1. A PROPOSAL ON
IoT BASED CLIMATE CONTROLLED SYSTEM FOR EFFECTIVE POULTRY FARMING
BY
PRAISE, IYANUNISEOLUWA DANIELS
EEE/19/1354
SUPERVISOR:
DR O.A. AGBOLADE
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING,
THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.
JUNE, 2025
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5. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Study
Poultry farming is a vital sector in the agricultural industry, contributing significantly to food
security and income generation. However, environmental factors such as temperature, humidity,
and air quality play a critical role in determining poultry productivity, health, and overall
welfare. Birds are highly sensitive to environmental changes, and poor climate control often
results in reduced growth, high mortality, and increased disease outbreaks.
Recent developments in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies offers a smarter, data-driven
alternative to traditional manual methods of climate management. These systems enable real-time
monitoring, automated control, and data analysis, making poultry farming more efficient,
sustainable, and scalable.
As noted by Uddin et al. (2022), “Birds are extremely sensitive to temperature and environmental
changes. Sudden changes in climate parameters cause a reduction in productivity, increased feed
consumption, and higher disease risk” (p. 64). This highlights the critical need for responsive
environmental control systems.
Khobragade et al. (2021) also affirm that “The real-time system designed in this study is capable
of monitoring and controlling multiple parameters like temperature, humidity, light and harmful
gases inside the poultry farm, which increases the efficiency and reduces human effort” (p. 2).
These findings demonstrate that an IoT-based approach significantly improves the precision,
consistency, and efficiency of poultry farm management.
1.2 Problem Statement
In many Nigerian poultry farms, environmental conditions are manually monitored and adjusted,
a method that is time consuming, error prone, and inefficient. Farmers often lack access to real-
1
6. time data, resulting in delayed responses to critical changes in temperature or air quality. These
challenges lead to:
1. Increased Mortality Rates: Due to heat stress or poor air quality.
2. Reduced Productivity: Inconsistent environmental conditions affect feed conversion and
growth rate.
3. Labor Intensity: Manual intervention is required continuously to monitor and adjust
devices.
4. Inefficient Energy Use: Fans, heaters, and lighting systems are often left on
unnecessarily.
5. Lack of Remote Access: Most systems are not connected, preventing farmers from
monitoring or controlling them off-site.
1.3 Aim of the Project
This project aims to develop an IoT based climate controlled system for poultry farming that will
automatically monitor and regulate environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, and air
quality) using DHT11, MQ135 and an ESP32 microcontroller, while providing real-time data
access and alerts via a web interface.
1.4 Objectives of the project
The objectives of this project are to:
1. Conduct a thorough literature review to identify key environmental challenges in poultry
farming, especially within the Nigerian agricultural context, and explore existing climate
control solutions and technologies.
2. Develop an IoT-based climate control system that integrates environmental sensors (for
temperature, humidity, and gas), an ESP32 microcontroller, and actuators (fans, heaters,
and lighting) for automated and efficient poultry house management.
2
7. 3. Implement a real-time web dashboard using ThingSpeak for remote data monitoring and
visualization of environmental conditions.
4. Integrate a SIM800L GSM module to send automated SMS alerts when abnormal
environmental conditions are detected.
5. Evaluate the performance, reliability, and scalability of the proposed system through
experimental testing in a simulated poultry farm environment.
1.5 Scope of the project
This project involves the design, development, and evaluation of an IoT-based climate control
system tailored specifically for poultry farming environments. The system will monitor and
regulate critical atmospheric parameters such as temperature, humidity, and air quality using
integrated sensors and microcontroller logic.
The scope includes:
Sensor Integration: Use of DHT11 for temperature and humidity sensing, MQ135 for gas
detection (e.g., ammonia), and LDR for light intensity.
Microcontroller Programming: Configuration of an ESP32 microcontroller to receive
sensor data, execute environmental control logic, and interface with output devices.
Actuator Control: Automation of fans, heating elements, and lighting systems through
relays based on sensor input.
