A Project-Based Elementary Statistics Course
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This document discusses two project-based approaches used in elementary statistics courses at Kent State University. In one class, students worked in groups on mini-projects and a final semester project related to their major. In another class, four students collaborated on a single project analyzing real-world data from a local company, J.W. Harley, and reported their findings. The projects aimed to improve student engagement and understanding of statistics concepts. Assessment found students had positive attitudes toward the projects and non-traditional students performed as well as other students. The J.W. Harley project in particular helped meet needs of diverse learners and allowed curricular changes based on company needs.
![The Challenge of Diversity { 0
99 143
the distribution of students in this course by their major is as follows: Nursing - 48%, Criminal
Justice - 12%, Education - 12%, Fashion Design - 9%, Science - 7%, and Social Science - 10%.
The open enrollment policy of the branch campuses of Kent State (such as KSU Stark) creates
a natural diversity in the classroom with poorly prepared students and well-prepared students
sharing the same classroom. Another type of diversity exists and is a direct consequence of
KSU Stark's role as a commuter campus. Here the diversity is between traditional and non-
traditional students. Non traditional students are de ned as students who are at least 21 years
old and will have graduated from high school three or more years prior to enrollment as college
freshmen. The traditional group are largely technologically pro cient, while the non-traditional
student body generally consists of older students with industrial experience who want to learn
statistics as a relevant tool for applications to their work environment. The use of statistical
software (such as in SPSS, Minitab, the TI-Calculators, MS Excel) eliminated the laborious
calculations involved in these projects, which were chosen to peak the interest of students in
diverse major elds of study. Although we were in fact creating small homogeneous clusters
based on interests, there still remained diversity within each group (traditional/non-traditional,
well prepared/poorly prepared). We took into consideration several factors that control the
dynamics of the classroom including a very careful assignment of group membership for col-
laborative in-class activities. Information was gleaned from student records and the 'Student
Information Sheet' completed by students at the beginning of the course.
Mini-Projects
Despite all good intentions, after one semester of requiring the students to complete an end-of-
semester project, it became clear that changes were in order. Comments made in the student
evaluations and during informal conversations during the course of the project indicated that
student satisfaction was low and expectations were not met [Table 1]. There were some success-
ful projects, however. Perhaps in a more advanced course, conditions would be more conducive
for well-written projects ([1], [2]) with little teacher intervention. Could we reasonably expect
the same from students enrolled in an elementary course?
Semester Student Comments on projects
Spring 96 Expectations were not speci ed. Not enough guidance.
No sample project to refer to. Project not relevant to major.
Not fair to group by major { nursing majors have an advantage.
Spring 97 Mini-projects should relate to real-life more.
Should meet three times during the week instead of twice, thus giving
more time for computer work.
Spring 98 Introduction to computer lab should be done sooner.
Mini-projects were very helpful. Give out main project sooner.
Let students know in advance the requirement of a TI calculator and
knowledge on MS Excel.
Fall 98 Introduction to TI calculators and MS Excel was useful.
Projects related to the major well. Projects were interesting.
Good applications of concepts via mini-projects.
Table 1: Selected Student Comments
Note the gradual evolution of student comments regarding the relevancy of the projects. We
addressed the complaints of project relevancy and the Nurses' advantage due to their large
numbers by o ering a wider variety of choices of topics that spanned all majors (with more](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aproject-basedelementarystatisticscourse-230806152346-f2dd4efd/85/A-Project-Based-Elementary-Statistics-Course-2-320.jpg)
![144 Melton,et al. { Project-Based Statistics
choices in Nursing). The problem still remained, however, of requiring elementary statistics
students to complete a sophisticated study - a seemingly overwhelming project to those not
comfortable with the unexpected road bumps they encountered. It is not sound practice to
let a would-be bungee jumper swoop down for the rst time before being cured of vertigo. The
use of mini projects gradually prepared students to take on greater tasks. Approaches similar
to ours have appeared in the literature, for instance in [3]. Evaluations in the subsequent
semesters [Table 1], after the introduction of mini-projects, showed an increase in both student
satisfaction and the quality of the nal reports.
Summarizing then, we introduced mini-projects:
To increase student motivation (expecting improved performance and better retention).
To encourage collaborative learning.
To reinforce concepts discussed in class.
To prepare students for the end-of-semester project through resourceful use of technology.
