A REVIEW ARTICLE ON: EXPLORING HERBAL OPTIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT 0F OCULAR CANCER.

Babasaheb et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
www.wjpps.com │ Vol 12, Issue 10, 2023. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 146
A REVIEW ARTICLE ON: EXPLORING HERBAL OPTIONS IN THE
MANAGEMENT 0F OCULAR CANCER.
Batule Atul Babasaheb*, Kale Vaibhav Rajendra, Tambe Shweta Babasaheb,
Ugale Nikita Devidas and Khandagale Sandip Suresh
Abasaheb Kakade College of B. Pharmacy Bodhegaon, Shevgaon, Ahmednagar.
ABSTRACT
In ancient time cancer diseases spread all over the world in year 2600
BC So difficulty to treat the cancer then the Hakeem and Vaidya
treated the cancer by surgery herbal therapies also heavy metal and
alchemy used in siddha system (AYUSH). Surgery used Ayurveda
system in all over the world as per WHO 5370 case in each day.
Cancer immunotherapy word derived by William Bradley coley.
William Bradley covey is father of immunotherapy the general concept
of immunotherapy the body s immune system to fight /prevent diseases
Synthetic medicine for cancer are derived from chemical synthesis
these are synthetically prepared medicine, well designed and targeted and inhibit the growth
of cancer cell The synthetic medicine containing chemotherapeutic drug that inhibit the
action but gives several adverse drug reaction. Some synthetic medicines (Tyrosine protein
kinase (imatinib, Nilotinib)) that are used in cancer treatment. Synthetic medicine is used in
cancer which after few days does not give permanent effect but start may cause side effect.
So, all the patient receiving anticancer chemotherapy but cause several side effect like –
Alopecia, vomiting, baldness, nausea, burning tingling and numbness anaemia, appetite, loss
constipation, nerve problem, organ related inflammation so comparing the synthetic and
herbal medicine give more time to inhibit the spreading of cancer cell but it has no side effect
like synthetic medicine. So Physician more prescribed the herbal medicine compare to
synthetic. In cancer immunotherapy the best treatment that improves immunity and inhibits
the proliferation of cancer cells is herbal medicines / drug. The herbal medicine that Enhance
the immune system it may affect slowly but inhibit the spreading of cancer cells & also gives
less side effect. Several herbal products have been found to have immune modulatory
properties. Meaning help regulate Strengthen the Immune.
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.632
Volume 12, Issue 10, 146-161 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
*Corresponding Author
Batule Atul Babasaheb
Abasaheb Kakade College of
B. Pharmacy Bodhegaon,
Shevgaon, Ahmednagar.
Article Received on
26 July 2023,
Revised on 15 August 2023,
Accepted on 05 Sept. 2023
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps202310-25769

KEYWORD: Immunotherapy, cancer, API, Ocular cancer, Herbal therapy, ocular
melanoma.
History
Earliest evidence of cancer is found among bone tumour in human mummies in ancient
times. They found the cancer cell in the bony skull head and neck is found word cancer not
used the oldest description of the disease is from Egypt from the 3000BC.It is called Ervin
smith papyrus and copy of part of ancient Egyptian textbook on trauma surgery.it describe 8
cases of homers/Ulcer of the breast treated by the cauterizations is called fire drill. The
disease was 1st called cancer by geek physician Hippocrates. Used the term carrions and
carcinoma, ulcer forming Tumour‟s. In Greek this means a crab. Later roman physician
Celsius (28-50 BC).it was Galan (130-200 AD) Roman physician Autopsies done by Harvey
(1628) (understanding of the circulation of blood through the heart and body. in19th century
Rudolf Virchow, study of cancer cells under the microscope.
Table No-1 History.
1940 No Treatment
1955 Before surgery
1955-1965 Radiotherapy
1965 After chemotherapy
Chart No: 1
1500 BC
Ebers papyrus
Skin cancer, uterus,
stomach
860-932 Rhazes di
Baghdad describes
new treatment for
tumours in the de
chirurgic manuscript
3000 BC
Edwin smith s papyrus
the first case of human
cancer
980-1037
Avicenna introduce the
removal of tumours of the
rectum
400 BC
Hippocrates proposes the
first theory on the
development of tumours
130-200
Galen deepens the theory
of Hippocrates,
proposing black bile
causes incurable tumours
Cancer
history

