It implements the ProSe capability for building the application functionality.It
is responsible to determinate if the registration of UEs can be accepted or not and to activate
ProSe actions such as ProSe discovery for a specific application. The ProSe application in the
UE (ProSe) communicates with the ProSe Application Server via the application layer reference
point PC1 [53][49].
ProSe UE App: This entity is responsible for building the application functionality. The ProSe
UE App communicate and discover other ProSe UEs by means of the PC5 interface [50] .It is
used by different services such as Public Safety or media application in order to get the requests
and find buddies in proximity .
The ProSe Function is responsible of the different network actions to achieve ProSe requirements
and it is used also to provide network services such as authorization, authentication, and data
handling . The ProSe Function provides also the necessary charging and security functionality for
usage of ProSe via the EPC.
The D2D communication architecture under LTE-A network defines 7 new interfaces to
interconnect the new entities . These interfaces are called PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, PC5, PC6 and
PC7(Table 3).
The major roles of ProSe Fonction are given as follows:
• Provisioning (via the Direct Provisioning Function - DPF) Direct Provisioning Function
(DPF) is used to provision the UE with necessary parameters in order use ProSe direct
services. For direct communication used for Public Safety DPF is also used to provision
the UE with parameters that are needed when the UE is not "served by E-UTRA".

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• Direct discovery management (via the Direct Discovery Name Management Function)
:Direct Discovery Name Management Function is used for open Prose Direct Discovery
to allocate and process the mapping of ProSe Applications IDs and ProSe Application
Codes used in ProSe Direct Discovery. It uses ProSe related subscriber data stored in
HSS for authorisation for each discovery request. It also provides the UE with the
necessary security material in order to protect discovery messages transmitted over the
air.
• EPC discovery (via the EPC-level Discovery ProSe Function ):EPC-level Discovery
ProSe Function has a reference point towards the Application Server (PC2), towards
other ProSe Functions (PC6), towards the HSS (PC4a) and the UE (PC3).
Figure 3. UE to ProSe Function Interface
Figure 4. : Control Plane for PC4a Interface

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Table 3. Interfaces and Reference Points for D2D architecture under LTE-A Networks
4. CONCLUSIONS
Device-to-device (D2D) communications is seen as new paradigm that will be implemented in
the next generations of mobile networks to provide high performance in cellular network,
improving coverage, provide spectral efficiency ,high data rates and offer new peer-to-peer
services with QoS guarantees .
Interface Description
PC1 It is the interface between the UE ProSe application and the ProSe Application
Server. It is used to provide the level signalling requirements definition .
PC2
PC3
It is the interface between the ProSe Application Server and the ProSe Function.
It is used to define the interaction between ProSe Application Server and ProSe
functionality [47]. the ProSe Function use this interface to supports EPC-level
discovery by the following functionalities.:
• Storage of a list of applications that are authorized to use EPC-level ProSe
Discovery.
• Exchange of signalling with 3rd party Application Servers for application
registration and identifier mapping.
The reference point between the UE and the ProSe Function (Figure.3) it is based on
IP protocol and used for the ProSe Direct Discovery authorisation and to define the
authorisation policy per PLMN for ProSe Direct Discovery and communication
between UE and ProSe Function.
PC4a
PC5 .
PC6
PC7
The reference point between the HSS and ProSe Function .It is responsible to
manage the subscription information and access authorisation for ProSE Direct
Discovery and ProSE Direct Communication . More details on procedures, message
parameters and protocol specifications of this interface are given in The [52]
document. The PC4a interface is based on Diameter protocol. Over The PC4a
interface, Diameter messages over the PC4a interface shall make use of SCTP IETF
RFC 4960 (Figure.4).
ProSe UEs are interconnected with each other by means of PC5 interface that is
based on “ProSE protocol” that is used for handling ProSe Direct Discovery[51].
The reference point between two ProSe Functions located in different PLMNs .This
interface is used for the ProSe service and ProSe Direct Discovery requests
authorization [49].
Interconnected the visited ProSe Function and the home ProSe Function .It is used to
control ProSE service authorisation in the home ProSe Function.

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In this paper, We present the different categories of D2D communication called Inband and
Outband , we discuss related work and the different modes of each category .We also discussed
the weaknesses and strength for each category.
Finally ,we give a description of entities, interfaces, and protocols for the D2D communication
architecture under LTE-A network based on LTE SAE architecture . We focus on the innovative
architecture of D2D currently examined by 3GPP for integrating D2D communications in LTE-A
networks.
In our future paper, we will use different statistical models and traffic models to study and
analyse the different requirements to achieve high speed download, high capacity, and Quality of
service guarantees for D2D communication. Furthermore, we will discuss challenges, solutions,
and future directions for D2D communications in next generation 5G mobile networks.
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Authors
Mr. Margi Hicham ,He received the engineer degree in Telecommunication systems
from The National Institute of Posts and Telecommunications (INPT) in Rabat, Morocco
in 2011.He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree at RITM Research Lab,ESTC
,Hassan II University ,Casablanca, Morocco. His research interests include Network
Science, Wireless Ad hoc Networks and Sensor Networks. . His current research interests
include cognitive radio systems, cooperative (relay) communications,D2D
communications ,LTE-A and 5G wireless communications.
Mr . Noreddine Abghour ,He is currently associate professor in the Faculty of Science of
Hassan II University, Morocco. He received his Ph.D. degree from Institut National
Polytechnique de Toulouse (France) in 2004. His research mainly deals with
authorization schemes in distributed computing systems, and Currently, his research
interests concern the problems related to the Mobile Communication Systems and Cloud
Computing.
Mr. Mohammed Ouzzif, He is an associate Professor at the University Hassan II of
Casablanca. He earned a PHD in the field of the specification and verification of
distributed systems at the University Mohammed V in Rabat. Currently, his research
interests concern the problems related to the wireless sensor networks and big data in the
context of smart cities.

DEVICE-TO-DEVICE (D2D) COMMUNICATION UNDER LTE-ADVANCED NETWORKS

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