The mini-projects are concept-based, while the end-of-semester projects are based on the stu-
dents' major elds of study. Excellent sources for mini-projects can be found in [4], [5], [6].
The students have nearly two months to complete the end-of-semester project. They work
in cooperative groups (i.e. with students of similar majors), though each student submits an
individual nal report. Students will sometimes augment these reports with an in-class presen-
tation using posters and overheads. Examples of end of semester projects include: Weights of
Newborn Baby Girls, (Nursing), What Do S.A.T Scores Tell Us?, (Education), Measurement
of Atmospheric CO2, (Sciences). The best-written project reports are submitted for refereed
publication in the annual Writing Center Review, a publication that showcases selected essays
by students of KSU Stark.
Outcomes
We were primarilyinterested inmeasuring two student outcomes. First of all, we were interested
in attitudes concerning the e ects of both the end-of-semester projects and the mini-projects
on learning. The data collected from the four semesters indicated positive results on both
counts. Secondly, we were interested in knowing if non-traditional students (who are largely
under-prepared upon entering) performed well in this course. The data shows that their average
grades were very close to the class average [Table 2]. The quality of their nal reports followed a
similar pattern. The performance of non-traditional students was up to par in this collaborative
setting.
Traditional Non-traditional
Enrollment (average percentage, total = 56) 68% (38/56) 32% (18/56)
Grade in Class (average GPA, 0-4 scale) 2.83 B, 2.80 B,
Table 2: Comparison of Traditional verses Non-traditional Students
The J.W. Harley Project
Four students from two elementary statistics classes participated in a one-credit hour special
project course involving analysis of data from J.W. Harley, Inc., a local re-manufacturing rm.
A Company manager explained the project to the students, who then toured the plant. The
students met once a week in the computer lab to work with the data, and at the end of the
semester they reported their ndings to the company. Students prepared both an oral report
and a written technical report. Statistical concepts involved paralleled those that the students
were studying in their twice-weekly statistics class.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aproject-basedelementarystatisticscourse-230806152346-f2dd4efd/85/A-Project-Based-Elementary-Statistics-Course-3-320.jpg)
![The Challenge of Diversity { 0
99 145
Project Description
Students received data from J.W. Harley Company of Twinsburg, Ohio - a company that
re-manufactures air compressors and parts for electric utility companies. The data involved
infrared emission readings at 22 locations on each of four di erent models of compressors. Tests
were conducted with the compressors on an open test stand with the compressors contained in
a metal house. Students received 257 test results and were to note any signi cant patterns
in the readings and create new upper and lower control limits for the readings at each location.
Innovative Teaching Practices
Students worked as a team for the duration of the semester, depending upon one another not
only for computer work but also in the compilation of a single nal report. Initially they
received raw data and decided themselves how to divide the work for ecient completion of
the project. Though each student analyzed a particular set of data readings, they needed to
come together for the nal report. They compared ndings and charts. The instructor provided
direction only as needed and when questions arose. Such student-student collaboration did lead
to some frustration, however, as some students didn't follow through with meeting attendance
or deadlines for completion of work. However, the end result was positive; the students became
a unit, wanting to meet even after the semester was over in a social setting.
Students worked with real-life data from a local company and acted as consultants. On-site
visits were an integral part of the students' experience, one that students found helpful. The
quality control personnel of J.W.Harley were interested in the students' ndings and planned to
use their results in future testing. The students found this aspect of the project most bene cial.
When asked at the end of the semester if the project changed their perception of statistics, all
four made positive comments about it increasing their awareness of the usefulness of statistics
in the real/business world.
The class was o ered as a one credit hour supplement to the Introductory Statistics class. In
this way, students received the extra credit hour they earned for the amount of work such
a project entails. Real world projects tend to be messy and ill-de ned which can result in
both students and instructor spending an incredible amount of time { perhaps more than is
appropriate for a routine course with its normal assignments and exams.
Catering to the Learning Styles of a Diverse Group
The four students involved in the project were quite a diverse group with di erent learning
styles. Jackie, a freshman accounting major, was uncomfortable at times with the exploratory
nature of the project and seemed to prefer the more familiar teacher-directed format (i.e. the
lecture method). According to the learning style model formulated by Felder and Silverman
[7], Jackie's learning style was deductive and sensory. A deductive learner prefers a structured
presentation; a sensory learner favors information coming through their senses as opposed to
that which arises internally (memory, re ection, and imagination). Mike, a junior geology
major thrived on the very aspect that Jackie disliked. He thoroughly enjoyed the project,
volunteering twice to speak at a departmental Open House about it. He was also the natural
leader of the group, being the principle speaker at the oral presentation at Harley. His analysis
showed a ne grasp of statistical concepts as well as of compressor operation. Mike was an
inductive learner, preferring to see speci c cases and then making generalizations by inference.