INTRUCTION
Chronic diseases
Chronic diseases are the chief cause of death and disadvantages, they give a reason for almost
60% of all demise and 43% of the worldwide burden of the disease. This is expected
considerably increase Accompanying Incessant disease providing 73%of all extension and
60% of worldwide burden of disease by 2020.
The most prevailing Never-ending Cardiovascular diseases malignancy and type 2 diabetes
are connected by common and escapable organic risk determinants (i.e. Extreme ancestry
pre-certain, Dyslipidemia and obesity) in addition to main observable risk factors containing
sick diet material inactivity and smoking use.[1]
Cancer-cancer is characterized by uncontrolled multiplication and spread of abnormal forms
of the body‟s own cells.it is the most common cause of the death in the developed nations.
According to cancer research by WHO Most cancers is a leading cause of demise global,
accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. The most common in 2020 (in terms of latest
cases of most cancers) were: Breast (2.26 million cases); Lung (2.21 million instances);
Colon and rectum (1.93 million cases); Prostate (1.41 million cases); Pores and skin (non-
cancer) (1.20 million cases); and Belly (1.09 million cases). The most commonplace reasons
of most cancers loss of life in 2020 have been: Lung (1.80 million deaths); Colon and rectum
(916 000 deaths); Liver (830 000 deaths); Stomach (769 000 deaths); and Breast (685 000
deaths). Every year, about 400 000 children develop most cancers. The most common cancers
range among international locations. Cervical most cancer is the maximum commonplace in
23 countries. [WHO].
a mass of tissue formed as a result of abnormal and excessive
uncoordinated autonomous and purposeless proliferation of cell after cessation of stimulus
for growth which cause it the branch of science dealing with study of neoplasm or tumors‟ is
called oncology (onco-tumor; logy-study).
Neoplasm may be benign when they are slow growing and localize without causing much
difficulty to the host. Or malignant when they proliferate rapidly, spread throughout the body
and may eventually cause death of the host the common term used for all malignant tumors is
cancer. Hippocrates (460-377BC) Coined term Karakinos for cancer of the breast. The word
cancer means crab, thus reflecting the true character of cancer since, it sticks to the part
stubbornly like a crab.[3]

Pathogenesis of cancer -To understand the action and drawbacks of current anticancer
agents and to appreciate the therapeutic hurdles that must be surrounded by putative new
drugs, it is important to consider the pathobiology in more details. Cancer Cells manifest to
varying degrees and fear characteristics that distinguish them from normal cells these are.
1) Uncontrolled proliferation.
2) De-differentiation and loss of function.
3) Invasiveness.
4) Metastasis.
The special characteristics of cancer cells are.
1) Uncontrolled proliferation -it is not generally true that cancer cells proliferate faster than
normal cells. Many healthy cells in the bone marrow and the epithelium of the
gastrointestinal tract undergo continuous rapid division.2)De-differentiation and loss of
function -The multiplication of normal cells in a tissue begins with division of the cells
undifferentiated stem cells giving rise to daughter cells that differentiate to become a mature
non dividing cells, ready to perform functions appropriate to that tissue for example-mature
fibroblast secrete and organize extracellular matrix.3) Invasiveness-Normal cells, other than
those of blood and lymphoid tissues are not generally found outside their designated tissue of
origin.4)Metastasis-metastasis are secondary tumor‟s (secondary‟s) formed by cell that have
been released from the initial or primary tumor and which have reached other sites through
blood vessels or lymphatic‟s, by transportation on other cell or as a result of being shed into
body cavities.[2]
All tumors‟ benign as well malignant have two basic Component.
 Parenchyma -comprised by proliferating tumour cells, parenchyma determined the nature
and evaluation of the tumour.
 Supportive stoma composed of fibrous connective tissue and blood vessel.
It Provide the framework on which the parenchymal tumor cells grow.
The tumors derive their nomenclature on the basis of the parenchymal component comprising
them. The suffix "Oma" is added to denote benign tumors. Malignant tumors of epithelial
origin are called carcinomas while malignant mesenchyme tumors are named sarcomas
(Serco‟s-fleshy). Although, this broad generalization regarding nomenclature of tumors
usually holds true in majority of instance, some examples contrary to this concept are –

