A REGISTRY BASED DISCOVERY MECHANISM FOR E-LEARNING WEB SERVICES

Sundarapandian et al. (Eds): CoNeCo,WiMo, NLP, CRYPSIS, ICAIT, ICDIP, ITCSE, CS & IT 07,
pp. 431–443, 2012. © CS & IT-CSCP 2012 DOI : 10.5121/csit.2012.2442
A REGISTRY BASED DISCOVERY MECHANISM
FOR E-LEARNING WEB SERVICES
Demian Antony D’Mello1
, Pramod Prabhu2
, Naveen Baliga3
, Nikhil
Misquith4
and Flexon Fernandes5
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, St. Joseph Engineering
College, Mangalore, INDIA – 575 028
1
demian.antony@gmail.com,
2
pramodprabhu123@gmail.com,
3
naveenbaliga007@yahoo.com, 4
aaronmisquith@live.com,
5
flexonfer@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
E-learning is currently taking the shape of a Web Service in various applications i.e. learners
can search for suitable content, book it, pay for it and consume it. This paper shows how the
search aspects for e-learning content can technically be combined with the recent
standardization efforts that aim at content exchangeability and efficient reuse. A repository for
learning object publication and search is proposed that essentially adapts the UDDI framework
used in commercial Web Services to the e-learning context. To adopt Web Services technology
towards the reusability and aggregation of e-learning services, the conceptual Web Services
architecture and its building blocks need to be augmented. The objective of this research is to
design broker based registry architecture for e- Web services which facilitates effective e-
learning content/service discovery for the consumption or composition. The implementation
followed by experimentation showed that, the proposed e-learning discovery architecture
facilitates effective discovery with moderate performance in terms of overall response.
KEYWORDS
Web Service, E-Learning, E-Learning Discovery, E-Learning Broker & E-Learning Registry
1. INTRODUCTION
With the development of Internet and Web, information can be shared by web sites around the
world [1]. Knowledge can be assimilated as well as disseminated across the boundaries of
learning organizations. The objective of any Internet based system is to facilitate information
sharing. E-learning is a learning mode of technology enhanced learning based on Web
technology.
1.1. E-Learning
E-learning is a fast growth application in the world, it is widely used in universities, enterprises,
communities, and over one million users now are learning through it [2]. As a typical technical-
driven application, the development of e-learning has close relationship with IT technologies such
as computer network, multimedia technology and etc. The mainstream of e-learning systems now
are mostly server-centric based, users access the same e-learning servers to get served (view
courseware, have some quiz, discuss etc), and the user-interfaces are mainly web based for