He also appeared to be a bit more intuitive than the others. Ken, a senior who lacked con dence
in mathematics at the beginning of the semester, felt comfortable with the software and made](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aproject-basedelementarystatisticscourse-230806152346-f2dd4efd/85/A-Project-Based-Elementary-Statistics-Course-4-320.jpg)
![The Challenge of Diversity { 0
99 147
Though enrollment in the Harley project course was small, such limitations were the result of
recruitment issues rather than course design. The course was planned for a full class composed
of several small groups of students. Each group would work with the same data all semester,
then contrast and compare their results to those of the other groups. Discussions between
groups about data analysis techniques chosen, modi cations made during the course of the
semester, as well as nal results would certainly have enriched the educational experience of
the students.
Conclusion
Real world projects in an elementary statistics course encourage active student participation
and result in positive attitudes toward the subject itself and a better understanding of its
usefulness. Allowing students some choice in determining topics of study as well using mini-
projects motivates quality student work. Our students welcome an innovative learning/teaching
environment such as being consultants for a local company, on-site visits, collaborative learning,
extensive use of software and working on projects geared to major elds of study.
References
[1] Roberts, Harry V., Student-Conducted Projects in Introductory Statistics Courses, in
Florence Sheldon Gordon (eds.), MAA Notes, Number 26, Statistics for the Twenty-
First Century, 109-121.
[2] Kochanowski, Paul Morteza Sha i-Mousavi, An Interdisciplinary Project Based Ap-
proach to Teaching Finite Mathematics (Indiana University South Bend). [Private com-
munications.]
[3] Tanner, M.A. Robert Wardrop, Hands-on Activities in Introductory Statistics, in Flo-
rence Sheldon Gordon (eds.), MAA Notes, Number 26, Statistics for the Twenty-First
Century, 122-128.
[4] Rossman, Alan, (1996). Workshop Statistics, Springer-Verlag, New York.
[5] Tanner, M.A., (1990). Investigations for a Course in Statistics, Macmillan.
[6] The 1998 World Almanac and Book of Facts.
[7] Felder, Richard M., (1993). Reaching the Second Tier: Learning and Teaching Styles in
College Science Education, J. College Science Teaching, 23(5), 286-290.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aproject-basedelementarystatisticscourse-230806152346-f2dd4efd/85/A-Project-Based-Elementary-Statistics-Course-6-320.jpg)
A Project-Based Elementary Statistics Course
- 1. A Project-Based Elementary Statistics Course Austin Melton, Beverly M. Reed Kent State University Kent, Ohio, USA melton@mcs.kent.edu; reed@mcs.kent.edu A. Bathi Kasturiarachi Kent State University - Stark Campus Canton, Ohio, USA bathi@stark.kent.edu The following paper discusses the use of real-life data projects in two elementary statistics classes. One class worked on projects geared speci cally toward students' major elds of study and the other worked on a more comprehensive project based on data from local industry. Pedagogical issues addressed include innovative teaching practices (cooperative learning and working as a partner with local industry); catering for various learning styles (hands-on laboratory work and on-site visits); and developing dynamic curriculum (topics emphasized depend upon the needs of the cooperating business and also on the interests of the students). Introduction Most colleges and universities in the United States have an elementary statistics course included in their o erings for undergraduates. Kent State University (KSU) statistics faculty members have focused on the interpretation of statistical concepts by emphasizing statistical thinking using real-life data. This paper studies the e ect on student attitude and achievement of working in cooperative groups on real life projects in such classes. Two di erent situations are studied; each employing a di erent type of project. In one class, students worked on self-selected projects that related directly to their major, and in the other, students worked on a single project using data from a local industry. In the latter case, the students acted as consultants and reported their ndings to the company. Emphasis in the paper is on the innovative use of projects and how they can be tailored to di erent learning styles of students and e ect dynamic curricular change. Data in the analyses include comparison of grades and the results of student attitude surveys. Student Selected Projects At Kent State University students are introduced to statistics through the course Elementary Probability and Statistics. The nature of the course and student body at our regional campuses creates a diverse classroom population. We hoped to improve the take-home" value of our elementary statistics course by assigning projects in which students worked on real-life problems of their own choosing. Balancing the needs of these various diverse groups has been a great challenge. Meeting the Needs of a Diverse Student Population It is strongly recommended that students in many major elds of study (Nursing, Criminal Jus- tice, Education, Fashion Designing, and Education) take this course as an elective. On average, 142