Melanoma for carcinoma of the melanocytes, hematoma for carcinoma of the hepatocytes,
lymphoma for malignant tumor of the lymphoid tissue and seminoma for malignant tumor of
the testis. Leukemia is the form used for cancer of blood forming cells.[3]
Chart No: 2
Cancer with herbal drugs-
Table No-2 Cancer with herbal drugs.
Name of cancer Herbal Drug Used
Skin cancer Tulsi, Turmeric, Neem,Bilberry, Aloe Vera
Kidney cancer Astragals‟, Turmeric, Green Tea, Ginseng.
Lung cancer Astragals‟, Turmeric, Green Tea, Ginseng, Liquorice
Intestinal cancer Ginger, Garlic, Curcumin, Green Tea.
Eye cancer
Pilocarpus, Duboisia, Acacia Arabica, Garlic, Aloe Vera, Curcumin,
Green Tea, Calendula.
Additionally, it‟s essential to ensure to products safely of the herbal product.
Note-all the herbal preparation and standardisation regulated for purity and efficacy.
Chemotherapy:-Chemotherapy is defined as the use of drugs to eradicate pathogenic
organisms or neoplastic cells in the treatment of infectious diseases or cancer. Chemotherapy
is based on the principle of selective toxicity. According to this principle, a chemotherapeutic
drug inhibits a vital function of invading organisms or neoplastic cells that differs
qualitatively or quantitatively from the function of host cells.[8]
“Chemotherapy” was coined by German chemist Paul Ehrlich who explored the utilize of
drugs to treat irresistible infections. He was too the primary researcher to consider creature
models to screen an arrangement of chemicals with respect to their potential action against
illnesses. Chronicled archives propose the use of arsenicals begun within the 1900s.
Radiotherapy ad surgery were the backbones of cancer administration within the 1960s. As
Micro metastases and repeat of cancer after surgery and radiation treatment got to be
Type of
cancer
on the basis of
“spreading”
Malignant tumours
 Rapidly growing mass
 Poorly differentiated
 Invasive
Benign Tumours
 Slowly growing mass
 Well differentiated
 Non invasive

apparent, combination chemotherapy begun picking up significance. Objective of
chemotherapy is to restrain cell expansion and tumors increase, in this way dodging attack
and metastasis. But this comes about in poisonous impacts of chemotherapy due to the impact
on ordinary cells as well. Hindrance of tumor development can take put at a few levels inside
the cell and its environment. Conventional chemotherapy specialists fundamentally influence
either macromolecular union or work of neoplastic cells by interferometer with DNA, RNA,
or proteins blend or influencing the fitting working of the preformed atom. When
obstructions in macromolecular blend or work is adequate, it leads to cell passing due to the
chemotherapeutic agents coordinate impact or by activating apoptosis. With conventional
specialists, cell passing may be postponed as a extent of the cells die due to a given treatment.
So, the medication may require rehashing to attain a reaction. The poisonous quality of
cytotoxic drugs is most noteworthy amid the S phase, because it is the DNA engineered stage
of the cell cycle. Vince alkaloids and Taxine act within the M stage and piece mitotic axle
arrangement.[5]
Side effects of chemotherapy: - Nausea and vomiting are among the foremost dreaded side
effect for patient setting out on cancer chemotherapy. Other gastrointestinal side effect of
cancer chemotherapy is also common and both distressing and potentially fatal for patient.
Chemotherapy can affect the menstrual cycle causes hot flashes, during chemo treatment you
might develop brown, cracked fingernails. Chemotherapy can cause side effects like dry,
irritated skin your skin may also develop sensitive to sun light. Chemotherapy can cause
constipation diarrhea and other form of digestive distress.[4]
Immunotherapy:-Field of immune-oncology has been transformational inside the care of
most of cancer sufferers. William b. coley, now extensively standard as a father of
immunotherapy, first tried to harness the power of the immune device for treating cancer
within the overdue nineteenth century. Starting in 1891, coley injected greater than one
thousand patients with combinations of stay and inactivated microorganisms consisting of
streptococcus pyogenic and Serratia marcescens with the desire of inducing sepsis and study
immune and anti- tumors responses. His cocktail of bacteria has been broadly known as
“coley‟s toxin” and represent the primary documented lively most cancers immunotherapy
intervension1. coley executed durable hole remissions in numerous kind of malignancies,
together with sarcoma, lymphoma, and testicular sarcoma. With an extended expertise of the
biology of cancer, there are actually several healing monoclonal antibodies available

