A survey on Device-to-Device Communication

A survey on Device-to-Device
Communication
Kuldeep Narayan Singh
30-Jan-15 1A survey on Device-to-Device Communication

Table of Content
• Background and Introduction..
• Classification and Promises of D2D
• D2D Vs Ad-hoc
• Challenges
• Applications
• Conclusion

1. Background and Introduction
Key Challenges
• global mobile data traffic increased (81% in 2013)[1]
• Increase in mobile data traffic 2 times/year[1]
• 1000x by 2020 and 100,000x by 2030[1]
• Current infrastructure unable to handle this huge traffic[1]
Figure 1: growth in mobile data traffic
(in EB/month)[1]
Figure 2: Future key challenges[2]

Affects of increase in mobile data traffic
• User QoS decreases[2]
• User experiences network congestion
• Cost Increases[2]
• CAPEX Increases
• OPEX Increases
• Revenue Decoupling
Figure 3: Data-Revenue-vs.-Cost-Decouple-graph[3]

Technologies Introduced for NW performance enhancement
Figure 7: Device to Device
Comm.[2]
Figure 5: Adv. Small Cells[2]
Figure 6: Interference
Management[2]
Figure 4: Adv. MIMO/BF[2]

Device-to-Device Communication
• Direct Communication without Base Station
• Key Motivation
• Offload Core Network Traffic
• New Comm. Paradigm to Support Public Safety
Figure 8: Conventional network and offloaded network(with D2D)[2]

2. Classification and Promises of D2D
Classification of D2D Technology[5]
1. Inband D2D
• Operates in cellular band
1.1 Network Assisted D2D 1.2 No Network Assisted D2D
Figure 9: D2D with network
assisted in licensed band[5]
Figure 10: D2D without network
assisted in licensed band[5]
Network Assisted
• N/W providers have control over D2D.
• Most recommended scenario in D2D
• Could reduce energy consumption and
better cellular resource management
No Network Assisted
• N/W providers have limited or no control
• Comm. Without network deployment
• Similar work as Terrestrial Trunked
Radio(TETRA)
•Useful in national security and public safety

1. Network Assisted D2D
1.1.a Underlay 1.2.b Overlay
Figure 11: Schematic Representation of overlay and underlay Inband D2D[5]
Underlay
• Increase spectral efficiency by
utilizing Spatial Diversity
• Many algorithms have been
proposed. [7] Use uplink for D2D. [8]
Use mode selection.
Overlay
• A dedicated resource for D2D
• Reduces the concern of interference
• More focus on resource allocation to
avoid wastage of resource

Inband D2D Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:
• QoS Guaranteed.
• Transmission Distance~ 1KM, Max Data Rate: 1Gbps
• No need of new interface.
Disadvantage:
• Challenge to handle D2D and Cellular interference.
• Complex algorithm for resource allocation

2. Outband D2D
•.Operates in ISM(Licensed Free Band)
• Could be
• Network Controlled
• Autonomous
Figure 11: D2D without network
assisted in licensed band [2]
Figure 12: Schematic representation
of out of band D2D[6]

Classification of D2D Technology
Advantages and Disadvantages of Out Band D2D[7]
Advantages:
• No interference issue b/w cellular and D2D
• No need of recourse allocation.
• simultaneous D2D and cellular communication
Disadvantages:[7]
• Unlicensed band interference uncontrollable
• Two interfaces required
• Not power efficient, Low Tx. Distance and Data Rate.

Promises of Device-to-Device Communication[2]
1. Proximity services
• High Data Rate and Low delays
• low energy consumption
2. Increase spectrum efficiency
• D2D and cellular on same spectrum
3. Extend Cellular Coverage
4. Quality of Service Guaranteed
5. Economical
• Uses the pre-existing cellular infrastructure
6. Public Safety and National Security
• Replace the old TETRA technology with improved LTE-A D2D
technology

3. D2D Vs Other Technologies
Issues with Ad-hoc technologies[4]
1. Security
• Much less than cellular system.
• Not suitable for Public Safety Application.
2. Unlicensed Spectrum
• No central control of interference.
3. Not suitable for high user density
• Throughput, Reliability and Range Suffer
4. Manual Pairing
• Not Suitable for Autonomous, Dynamic Proximity Services
5. Less Power Efficient
• Runs parallel with cellular More battery drain