- 2. The Challenge of Diversity { 0 99 143 the distribution of students in this course by their major is as follows: Nursing - 48%, Criminal Justice - 12%, Education - 12%, Fashion Design - 9%, Science - 7%, and Social Science - 10%. The open enrollment policy of the branch campuses of Kent State (such as KSU Stark) creates a natural diversity in the classroom with poorly prepared students and well-prepared students sharing the same classroom. Another type of diversity exists and is a direct consequence of KSU Stark's role as a commuter campus. Here the diversity is between traditional and non- traditional students. Non traditional students are de ned as students who are at least 21 years old and will have graduated from high school three or more years prior to enrollment as college freshmen. The traditional group are largely technologically pro cient, while the non-traditional student body generally consists of older students with industrial experience who want to learn statistics as a relevant tool for applications to their work environment. The use of statistical software (such as in SPSS, Minitab, the TI-Calculators, MS Excel) eliminated the laborious calculations involved in these projects, which were chosen to peak the interest of students in diverse major elds of study. Although we were in fact creating small homogeneous clusters based on interests, there still remained diversity within each group (traditional/non-traditional, well prepared/poorly prepared). We took into consideration several factors that control the dynamics of the classroom including a very careful assignment of group membership for col- laborative in-class activities. Information was gleaned from student records and the 'Student Information Sheet' completed by students at the beginning of the course. Mini-Projects Despite all good intentions, after one semester of requiring the students to complete an end-of- semester project, it became clear that changes were in order. Comments made in the student evaluations and during informal conversations during the course of the project indicated that student satisfaction was low and expectations were not met [Table 1]. There were some success- ful projects, however. Perhaps in a more advanced course, conditions would be more conducive for well-written projects ([1], [2]) with little teacher intervention. Could we reasonably expect the same from students enrolled in an elementary course? Semester Student Comments on projects Spring 96 Expectations were not speci ed. Not enough guidance. No sample project to refer to. Project not relevant to major. Not fair to group by major { nursing majors have an advantage. Spring 97 Mini-projects should relate to real-life more. Should meet three times during the week instead of twice, thus giving more time for computer work. Spring 98 Introduction to computer lab should be done sooner. Mini-projects were very helpful. Give out main project sooner. Let students know in advance the requirement of a TI calculator and knowledge on MS Excel. Fall 98 Introduction to TI calculators and MS Excel was useful. Projects related to the major well. Projects were interesting. Good applications of concepts via mini-projects. Table 1: Selected Student Comments Note the gradual evolution of student comments regarding the relevancy of the projects. We addressed the complaints of project relevancy and the Nurses' advantage due to their large numbers by o ering a wider variety of choices of topics that spanned all majors (with more
- 3. 144 Melton,et al. { Project-Based Statistics choices in Nursing). The problem still remained, however, of requiring elementary statistics students to complete a sophisticated study - a seemingly overwhelming project to those not comfortable with the unexpected road bumps they encountered. It is not sound practice to let a would-be bungee jumper swoop down for the rst time before being cured of vertigo. The use of mini projects gradually prepared students to take on greater tasks. Approaches similar to ours have appeared in the literature, for instance in [3]. Evaluations in the subsequent semesters [Table 1], after the introduction of mini-projects, showed an increase in both student satisfaction and the quality of the nal reports. Summarizing then, we introduced mini-projects: To increase student motivation (expecting improved performance and better retention). To encourage collaborative learning. To reinforce concepts discussed in class. To prepare students for the end-of-semester project through resourceful use of technology. The mini-projects are concept-based, while the end-of-semester projects are based on the stu- dents' major elds of study. Excellent sources for mini-projects can be found in [4], [5], [6]. The students have nearly two months to complete the end-of-semester project. They work in cooperative groups (i.e. with students of similar majors), though each student submits an individual nal report. Students will sometimes augment these reports with an in-class presen- tation using posters and overheads. Examples of end of semester projects include: Weights of Newborn Baby Girls, (Nursing), What Do S.A.T Scores Tell Us?, (Education), Measurement of Atmospheric CO2, (Sciences). The best-written project reports are submitted for refereed publication in the annual Writing Center Review, a publication that showcases selected essays by students of KSU Stark. Outcomes We were primarilyinterested inmeasuring two student outcomes. First of all, we were interested in attitudes concerning