Communication and Alerts: Deployment of a ThinkSpeak web dashboard for real-time
data monitoring and visualization, alongside a SIM800L GSM module to send SMS
notifications when any parameter exceeds its defined threshold.
Power Supply System: The system will include both mains power and backup battery
support to ensure uninterrupted operation.
Prototype Testing: Implementation and testing of the complete system in a poultry
housing environment to assess effectiveness, energy efficiency, and responsiveness.
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8. 1.6 Applications of IoT-Based Climate-Controlled Poultry System
This section outlines the practical applications of an IoT-based automated climate control system
within poultry farming and related agricultural environments:
1. Commercial Poultry Farming: Ensures optimal environmental conditions
across large-scale poultry farms by automating ventilation, heating, and
lighting systems, thus reducing mortality and improving feed efficiency.
2. Smallholder and Rural Farms: Provides low-cost, scalable solutions for
small-scale poultry farmers in remote areas, allowing them to monitor and
regulate conditions with minimal manual labor.
3. Research and Academic Farms: Enables precise environmental control for
research on poultry health, behavior, and productivity, supporting data
collection and experiment reproducibility.
4. Agricultural Extension Projects: Serves as a model for government and
NGO-driven rural innovation initiatives aimed at improving poultry yield
through smart farming technologies.
5. Environmental Monitoring in Livestock Production: Continuously
monitors temperature, humidity, and harmful gases (like ammonia),
reducing stress and respiratory illnesses in poultry.
6. Remote Poultry House Management: Through ThinkSpeak integration and
SIM800L SMS alerts, farmers can receive real-time data and warnings even
when not physically present at the farm.
7. Disaster Prevention Systems: Automatically detects and reacts to critical
changes such as overheating or gas accumulation, preventing heat stress
deaths and suffocation events.
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9. 8. Data-Driven Decision Making: Stores environmental data over time,
enabling farmers to analyze trends, forecast performance, and optimize
operations based on historical insights.
9. Smart Agriculture Integration: Can be linked with larger smart farm
systems (e.g., feed automation, water quality monitoring) to form a complete
precision livestock farming framework.
10.Energy Efficiency in Farming: Controls devices based on actual
environmental need, reducing unnecessary power consumption from fans,
heaters, and lighting systems
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Historical Background
In poultry farming, maintaining a stable and healthy environment has always been
a major challenge. Historically, farmers relied on manual systems to manage
temperature, ventilation, and lighting using physical observation, switches, and
standalone devices. These traditional approaches were not only labor intensive but
also lacked precision and failed to respond swiftly to environmental changes, often
leading to reduced productivity and higher mortality among birds.
The transition from manual to semi-automated systems introduced simple
electrical controls, such as thermostats and timers, which helped schedule fans and
lights. However, these systems operated in isolation and could not respond
dynamically to real-time changes in the poultry house. For instance, gases such as
ammonia, which pose significant health threats to poultry, were often left
unmonitored due to lack of sensors and integrated control logic.
5
10. One implementation featured in the work of Rohankar et al. (2020) explains how
the system adjusts fans and heaters automatically based on temperature and gas
levels, significantly improving environmental stability). Also, combining DHT
sensors and GSM modules allows farmers to receive real-time SMS alerts and make
timely interventions, helping prevent respiratory illnesses due to ammonia buildup
(Abdulkadir et al., 2018).
Furthermore, poultry birds are extremely sensitive to climate variability, and
sudden fluctuations often increases feed consumption and decrease overall
production rates (Uddin et al., 2022). Similarly, Mehmood et al. (2019) identified the
lack of cloud integration and real-time feedback as major gaps in conventional
setups, encouraging the use of platforms like ThinkSpeak to store and analyze farm
data remotely.