432 Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT )
convenience. That kind of e-learning system runs well while the number of users is not so large,
and the content user access is mainly Web page based.
1.2. Basic Infrastructure for Web Services
The term Web Services describes a standardized way of integrating Web-based applications using
the XML, Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), WSDL and UDDI open standards over an
Internet protocol backbone [3]. XML is used to tag the data, SOAP is used to transfer the data,
WSDL is used for describing the services available and UDDI is used for listing what services are
available [4]. These facilities allow the integration of systems written in different languages and
running on computers with different platforms. A Web Service is essentially a stand-alone
software component that has a unique URI (the Uniform Resource Identifier is a unique address)
and that operates over the Internet and particularly the Web. The basic premise is that Web
Services have a provider and (hopefully) users or subscribers. Web Services can be combined to
build new ones with a more comprehensive functionality [5]. Clearly, Web Services need to be
interoperable. Moreover, they have to be independent of the operating systems. They should work
on every Web Service engine regardless of their programming language. To achieve these goals,
Web Services are commonly based on standards. Currently, the most common ones are the XML-
based specifications SOAP, UDDI, and WSDL.
1.3. Early E-Learning Initiatives
The main players in the e-learning systems are the learners and the authors; others include trainers
and administrators [6]. Authors (which can also be teachers or instructional designers) create
content, which is stored under the control of a LMS and typically in a database. Existing content
can be updated and also reused in other e-learning systems. The administrator controls the LMS
[7]. The core of an e-learning system, which is under the control of an administrator, typically
consists of a LMS or LCMS. The LMS interacts with a run-time environment, which is addressed
by learners, who in turn may be coached by a trainer. The interesting aspect of this idea is the fact
that these three components of an e-learning system can be logically and physically distributed,
i.e., installed on distinct machines and offered by different providers or content suppliers. In order
to make such a distribution feasible, standards such as IMS and SCORM ensure plug-and-play
compatibility to a large extend.
E-learning systems often do not address only a special kind of learner; moreover, they may be
implemented in such a way that a customization of features and the content appearance is adapted
to the needs of an individual learner [8]. Learners vary in pre-knowledge, abilities, goals for
approaching a learning system, pace of learning, way of learning, and the time (and money) they
are able to spend on learning. Thus, the target group of learners is very heterogeneous; ideally, a
system is able to provide and present content for every group or some of them, in order to be
suitable, for example, for a student who wants to learn about database concepts or for a company
employee who wants to become familiar with company-internal processes and their execution. To
fulfil the needs of such a flexible system, a learning platform has to meet a number of
requirements, including the integration of a variety of materials, the potential deviation from
predetermined sequences of actions, personalization and adaptation, the verifiability of work and
accomplishments [9].
Content consumed by learners and created by authors is commonly handled, stored, and
exchanged in units of learning objects (LOs) [10]. Basically, LOs are units of study, exercise, or
practice that can be consumed in a single session, and they represent reusable granules that can be
created no matter what kind of delivery medium is used [11]. The LOs can be accessed
dynamically, e.g. over the Web. Ideally, LOs can be reused by different LMS and plugged
together to build classes that are intended to serve a particular purpose or goal [12]. Accordingly,

Computer Science & Information Technology ( CS & IT ) 433
LOs need to be context-free, which means that they have to carry useful description information
on the type and context in which they may be used.
1.4. Challenges in E-Learning System Development
In literature researchers have proposed a few mechanisms to solve the issues related to e-learning
service discovery and architectures [13, 14]. With the rapid development of e-learning services
and applications over the Web, it appears some new requirements:
• The number of users increases fast, the load of the e-learning server makes the system
slower and the risk of crash increases. E-learning system needs a new method to balance the
load.
• Users are more scattered and so is the content. We need to find content which is suitable for
the users and also reduce the effort of the users to find content for the topic of their interest.
• The e-learning users will ask for more vivid courseware in e-learning including broader
range of multimedia content, including audio, video, film, as well as text, image and picture
and more.
Hence for these reasons, we need to find effective solutions to integrate various parts of e-
learning into a single Web Service where the user may find all his interests in a single place.
Often there are several e-learning services which go unnoticed or are popular only in the specific
part of the world and the rest of them have no clue about the services offered by them. This
makes it difficult for user to search for his contents and hence spend more time in searching for
the topic than actually learning. Also the user has to remember or finds the difficulty to navigate
to all the e-learning service providers. Hence the user finds it very difficult to compare the quality
of the content because the rating of the content is only local to that content provider and not with
respect to all the providers. Also the content should also be of the standard of the type of user.
There are also instances when the user has to stop the current activity of learning and when the
user resumes learning he has to again go through all the steps in accessing all the information so
that he can just resume from where he had last stopped. This makes the user feel that there should
be a centralized architecture for e-learning so that he can avail all these services at one portal,
which can remember all the preferences and settings of the user so that it can simplify the work of
searching, categorizing and presentation of information.
A service-oriented e-learning system results from a perception of the various tasks and activities
that are contained in such a system as processes or as workflows; using appropriate encodings of
objects and tasks in UDDI and WSDL forms and documents enable broad exchanges, flexible
compositions, and highly customized adaptations possible [15]. This even allows a reuse of
services already offered on the Web, such as multimedia streaming, chat rooms, or conferencing
etc. By combining several e-learning services; we reduce the effort of the user for searching for
his learning materials, and can spend more time in learning of the topic of his interest. Thus by
providing an effective platform and simplifying architecture of e-learning we can make more
users who tend to stay away from e-learning because of the complexities involved adopt this type
of approach to learning.
The organization of this paper is as follows. Section 2 describes the e-learning service discovery
problem with an illustration. In section 3, the authors propose architecture for the e-learning
services which facilitates publishing and discovery. The e-learning service discovery mechanism
is explored in section-4. Section 5 explains the implementation and experiment details. Section 6
draws conclusions.