the e ects of both the end-of-semester projects and the mini-projects on learning. The data collected from the four semesters indicated positive results on both counts. Secondly, we were interested in knowing if non-traditional students (who are largely under-prepared upon entering) performed well in this course. The data shows that their average grades were very close to the class average [Table 2]. The quality of their nal reports followed a similar pattern. The performance of non-traditional students was up to par in this collaborative setting. Traditional Non-traditional Enrollment (average percentage, total = 56) 68% (38/56) 32% (18/56) Grade in Class (average GPA, 0-4 scale) 2.83 B, 2.80 B, Table 2: Comparison of Traditional verses Non-traditional Students The J.W. Harley Project Four students from two elementary statistics classes participated in a one-credit hour special project course involving analysis of data from J.W. Harley, Inc., a local re-manufacturing rm. A Company manager explained the project to the students, who then toured the plant. The students met once a week in the computer lab to work with the data, and at the end of the semester they reported their ndings to the company. Students prepared both an oral report and a written technical report. Statistical concepts involved paralleled those that the students were studying in their twice-weekly statistics class.
- 4. The Challenge of Diversity { 0 99 145 Project Description Students received data from J.W. Harley Company of Twinsburg, Ohio - a company that re-manufactures air compressors and parts for electric utility companies. The data involved infrared emission readings at 22 locations on each of four di erent models of compressors. Tests were conducted with the compressors on an open test stand with the compressors contained in a metal house. Students received 257 test results and were to note any signi cant patterns in the readings and create new upper and lower control limits for the readings at each location. Innovative Teaching Practices Students worked as a team for the duration of the semester, depending upon one another not only for computer work but also in the compilation of a single nal report. Initially they received raw data and decided themselves how to divide the work for ecient completion of the project. Though each student analyzed a particular set of data readings, they needed to come together for the nal report. They compared ndings and charts. The instructor provided direction only as needed and when questions arose. Such student-student collaboration did lead to some frustration, however, as some students didn't follow through with meeting attendance or deadlines for completion of work. However, the end result was positive; the students became a unit, wanting to meet even after the semester was over in a social setting. Students worked with real-life data from a local company and acted as consultants. On-site visits were an integral part of the students' experience, one that students found helpful. The quality control personnel of J.W.Harley were interested in the students' ndings and planned to use their results in future testing. The students found this aspect of the project most bene cial. When asked at the end of the semester if the project changed their perception of statistics, all four made positive comments about it increasing their awareness of the usefulness of statistics in the real/business world. The class was o ered as a one credit hour supplement to the Introductory Statistics class. In this way, students received the extra credit hour they earned for the amount of work such a project entails. Real world projects tend to be messy and ill-de ned which can result in both students and instructor spending an incredible amount of time { perhaps more than is appropriate for a routine course with its normal assignments and exams. Catering to the Learning Styles of a Diverse Group The four students involved in the project were quite a diverse group with di erent learning styles. Jackie, a freshman accounting major, was uncomfortable at times with the exploratory nature of the project and seemed to prefer the more familiar teacher-directed format (i.e. the lecture method). According to the learning style model formulated by Felder and Silverman [7], Jackie's learning style was deductive and sensory. A deductive learner prefers a structured presentation; a sensory learner favors information coming through their senses as opposed to that which arises internally (memory, re ection, and imagination). Mike, a junior geology major thrived on the very aspect that Jackie disliked. He thoroughly enjoyed the project, volunteering twice to speak at a departmental Open House about it. He was also the natural leader of the group, being the principle speaker at the oral presentation at Harley. His analysis showed a ne grasp of statistical concepts as well as of compressor operation. Mike was an inductive learner, preferring to see speci c cases and then making generalizations by inference. He also appeared to be a bit more intuitive than the others. Ken, a senior who lacked con dence in mathematics at the beginning of the semester, felt comfortable with the software and made