Table 1: Comparison Between Traditional and IoT-Based Climate Control Systems in Poultry
Farming
Feature Traditional Systems IoT-Based Climate Control
Systems
Technology Manual fans, bulbs, and
thermostats
Sensor-based systems with
ESP32, DHT11, MQ135
Wiring Hardwired setup with limited
integration
Wireless data transmission
(Wi-Fi, GSM) for control and
alerts
6
11. Storage No data storage; manual
observation
Real-time and historical data
logging via ThinkSpeak
Accessibility On-site only Remote access and alert
notifications through
SIM800L and web dashboard
Monitoring Manual readings and
adjustments
Real-time automatic
monitoring and feedback
Alert System No automated alert
mechanism
SMS alerts for environmental
anomalies
Power Management Mains-only; prone to outages Backup-compatible; reduced
energy waste via automated
switching
Cost Low initial cost but high
long-term labor and
inefficiencies
Slightly higher setup cost but
energy-saving and labor-
reducing over time
Scalability Not easily expandable Easily scalable with modular
sensor/actuator units
2.2 System Architecture
The architecture of the IoT-based climate control system for poultry farming consists of carefully
integrated hardware and software components that work together to monitor environmental
conditions and control them in real-time. This section outlines the components and how they
interact to achieve automation, efficiency, and remote accessibility.
A. Hardware Components
1. ESP32 Micro-controller: The ESP32 is the core processing unit of the system. It collects
sensor data, processes it using embedded logic, and controls actuators such as fans,
heating element (Peltier module), and lights. With built-in Wi-Fi and low power
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12. consumption, the ESP32 is well-suited for smart agricultural environments that require
real-time data exchange and decision-making.
Figure 2: ESP32 Microcontroller
2. DHT11 Sensor: The DHT11 sensor measures temperature and humidity within the poultry
house. It operates by sending periodic readings to the ESP32, which then determines
whether to activate or deactivate climate control devices. Though basic, the DHT11 is
cost-effective and reliable for indoor poultry conditions.
Figure 3: DHT 11 Sensor
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13. 3. MQ135 Gas Sensor: The MQ135 sensor monitors harmful gases such as ammonia in the
poultry environment. When gas concentration exceeds a safe limit, the ESP32 triggers the
cooling fan for ventilation, helping to improve air quality and prevent respiratory issues in
poultry.
Figure 4: MQ135 Gas sensor
4. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR): The LDR measures light intensity in the poultry house.
Based on its readings, the system can automate lighting to simulate natural daylight
cycles, essential for healthy poultry growth.
Figure 5: Light Dependent Resistor
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14. 5. Cooling Fan: The cooling fan is activated when the DHT11 sensor detects high
temperatures above the optimal threshold (e.g., above 34°C for broiler chicks). The fan
circulates air to reduce heat and improve ventilation, ensuring the poultry environment
remains within a safe and comfortable range.
Figure 6: Cooling Fan
6. Peltier Module (TEC1-12706): The Peltier module is used as the heating element. It works
by drawing current to generate heat on one side and cooling on the other. When the
ambient temperature drops below the set threshold (e.g., below 21°C for adult layers), the
ESP32 energizes the Peltier module to warm the surrounding environment.
Figure 7: Peltier Module
7. Relay Module: Relays act as switches that allows the ESP32 to control high-power
components such as the cooling fan and Peltier module. When the ESP32 detects the
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15. need for temperature regulation, it sends a signal to the appropriate relay to turn on or off
the connected device.
Figure 8: Relay
8. SIM800L GSM Module: The SIM800L module enables GSM communication, allowing
the system to send real-time SMS alerts to the farmer in case of critical environmental
changes (e.g., abnormal temperature or gas levels). This ensures prompt action even in
rural areas with limited internet access.
Figure 9: SIM 800L Module
9. Power Supply and Backup: The system is powered via a regulated 12V DC power
supply, which is stepped down using a buck converter to suitable voltages for different
11
16. components. A solar powered rechargeable battery serves as backup power during
outages, ensuring continuous operation.
Figure 10: 12V DC Power Adapter
B. Software Components
The software architecture of the system complements the hardware layer by enabling data
processing, device control, remote monitoring, and cloud integration. Together, these
components ensure that the system operates reliably, provides real-time updates, and supports
automated decision-making.
1. Arduino IDE: The Arduino IDE is used for writing and uploading firmware
code to the ESP32 microcontroller. This code controls how sensor data is read,
analyzed, and responded to by activating devices like the cooling fan, bulb, or Peltier
module. The IDE provides access to essential libraries like DHT, WiFi, and HTTP
Client, which are necessary for sensor interaction and ThinkSpeak communication.