2. E-LEARNING SERVICE DISCOVERY PROBLEM
In the world of Web and Web Services, reusability and interaction between Web Services is an
interesting issue which is open for research. The success of this rising technology is dependent on
the effectiveness of techniques used to handle the requester’s complex functional and non-
functional demands on services. To facilitate widespread adoption, there is a need to augment the
existing Web Service architecture and mechanisms for the Web Service discovery and
compositions.
E-learning systems often do not address only a special kind of learner; moreover, they may be
implemented in such a way that a customization of features and the content appearance is adapted
to the needs of an individual learner. Learners vary significantly in knowledge, abilities, goals for
approaching a learning system, pace of learning, way of learning and the time. Thus, the target
group of learners is very heterogeneous; ideally, a system is able to provide and present content
for every group or some of them, in order to be suitable. To fulfil the needs of such a flexible
system, a learning platform has to meet a number of requirements, including the integration of a
variety of materials, the potential deviation from predetermined sequences of actions,
personalization and adaptation, and the verifiability of work and accomplishments. With all the
above requirements in mind we define the e-learning service discovery as follows:
Problem Definition: Let SP= {p1, p2… pn} where p1, p2… pn are the individual E-Learning
service providers. Let R= {l1, l2… lm} where l1, l2… lm are the individual E-Learning
service/content requesters. The problem is to select the best (most suitable) e-learning
service/content provided by the registered service provider ‘pi’ for the service requester.
The e-learning resources are often scattered all over the globe of the e-learning domain. Therefore
it becomes very difficult for the learner to search for the required resources, since navigating
through all the e-learning services becomes a time consuming and tedious task. Our challenge is
to design a broker based architecture which facilitates registering and publishing of e-learning
services by the service providers and searching for the appropriate e-learning resources and
composing them for the e-learner’s benefit. This makes the user feel that there should be a
centralized architecture fore-learning so that he can avail all these services at one portal, which
can remember all the preferences and settings of the user so that it can simplify the work of
searching, categorizing and presentation of information. As an illustration, consider a learner who
wants to use the traditional e-learning system available at his disposal to have an in-depth study
on a particular subject e.g. Database Management System, then the user must specify his needs in
the e-learning tool. In any e-learning tool the learner must specify the subject as well as the type
of learning material required for the study, e.g. DBMS online lectures, videos, articles, text books
and so on. The e-learning system searches for these resources within its domain and returns the
services provided by its service providers. These results are numerous and are scattered all over
the internet. There is also a possibility of redundant results being displayed. The learner will have
to manually check each of these results to confirm if the result meets his demands or not. This
time consuming problem is what we refer to as e-learning discovery. To realize the solution to
these problems, the conceptual Broker based architecture needs to be augmented with new
architectural roles and operations.
3. ARCHITECTURE FOR E-LEARNING SERVICE DISCOVERY
The proposed solution describes the design and implementation of Web Service architecture for
e-learning. By moving offline activities online, Web Services enable partners to (re)use easily
applications via the Internet.
The proposed methodology includes:

1. Design of broker for e-learning Web Service discovery
2. Extension to existing WSDL document to incorporate e-Learning service descriptions
3. Design of e-Learning registry to discovery and save e-learning specific descriptions
4. Design and Implementation of e-learning discovery mechanism for the learner’s simple
learning needs
3.1. Abstract Architecture E-learning Service Discovery
Building a non-centralized system by combining several Web Services to achieve the same
functionality as in traditional e-learning systems leads to the problems of managing the content
for the learners and searching for services to gain the desired functionality in the moment of
demand. The requester’s often use the UDDI registry to search for Web Services. The UDDI data
entities provide support for defining both business and service information which conventionally
stored at central site. To enable learner’s to access learning services, we need to develop the
broker based architecture which facilitates both service centric and learning centric information
storage and retrieval. Figure 1 shows the abstract architecture of e-learning Web service
architecture for publishing and discovery.
Figure 1. Broker Based Architecture for E-Learning Services
The proposed architecture involves five roles and seven architectural interactions among roles.
The roles are: Learner, Provider, Broker, UDDI and E-Learning Registry. The
operations/activities among them are: Register E-learning service, Publish Service, Publish e-
Learning Information, Find Service, Find e-Learning Information, Bind E-Learning Service and
Select E-Learning Service.
3.1.1. Learner/e-learning service requester
The learner is the one who wants the E-learning service to consume e-content. Learner could be a
student, teacher, philosopher or professional. The learner doesn’t have a direct access to the e-
learning registry. The learner should communicate with the broker and search for the required
services available in UDD. If the required service is available then the broker gives the URI of the
service provider using which the learner can communicate with the service provider.
Select
E-learning
service
Publish/Find
E-learning
service
Learning
Activity
Publish/Find E-Learning
Information
Register
E-learning
services
E-learning
Service
Provider
UDDI
BROKER
Learner
E-learning
Registry

3.1.2. E-learning Service Provider
The e-learning service provider provides various services to the learners. E-learning service
providers can be categorized based on the nature of the service and the type of learning content
and the topic of learning. The e-learning service providers must first register its service with the
broker in order to be available to the learners.
3.1.3. UDDI
UDDI registry is normally used to search and publish Web Services. The UDDI data entities
provide support for defining both business and service information. The service description
information defined in WSDL is complementary to the information found in a UDDI registry.
The UDDI refers to the entity tables defined in it, to provide the services requested by the Broker.
The entities referred by the UDDI are Business Entity, Business Service and Binding Template.
The service specific information of e-learning services is published in UDDI for the global
visibility.
3.1.4. E-learning Registry
The E-learning registry is designed to discover and save e-leaning specific descriptions and other
necessary information related to learning contents. The UDDI does not provide facilities to store
content information. Thus we need to provide an additional registry that can handle such data.
This registry can handle e-learning specific information required for the discovery of services by
various e-learners.
3.1.5. E-Learning Broker
The important role in this e-learning architecture is played by the e-learning Service broker. The
broker could be a Web Service or a Portal with service API using which a learner can avail
various learning services. The broker communicates with the service provider who wants to
register and provide its learning materials. The broker also interacts with the learner when he
wants to search for a particular learning material. It also searches the e-learning registry and
UDDI when the service provider and the learners perform publish and search operations
respectively.
3.2. Internal Architecture of the E-Learning Broker
The e-learning broker consists of five components which facilitate the effective e-learning service
publishing and discovery. Figure 2 shows the detailed internal architecture of e-learning service
broker. The component descriptions are given below:
3.2.1. Service Selector
This module helps to select the relevant service from the set of services retrieved from the UDDI.
This module is also responsible for the communication with Data Dictionary. The service selector
also provides the services for the service composition (if any) and then this service is returned to
the learner who requested/ searched for that service.
3.2.2. Data Dictionary
It contains domain specific information related to E Learning. Data Dictionary is also called as a
metadata repository. It has some information related to the data in the UDDI. The contents of it
are automatically updated as changes occur in the database. It may interact with the modules and
provide the necessary information for its functioning.
3.2.3. Service Publisher
For the provider, this module will helps to register e-learning service with the broker. Service
publisher then publishes the service specific information into UDDI and e-learning specific
information in the e-learning registry.