- 5. 146 Melton,et al. { Project-Based Statistics signi cant contributions. At the end of the project, he described his own math ability as being higher than at the beginning of the semester (3 on a scale of 5 as opposed to 2 of 5 at the beginning). Ken appeared to thrive on the hands-on nature of the project - evidence, perhaps of his preference of a sensory learning style. Terje, a mature mathematician and graduate student, was better able to handle the uncertainty of exploratory analysis with more patience than her undergraduate counterparts. Table 3 shows a summary of comments made by each student in the experimental group. The positive responses seem to indicate that the learning needs of students were met. Student Comments Freshman Standard deviation is clearer to me ...correlation is clearer. Senior It helped me understand graphs, ...box-plots, line-plots, and his- tograms. Junior This project elucidated several concepts. First the H0 (null hypothesis) and also charts and graphs. Ph.D. student It helped me to recall many concepts because it has been at least 5 years since my last stats course. Table 3: Student Comments Concerning Their Understanding of Statistical Concepts as a Result of Working on the Harley Project Felder made several recommendations for meeting the learning styles of undergraduate science students. In order to meet the needs of sensing, inductive, or global learners, he suggested motivating the presentation of theoretical material with the prior presentation of problems or phenomena that the theory will help solve or explain. The Harley Project did just that. Stu- dents were presented a real-life problem ( nd new upper and lower control limits, determine if a process is in control) as they studied descriptive statistics and graphical summaries but before they studied the Central Limit Theorem and hypothesis testing. For sensing learners, Felder emphasized balancing concrete information with the conceptual. Again, the Harley tempera- ture readings, coupled with on-site visits to the factory certainly ful lled this recommendation. For visual learners, he emphasized the use of sketches, plots, and computer graphics; the stu- dents made extensive use of the software ActivStats in their analysis of the Harley problem. Felder encouraged numeric examples for the sensory learner, experimental observations before presenting general principles for the inductive learner, class time for active student partic- ipation for the active learner and cooperative learning. The Harley project provided these opportunities to meet the needs of various learning styles. Dynamic Curricular Changes The J.W. Harley project is an innovative course focusing on a modern data analysis approach to elementary statistics. Students work with interactive visual tools to discover and describe patterns in various data sets. They begin with the data in context and learn to choose and use appropriate techniques as needed within that context. Writing, communication and critical thinking are stressed. The course utilizes a laboratory approach to learning as students work in a collaborative setting. Each group analyzes real world data from a local industry and plans, implements and communicates their results both in written word and oral form. On-site visits to the company are an integral part of the students' experience and were welcomed by students and company personnel alike. The nature of such a course demands exibility and is in continual development from semester to semester since its content depends upon the current needs of the cooperating business.
- 6. The Challenge of Diversity { 0 99 147 Though enrollment in the Harley project course was small, such limitations were the result of recruitment issues rather than course design. The course was planned for a full class composed of several small groups of students. Each group would work with the same data all semester, then contrast and compare their results to those of the other groups. Discussions between groups about data analysis techniques chosen, modi cations made during the course of the semester, as well as nal results would certainly have enriched the educational experience of the students. Conclusion Real world projects in an elementary statistics course encourage active student participation and result in positive attitudes toward the subject itself and a better understanding of its usefulness. Allowing students some choice in determining topics of study as well using mini- projects motivates quality student work. Our students welcome an innovative learning/teaching environment such as being consultants for a local company, on-site visits, collaborative learning, extensive use of software and working on projects geared to major elds of study. References [1] Roberts, Harry V., Student-Conducted Projects in Introductory Statistics Courses, in Florence Sheldon Gordon (eds.), MAA Notes, Number 26, Statistics for the Twenty- First Century, 109-121. [2] Kochanowski, Paul Morteza Sha i-Mousavi, An Interdisciplinary Project Based Ap- proach to Teaching Finite Mathematics (Indiana University South Bend). [Private com- munications.] [3] Tanner, M.A. Robert Wardrop, Hands-on Activities in Introductory Statistics, in Flo- rence Sheldon Gordon (eds.), MAA Notes, Number 26, Statistics for the Twenty-First Century, 122-128. [4] Rossman, Alan, (1996). Workshop Statistics, Springer-Verlag, New York. [5] Tanner, M.A., (1990). Investigations for a Course in Statistics, Macmillan. [6] The 1998 World Almanac and Book of Facts. [7] Felder, Richard M., (1993). Reaching the Second Tier: Learning and Teaching Styles in College Science Education, J. College Science Teaching, 23(5), 286-290.