Key features include:
Serial Monitor for debugging
Board Manager for ESP32 setup
Sketch writing, compiling, and uploading
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17. Figure 11: Arduino Ide
2. ThingSpeak Cloud Platform:
ThingSpeak serves as the cloud-based dashboard that receives data from the ESP32 via
Wi-Fi. It logs real-time temperature, humidity, and gas readings from the sensors. The
platform allows users to view graphs, monitor trends, and set threshold alerts. This
supports remote decision-making and performance analysis of the poultry house
environment.
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18. Figure 12: ThingSpeak Platform
2.4 Real World Implementations
IoT-based environmental monitoring and control systems have been successfully implemented in
various poultry farming applications, demonstrating their effectiveness in improving bird health,
reducing mortality, and optimizing operational efficiency. These real-world use cases validate the
practicality, scalability, and benefits of deploying intelligent automation in livestock management.
Smart Poultry Systems in Rural Farms
In regions with limited access to skilled labor and fluctuating environmental conditions, IoT-
based poultry systems are helping farmers automate temperature and gas regulation. For instance,
a system implemented by Uddin et al. (2022) in a rural farm used DHT11 sensors, a GSM
module, and an ESP microcontroller to monitor and control climate variables. The system resulted
in a 20% reduction in energy costs and improved bird comfort by maintaining stable conditions.
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19. Air Quality Monitoring with IoT Sensors
Gas sensors like MQ135 are being used in poultry houses to detect ammonia and poor air
quality. In one pilot project (Rohankar et al., 2020), the system triggered fans when ammonia
levels exceeded safe thresholds. This led to a measurable improvement in air quality and reduced
incidents of respiratory disease among birds.
2.5. Benefits and Challenges
Benefits
1. Real-Time Monitoring
The system provides continuous, live readings of temperature, humidity, gas
concentration, and light intensity. Farmers are able to track environmental changes
instantly via a web dashboard and respond proactively to prevent livestock stress or
mortality.
2. Remote Accessibility
Through Wi-Fi integration with ThinkSpeak and GSM alerts via SIM800L, farmers can
monitor poultry conditions and receive notifications from any location—even in remote or
rural settings.
3. Automation of Climate Control
Using sensor-based feedback loops, the system autonomously activates cooling fans,
Peltier modules, and lighting, reducing the need for human intervention and improving
precision in climate regulation.
4. Scalability and Modularity
The system is modular, meaning more sensors or actuators can be added easily without
redesigning the entire architecture. This makes it suitable for both smallholder and large-
scale commercial poultry farms.
5. Cost Efficiency
Although the initial setup includes hardware costs, the system reduces long-term expenses
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20. by optimizing energy use, preventing disease-related losses, and minimizing labor
dependency.
Challenges
1. Data Integrity and Reliability
Ensuring that environmental data (temperature, humidity, gas) is accurate and
uninterrupted is essential for system reliability. Inexpensive sensors may require regular
calibration, and data loss can occur during network or power failures.
2. Internet Connectivity Limitations
The system depends on stable internet to transmit data to cloud platforms like
ThingSpeak. In rural areas, inconsistent network coverage can affect real-time monitoring
unless supplemented with GSM alerts or offline storage solutions.
3. Energy Management
Operating components such as cooling fans, Peltier modules, and GSM modules can be
power-intensive. Managing power consumption effectively, especially during long
outages requires energy-efficient coding, backup batteries, or solar integration.
4. Hardware Durability in Harsh Environments
Ammonia, humidity, and dust present in poultry houses may degrade sensors and modules
over time. Protective casing and environmental shielding are necessary to improve
component longevity.
5. Technical Skill Gaps
Smallholder farmers may lack the technical expertise to install, maintain, or troubleshoot
the system. Training or local technical support may be required for effective long-term
operation.