3. D2D Vs Ad-hoc
Difference to Ad-hoc
Parameters D2D Ad-hoc
(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc)
Frequency band Licensed band LTE-A ISM band
Max. Transmission
Dist.
1000m 10-200m
Max. Data Rate 1Gbps 24-250 Mbps
Security Robust less; Not suitable for
Public safety
Expenses CAPEX: No cost as
user using the same
terminal
OPEX: Very less in
terms of battery use
CAPEX: No cost as
user using the same
terminal
OPEX: Very less in
terms of battery use

4. Challenges
Major Technical in D2D[5]
1. Interference Management – especially in the case of underlay D2D
2. Power Allocation – Proper regulation needed to avoid interference
3. Resource Allocation – Critical issue in Inband D2D
4. Optimal Peer Discovery Methods
Centralized or Distributed
4. Modulation Format
• OFDM or SC-FDMA?
5. Channel Management
6. Energy Consumption

4. Challenges
Major Business Challenges in D2D[5]
1. D2D between devices subscribed to different operators
– Which spectrum to use (for direct communication)?
2. Lawful interception
– How to monitor direct communication?
3. Charging
– How to perform (content-based) charging?
– How to charge if D2D communication is supported w/o NW
coverage?
4. Privacy, Security, Authentication etc…

4. Applications
Application and Use cases of D2D [4]
1.Local voice traffic
• Offload voice traffic from BS
• Example: In conferences exchange
voice traffic without BS
2.Local Data Services
• Content sharing
• Streaming services
• Mobile Multiplayer gaming
Figure: Offloading voice traffic in different
scenario[4]
Figure: Local data sharing D2D[4]

4. Applications
3.Multiuser Cooperative Comm.(MUCC)
• The user in good coverage may help
(Benefited user )BU to improve its signal
and act as a supporting user (SU)
4. Vehicle to Vehicle communication
• Requires very low latency
• Provides information about the nearest
car in front including traffic.
Figure: D2D in Multiuser cooperative
communication(MUCC)[4]
Figure: D2D in V2V scenario[4]

4. Applications
5. Public safety (police, fire and ambulance services)
• Still uses old Technologies like TETRA
• Key Motivation: Move public safety to a new level(LTE)
Figure: Public safety scenario in D2D[3]

5. Conclusion
• Provided survey on D2D based on available literature.
• Types of D2D Communication[2]
• Inband (Underlay, Overlay)
• Outband (Controlled, Autonomous )
•Discussed Major Technical and Business Issues.
•Interference control, Resource management, Pricing etc.
• Applications
•Public Safely, Offloading etc.
•Survey shows D2D is still immature.[1]
•Still numerous open challenges.

References
[1] http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-
networking-index-vni/white_paper_c11-520862.html
[2] Smart Direct LTE Communication Shahid Mumtaz.
[3] http://wirelesshabitat.eu/archives/104
[4] http://www.slideshare.net/fransiscobento1/d2d-device-to-device-
communication?next_slideshow=1
[5] A Survey on Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks Arash
Asadi, Student Member, IEEE, Qing Wang, Student Member, IEEE, and
Vincenzo Mancuso, Member, IEEE
[6] A Survey on Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks: Arash
Asadi, Student Member, IEEE, Qing Wang, Student Member, IEEE, and
Vincenzo Mancuso, Member, IEEE
[7] B. Kaufman and B. Aazhang, “Cellular networks with an overlaid device to
device network,” in Proceedings of Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems
and Computers, 2008, pp. 1537–1541.

3. D2D Vs M2M
Difference to M2M
M2M (Machine to Machine) / MTC (Machine Type Com.) (3GPP TR 22.368) Definition: M2M/MT
Communication is a form of data communication between entities that do not necessarily
need human interaction.
D2D M2M
Describes connectivity
services
Defines a class of
devices & is application
oriented
Main target Discovery and local
communication
Data exchange between
machines / infrastructure
Type of device Not defined (arbitrary) Machine
Number of devices Typically two or a few Typically many
Location Proximity Not defined (arbitrary)
Communication Between devices (D2D) Typically many to one (N
terminals to 1 server;
machine to infrastructure)

Potential Future Work
• Theoretical Work
– mathematical tools and optimization techniques - very limited
• Architecture
– very little work explaining the required architecture in order to
support D2D communications in cellular networks[5]
• Application
– First introduced for relay now have lots of applications: P2P,
Multicasting, Cellular Offloading etc.
– Could have more application especially in social networking,
location-aware services
• Performance analysis
– Studies are still far from reality
30-Jan-15 A survey on Device-to-Device Communication 23

A survey on Device-to-Device Communication

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