3.2.4. Request Analyzer
From the learners’ point of view, this module helps the learner to search for e-learning service
using this broker. This then, retrieves the information about the service provider from the UDDI
and the E-learning information about the content from the E-learning registry.
3.2.5. E-Learning Registry
This registry is used to store the e-learning content specific information into registry. The registry
contains one record for each service with service Id, learning object Id, learning action, learning
object name, learning object type, learning object qualifier and binding template key. The
architecture assumes that, the mechanism adopts the functional semantic [16] concepts to build
both request query and service publishing.
Figure 2. Internal Architecture of E-Learning Broker
4. E-LEARNING SERVICE DISCOVERY MECHANISM
In a minimalistic scenario, there exists at least one Web Service provider that publishes some
service such as a weather service and a Web Service consumer that uses this service. The Web
Service discovery is the process of finding a suitable Web Service for given task of a requester or
a composition mechanism. The Service Provider registers its services at the broker and the broker
publishes the provider’s information into the UDDI. When the Learner searches for the service at
the broker, the broker will search for the exact keywords in the database and returns the Object_id
for further processing.
Search E-learning
Service
Request Analyzer
Publish E-learning
services
Find
services
Find E-learning
servicesSearch Activity
Publish E-learning
Information
For Simple Search
Register E-learning
Services
Data Dictionary
Service Publisher
Service
selector
E-
Learning
Registry
UDDI
Learner
Service
Provider

4.1. The Publish E-Learning Service Mechanism
The UDDI refers to the Business Entity and stores all the necessary information like the
Provider’s name and address and its unique ID (key). During publish operation the key is returned
to the service provider. Figure 3 shows the sequence of activities involved in publish e-learning
service operation. The sequence of activities involved in e-learning service publishing is
described below.
• First the E-Learning Service provider should register with the broker, the service it provides.
• The broker then publishes this information in the UDDI and it publishes its description about
the learning content in the e-learning registry.
• The broker also sends an acknowledgement to the e-learning service provider that its
information has been registered.
Figure 3. Sequence Diagram for Publishing E-Learning Service Operation
4.2. The E-Learning Service Discovery (Select) Mechanism
When the learner searches a learning content by sending the request to the broker in the form of a
query, the broker finds the perfect match for the keywords entered by the learner. This is done
with the help of data dictionary (WordNet). Using these keywords the appropriate information
about the learning content is then retrieved from e-learning registry and then encapsulated in an
object. The search result will contain the type of the content (online lecture, videos, articles and
textbooks), brief information about the searched content and its URI. Figure 4 depicts the
sequence of activities involved in select e-learning service operation.
The sequence of activities involved in e-learning service selection (discovery) is described below.
• The learner sends the query, enriched with functional semantics to the broker for the
discovery of relevant e-learning services
• The broker resolves the query and finds the specific keywords to search the learning contents
in the e-learning registry as follows:
o The broker finds the perfect match for the query using WordNet and obtains the
keywords in XML form
o Using these matched keywords the broker searches the relevant information about the
learning material from e-learning registry
Store learning contents
Send acknowledgment
Store Service Provider’s
Information
Register service
Learner Broker UDDI E-learning
Registry
Send acknowledgment

• Once the contents are found, the URIs, object name, object type are encapsulated in an
object and returned to the broker
Figure 4. Sequence Diagram for Select E-Learning Service Operation
5. IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTS
The e-learning service discovery architecture is implemented on Intel Core i5-2430M machine
with Microsoft Windows 7 as computing environment. The e-learning service publishing and
discovery mechanism is developed using Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 with .NET Framework
4.0. To find the similar words (synonyms) of query the WordNet.Net 2.1 (2005) API is used.
5.1. Implementation of Publishing and Discovery
The service provider registers its service through the user interface which calls
register_provider_details() function. Figure 5 depicts the user interface created to puchlish the e-
learning services. Figure 6 presents the user interface designed to search relevant e-learning
services. When the learner requests the broker by sending a query, the query is given as a
parameter to the readxml() function used by the Data Dictionary. This makes use of WordNet 2.1
to differentiate the exact keywords. The readxml( ) function implicitly calls the WordNet 2.1
using words_match( ) function to find the synonyms and displays the result in an XML format.
Using these synonyms the appropriate information about the learning content is then retrieved and
encapsulated in an object. This object is returned by the function display_object( ). The search
result will contain the type of the content (online lecture, videos, articles, and textbooks), brief
information about the searched content and it’s URI. This Object is used by the service selector,
which separates the contents of this object based on the object type and stores it. The service
selector also responsible for finding the perfect binding_template key from the e-learning registry
and mapping this key to the binding_template table in the UDDI to retrieve suitable URI based on
the order of precedence.
5.2. Experiments
Consider the following experiment carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed
discovery mechanism. The Service provider has a registered service in UDDI for a learning
Returns e-learning
content information
Returns object
Search the URI
Search for the learning
content
Sends query
Learner UDDIBroker E-learning
Registry