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21. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3. 1 Overview
The methodology employed in developing the IoT-based climate-controlled system for effective
poultry farming involves a systematic and iterative approach. This chapter outlines the design,
development, integration, and testing processes that guided the project. Both hardware and
software components were carefully engineered to enable automated environmental monitoring,
responsive actuation, remote access, and real-time alerts. This chapter provides a detailed
overview of the entire process, outlining the objectives, design considerations, development
stages, integration procedures, deployment strategies, and evaluation techniques employed in the
project.
3.2 System Design
System Architecture
The system architecture is designed to ensure automated environmental regulation and real-time
monitoring for poultry housing. It comprises interconnected modules that handle sensing, control,
communication, and data visualization. The central microcontroller (ESP32) serves as the
interface between all input and output devices.
Key architecture elements include:
1. Microcontroller (ESP32): The ESP32 was selected due to its low power consumption,
integrated Wi-Fi, dual-core processing, and GPIO expandability. It reads inputs from
environmental sensors and triggers actuators such as the fan, Peltier heater, and bulb.
2. Sensors:
DHT11: Measures ambient temperature and humidity.
MQ135: Detects harmful gases such as ammonia.
LDR: Monitors light levels for lighting control.
These sensors provide continuous feedback to ensure optimal living conditions for poultry.
3. Actuators and Relays
Cooling Fan: Activated when high temperatures are detected.
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22. Peltier Module: Used as a heating device when temperatures drop too low.
Bulb: Controlled based on lighting needs using LDR feedback.
Relays: Electrically isolate and control high-voltage components using signals
from the ESP32.
4. Communication Modules:
ThingSpeak Integration (via Wi-Fi): For real-time data visualization and cloud
storage.
SIM800L GSM Module: Sends SMS alerts to the farmer when sensor readings
reach critical levels.
5. Power Supply and Backup:
A 12V DC power adapter supplies primary power.
buck converter steps down voltage to 3.3V and 5V for sensors and the ESP32.
A solar powered battery backup ensures continued operation during outages,
enhancing system reliability in rural or unstable grid locations.
3.3 Hardware Development
Circuit Design:
The hardware development process began with designing the circuit to connect and integrate all
essential components of the poultry monitoring and control system. The major components
include the ESP32 microcontroller, DHT11 (temperature and humidity sensor), MQ135 gas
sensor, LDR, relay modules, and actuators such as the cooling fan, Peltier module, and bulb.
Key Connections:
1. ESP32 Microcontroller
Power: Connected to a 3.3V regulated power source.
Ground (GND): Linked to the common ground of the circuit.
GPIO Pins: Used to interface with the DHT11 sensor, Peltier module relay,
cooling fan relay, LDR sensor, and GSM module (SIM800L).
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23. Wi-Fi Communication: Used for transmitting data to the ThinkSpeak web
dashboard.
2. DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
Power (VCC): 3.3V or 5V.
Data Pin: Connected to a digital GPIO pin on the ESP32.
GND: Connected to the system ground.
3. Peltier Module (Heater)
Power: Controlled via a relay module connected to a 12V power supply.
Relay Control Pin: Connected to a GPIO pin on the ESP32 to switch heating ON
or OFF based on temperature readings.
Ground: Common ground with ESP32 and power source.
4. Cooling Fan
Power: Connected to 12V DC power via a relay.
Relay Control Pin: Linked to ESP32 GPIO to activate cooling when temperature
exceeds a preset threshold.
5. Bulb (Light Source)
Power: AC-powered and controlled using a relay switch.
Relay Trigger: Controlled via ESP32 GPIO pin based on light levels from the LDR
sensor or as a heating supplement.
6. LDR Sensor (Light-Dependent Resistor)
Analog Pin: Connected to an analog input on the ESP32 to detect ambient light
intensity.
Power: VCC and GND appropriately wired.
7. SIM800L GSM Module
TX/RX: Connected to ESP32 UART pins for serial communication.
Power: Requires 4V (via step-down or buck converter).
GND: Connected to system ground.
Function: Sends SMS alerts in case of temperature/humidity breaches or system
anomalies.
8. Power Supply
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24. Main Supply: 12V DC regulated supply with voltage buck converter for 3.3V and
5V outputs.