rituximab and trastuzumab has been approved the throughout the late nineteenth nineties to
deal with lymphoma and breast most cancers, respectively. Molecular targeted remedy is a
new technique to most cancer treatment. Numerous agents have obtained approval form U.S.
meal and drug administration within the closing decade.[6]
Table No. 3- classification of synthetic anticancer.
Sr. No
Classification of anticancer
drug
Example
1. Alkylating agent
1. Nitrogen mustard- cyclophosphamide
2. Nitrosoureas- Carmustine
3. Alkyl sulfonate– Busulfan
2. Antimetabolite
1. Cytidine analogs – Azacitidine
2. Folate antagonists– Methotrexate
3. Purine analogs – cladribine
4. Pyrimidine analogs– Fluorouracil
3. Antimicrotubular agent
1. Topoisomerase 2 inhibitors -
Anthracyclines
2. Topoisomerase 1 inhibitors – Irinotecan
3. Taxanes- Paclitaxel
4. Vinca alkaloids – Vinblastine
4. Antibiotics Actinomycin D, Bleomycin
5. Miscellaneous
1. Hydroxyurea
2. Tretinoin
3. Arsenic trioxide
4. Proteasome inhibitors
Eye cancer-Eye cancer is uncommon it can affect the outer part of the eye such as eyelid
which made up of muscles, skin, and nerves.
Another name of eye cancer is ocular cancer, it forms different part of eye including iris,
retina, If the cancer starts inside the eyeball is called intraocular cancer.
Uveal melanoma most common type of eye cancer, they affect uvea means middle layer of
eye, uvea melanoma life threating spread to body such as liver.
Primary intraocular cancer starts from eye.
Second intraocular cancer starts in another part of body and spread the eye.
Intraocular cancers occur in adult. Primary intraocular cancers occur in children.
Eye cancer include:- Conjunctiva, Retinoblastoma, Lymphoma.
Types
Melanoma – Melanoma is a type of cancer that developed in the cell produce melanin.
Melanin present in eye and also skin. Melanin producing cell developed melanoma.

Intraocular melanoma focused of information of eye cancer. Most eye cancer is melanomas
and it form middle form of eye called as uveal melanoma. Eye melanoma also knows as
ocular melanoma.
It includes -Iris melanoma:-Forms Color part of eye.
Ciliary body melanoma:-Form the muscle of eyeball lens
Colloidal melanoma: - Forms in the layer of eyeball (Retina)
Lymphoma - More information of primary intraocular cancer
Intraocular lymphoma is rare form of B- cell lymphoma.
Lymphoma of eye is immune deficiency.
It commonly affects people older than 50/ who have weekend immune system.
Lymphoma may cause eye redness and decrees vision, primary intraocular lymphoma also
called Vitreno retinol lymphoma.
Fig No- 1 Eye cancer (ocular cancer).
Symptoms depends on type and location of cancer, but common symptoms – change
vision, Redness in the eye, Blurry vision, Dark spot, Eye pain and discomfort, Flashes of
light, Appearance of eye changes.
Causes:-Exposure of UV radiation, Age, Fear skin and light eye colour, Genetic and family
history, weakened immune system, Exposure of certain chemical.
Treatment:-There are several synthetic drugs that are used in the treatment of eye cancer.