material related to the Database Management System and information about various object types
of learning materials are available in the e-learning registry.
• The Domain Expert creates an XML file having the various queries and its related
synonyms. This is done with the help of WordNet 2.1. This XML file is referred by the
broker during the search operation
• The learner fetches for the DBMS related learning materials whose object type is ‘text’ by
sending a query to the broker. If the query sent is “hunt reference book” and subject is
entered as “DBMS”
• The broker resolves the query entered by the learner and tokenizes it. The broker uses
WordNet 2.1 to find the corresponding synonym of each token using XML form as shown
below:
<action name="search">
<related>fetch</related>
<related>look</related>
<related>hunt</related>
<related>seek</related>
</action>
<object name="text">
<related>book</related>
<related>session</related>
<related>line</related>
<related>path</related>
</object>
<noun name="reference">
<related>bridge</related>
<related>basics</related>
<related>rapid</related>
</noun>
• The WordNet 2.1 differentiates the action, object and noun accordingly and provides it to
the e-learning broker
• The output obtained here would be “search reference text”. The broker uses these keywords
along with the object name, “DBMS” to search for the appropriate learning content in the E-
Learning Registry
• A sample dataset for the columns in the e-learning registry is as shown in Table 1
Table 1. Tabular Representation of Sample E-learning Registry Contents
Obj_type Obj_action Qualifier Obj name Obj_id Bt_key
Course search Reference dbms Obj1 Btkey1
Session get Crash dbms Obj2 Btkey2
Talk fetch Rapid java Obj3 Btkey3
• If the match is found then the broker maps this object type to retrieve all necessary
information related to DBMS. The content information like type of the content (online
lecture, videos, articles, textbooks), a brief information about the searched content,
information about the service provider and its URI will be returned to the learner

• If the match is not found then this query will be written in to an XML file which will be
notified to the Domain Expert. The contents of this XML file is shown below:
<keywords>hunt reference book DBMS</keywords>
Figure 5. Snapshot of the E-Learning Information Publishing User Interface

Figure 6. Snapshot of the E-Learning Service Search User Interface
6. CONCLUSION
Web Services provide an attractive alternative for businesses to reach out to their potential
customers. This paper addresses the issues related to e-learning service discovery. The quest of
learner to find the appropriate learning material can be fulfilled by using this architecture. This
research work comprises of the discovery mechanism used to search for the appropriate learning
content or digital material. In order to minimize the search only the appropriate synonyms of the
service requester’s query are obtained from the WordNet which gives better search results. The
paper implements broker based architecture which helps in overcoming the disadvantages of
traditional e-learning systems. It simplifies the work of searching, categorizing and presentation
of learning service information. It also makes it simple for the learner to navigate to the various e-
learning service providers and thus saves the learners time and effort in searching for the suitable
learning contents.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research work is sponsored by “VTU Research Grants Scheme” of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belgaum, India (No. VTU/Aca./2009-10/A-9/11619 dated:
04/01/2010).
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Computing, pp. 109-117, ISBN: 978-81-8424-736-7Goa, India, Dec 2011.
Authors
Demian Antony D’Mello received his Bachelor degree in Computer Engineering in
1999 from Mangalore University, India and his Master degree in Computer Science
and Engineering in 2003 from National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK),
Surathkal, India. He completed his PhD from the Department of Information
Technology, NITK in the year 2010. Presently, he is working as a professor in the
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, St. Joseph Engineering College,
Mangalore, India. His research interests are in the areas of Web technologies, Web
services, Distributed Computing and Cloud Computing.

A REGISTRY BASED DISCOVERY MECHANISM FOR E-LEARNING WEB SERVICES

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