Backup: Solar powered battery system managed through a charge controller to
ensure uninterrupted power.
3.4 PCB Design and Fabrication
The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) layout is designed to optimize size, component placement, and
signal routing. A double-sided PCB was chosen to accommodate complex connections and reduce
electromagnetic interference.
Layering: Two layers used for effective signal separation.
Component Placement: Arranged to minimize noise and ensure maintenance
accessibility.
Fabrication Steps
Etching: Copper traces created on the board using photolithography or chemical etching.
Drilling: Holes made for through-hole components and vias.
Solder Mask & Silkscreen: Added for insulation and labeling of components.
Hardware Assembly and Testing
Assembly
Components soldered to the PCB (both SMD and through-hole).
Verified correct orientation and secure connections.
Testing Procedures
Power Testing: Measured voltage levels at all sensor and actuator terminals.
Connectivity Testing: Ensured proper communication between ESP32 and peripherals.
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25. Functional Testing:
o DHT11 triggers Peltier module/cooling fan based on temperature.
o MQ135 triggers fan on gas detection.
o LDR activates bulb under low light.
o SMS sent through SIM800L on abnormal readings.
Figure 13: Circuit Diagram for IoT based Climate Controlled System
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26. 3.4. Software Development
3.4.1 Firmware Development
The firmware serves as the bridge between the ESP32 microcontroller and the various connected
sensors and actuators, ensuring proper data collection, control, and communication. Development
was done using C/C++ in the Arduino IDE, which supports the ESP32 platform and provides
extensive libraries for sensor integration.
3.4.2 ESP32 Microcontroller Programming
1. Initialization: The firmware initializes the ESP32’s GPIOs and configures the onboard
peripherals such as the UART (for SIM800L) and I²C (for DHT11 and gas sensors). The
system also sets up PWM outputs for controlling the cooling fans and Peltier module
through relay switching.
2. Environmental Monitoring: Using the DHT22, the firmware reads real-time
temperature and humidity data. Additional analog or digital inputs are polled to retrieve
gas concentration levels if a gas sensor is present.
3. Control Logic: The firmware contains logic to:
Switch on cooling fans if temperature exceeds set limits.
Activate Peltier heating modules if the temperature drops below threshold.
Trigger bulbs for additional warmth if necessary.
4. Alert Triggering: When critical environmental thresholds are breached (e.g., extreme
temperatures or harmful gases), the firmware sends alerts via SIM800L (GSM module)
in the form of SMS messages.
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27. 3.4.3 Data Handling and Transmission
1. Formatting: Sensor readings are formatted in JSON, encapsulating data like temperature,
humidity, gas levels, and system status with timestamps.
2. Data Transmission:
Data is sent to ThingSpeak via HTTP POST over Wi-Fi. The ESP32 uses its built-
in Wi-Fi module to push updates to specific ThingSpeak channels for visualization
and logging.
SIM800L is used as a backup communication channel for SMS-based alerts during
Wi-Fi downtime.
3.5 Web-Based Interface
ThingSpeak acts as the cloud backend for the project. It allows visualization of:
Temperature and humidity trends.
Historical logs of alerts and actions taken.
Real-time feed from the poultry environment.
3.5.1 Frontend Development (HTML, CSS, JavaScript)
• User Interface Design:
o HTML and CSS: Design responsive and user-friendly web pages using HTML
for structure and CSS for styling.
o Responsive Design: Ensure the interface is accessible on various devices,
including desktops, tablets, and smartphones.
• Dynamic Content:
o JavaScript: Use JavaScript to dynamically update the web pages with live data
and images.
• Notifications:
o Web Push Notifications: Implement web push notifications to alert users in
realtime about detected motion or sensor anomalies.
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28. 3.6 Mobile Notification System (SIM800L)
The SIM800L GSM module is programmed to send preconfigured alert messages to
registered phone numbers. These alerts notify the farmer of abnormal temperature ranges,
poor air quality, or possible equipment failure, ensuring prompt human intervention when
automation is not enough.
Figure 14: Proposed Block Diagram
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29. REFERENCES
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