1. Vemurafenib:-Vemurafenib is a targeted therapy that is used specifical for the treatment
of ocular melanoma.
2. Dacarbazine: - Dacarbazine is a chemotherapy drug that can be used for treatment of
uveal. But these are all synthetic drug they give side effect so herbal drug mostly used in
eye (ocular) cancer.
Herbal drug used in the treatment of eye cancer
1-Pilocarpus
Fig No 2:-Pilocarpus.
 Synonym– Jaborandi.
 Biological Source – The drug Consist of leaves of plant of genus Pilo carpus.
 Family – Rutaceae.
 Geographical Source – It is found in South America, especially in Brazil.
 Chemical constituent – Leaflet contain imidazole alkaloids which pilocarpine is most
important alkaloids (iso pilocarpine pilocarpidine, pilosine, pseudo pilocarpine)
 Uses:-The drug is mainly used in the form of pilocarpine hydrochloride (physiological
antagonist of atropine).It causes contraction of pupil of eye and increases in sweating and
salivation. Pilocarpine is clinically use to lower intraocular pressure in open angle
glaucoma. open draining channel trabecular network and improve outflow of aqueous
humour.[7]
 MOA: - Pilocarpus act as a muscarinic receptor agonist, they can act on muscarinic
receptor M3, found on the iris sphincter muscle, Causing muscle contract, Pupil
contraction (miosis)

2 -Duboisia
Fig No 3 – Duboisia.
 Synonyms –Cark wood
 Biological source – Duboisia consists of the dried leaves of „Duboisia Myoporoides
R.Brown.‟
 Family – Solanaceae.
 Geographical source –It is found in around Sydney along the coastal area.
 Chemical constituent – L-hyoscyamine, also contain non-hyoscyamine, tigloidine,
valtropine.
Uses –The ophthalmologist and oncologist most prescribed, Duboisia in eye cancerDuboisia
act as mydriatic a substance that dilate pupils of eyes, It is used antidote for pilocarpine,It has
application on ophthalmic practices.[7]
MOA - Precorneal barrier, Duboisia is scopolamine they act as a competitive antagonist at
muscarinic receptor, inhibit conjunctivitis (Inhibit the redness and inhibit inflammation of
thin layer).

3- Acacia
Fig No 4 – Acacia.
Synonyms – Gum acacia, Indian Gum, Gum Arabica.
 Biological source – Indian gum is the dried gummy exudation obtained from the stem
and branches of acacia Arabica.
 Family – Leguminosae.
 Geographical source – The plant found in India, Sri-Lanka, Sudan.
 Chemical constituent – It consist principally of arabino which is a complex mixture of
calcium, magnesium and potassium salt of Arabic acid,
Arabic acid on hydrolysis gives L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, and D-galactose
Also contain enzyme oxidase and peroxidase
 Uses –It is used to remove tumour development it gives proper treatment and diagnosis
1. The babul gum that mainly affect the conjunctives and reduce the cancer but the
ophthalmologist and oncologist whose specialization in eye cancer
2. Determined the most appropriate treatment based on circumstances
3. Acacia shows anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour effects.[7]
MOA- Acacia arabica (Arabic acid) Binds to the muscarinic receptor and inhibit the action of
conjunctivitis (infection of outer membrane of the eye ball and the inner eyelid, pink eye)

4-Garlic
Fig No 5 – Garlic.
 synonym – Allium
 Biological source – Garlic is obtained from the Allium sativum
 Family – Liliaceae
 Chemical constituent – Allicin, Alliin, Iron, Phosphorous, Copper, Propyl disulphide
 Uses – Anti-oxidant,Anticancer.[7]
MOA – (Bioactive compound such as allicin, it acts as antioxidant anti-inflammatory, anti-
cancer, it Enhance the activity of immune cell such as natural killer cells, that to the sore eyes
acts in ophthalmopathy).
5-Aloe vera
Fig No 6 -Aloe vera.

Synonym – Aloe, Kumari, musabbar, Lolesara (In kannada)
 Biological source – Aloes is obtained from the dried leaves of Aloe vera, Aloe
barbadensis, Aloe Ferox
 Family – Asphodelaceae (Liliaceae)
 Chemical constituent – Barbaloin, Aloe Emodin, vitamin A, vitamin E, Anthraquinone.
 Uses -To reduce redness, irritation and dryness [7]
MOA- aloe vera (vitamin E) Suppressed bacterial-induced pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis
factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) cytokines production in human
immune cells.
6-Calendula officials
Fig No 7-Calendula officinalis.
 Synonyms - Scoth marigold, genus Calendula, flower, pot marigold, common marigold,
Calendula officinalis.
 Biological source- Calendula flower derives from the marigold Calendula officinalis L.,
 Family- daisy family, Asteraceae
 Chemical constituents-Flavonoids -Quercetin saponin Triterpene – Calendloside and
Oleanolic acid carotenoids-lutein and beta-carotin Essential oils- alpha-pinene, beta-
caryophyllenePhenolic acid- Chlorogenic acid, Polysaccharides
 Geographical source- southern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean area.

Uses-Calendula can help save you cancer. That is due to the fact calendula has anti-tumour
homes that could help reduce the dimensions of any tumor.
MOA- Calendula containing the flavone and luteolin-7-0, B-glycoside its direct action on
lining of the eyelid that is (Conjunctivitis) it can inhibit the inflammation around the eyelid
and help to treat eye cancer.[9]
7. Turmeric
Fig No 8: Turmeric.
Synonyms- Haldi, Curcuma, Indian Safron, Haridra.
Biological source- Turmeric consists of dried as well as fresh rhizomes of plant curcuma
longa
Family- Zingiberaceae
Chemical constituents- Curcuma, curcuminoids, cymene, Tumeron, Isdemethoxy-curcumin,
demethoxy-curcumin, Diarylheptanoids.
Geographical source- Tropical south Asia, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Karnataka.
Uses- It acts as antioxidant, also used as anti-inflammatory properties, it may have cancer
fighting-effect and including against eye cancer.
Also act as antibiotic eye drops.[7]
MOA- Turmeric (curcumin) it acts as inhibit the action of conjunctivitis (pink eye) and
reduces the inflammation (with the help of antibiotic eye drops).

8. Green Tea
Fig No 9-green tea.
Synonym- camellia Thea
Biological source – it contains the prepared leaves and leaf buds of camellia sinensis.
Family- Theaceae
Chemical Constituent-Tea leaves are considered as a rich source of caffeine. It contains
Theobromine and Theophylline, Phenols, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins.
Geographical Source- India, Sri-Lanka, China, Japan.
Uses- Used for eyes to prevent macular degeneration,
It Prevent glaucoma. It acts as antioxidants, also used for anti-inflammatory effect. [7]
MOA- Green Tea (Polyphenols) which acts as antioxidant. Antioxidant combat the harmful
effects of free radicals, which can cause oxidative stress and damage cells. And promote their
death, and prevent the spread of tumor. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of
green tea catechins also play a role in this mechanism.
CONCLUSION
In this review article we will discuss the use of herbal drugs in immunotherapy for human eye
cancer is a relatively unexplored area of research. While synthetic anticancer drugs have been

extensively studied and utilized in clinical practice, their effectiveness in treating eye cancer
may be limited due to various side effects and narrow target specificity.
Herbal drugs, on the other hand, offer a potential alternative due to their wide range of
bioactive compounds and lower risk of adverse effects. Several herbal drugs have exhibited
promising anti-cancer activity in preclinical studies, demonstrating their potential as
immunotherapy agents for human eye cancer. However, it is important to note that more
research is needed to determine the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosage of herbal drugs for
eye cancer treatment. The lack of standardized formulations and quality control in herbal
medicines also poses challenges in their widespread adoption. Overall, while synthetic
anticancer drugs are currently the mainstay of eye cancer treatment, herbal drugs hold
promise as a supplemental or alternative approach in immunotherapy. Further research and
clinical trials are necessary to establish the efficacy and safety of herbal drugs for eye cancer
immunotherapy and to determine their place in the standard treatment protocols.
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