A review on energy efficient clustering routing

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | June-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 218
A REVIEW ON ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING ROUTING
PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
Rahul Goyal1
1
Student, Department of Computer Engineering, Punjabi University Patiala, Punjab, India
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Network depends on nodes have limited energy, memory, computational power, range and it is important to
increase energy efficiency by saving the battery power so as to extend the life time of the given WSN deployment. In WSN, data is
measured by nodes and same is send to Base Station at regular interval. Different protocols are used for energy consumption, in
wireless sensor network. In this paper for energy consumption in wireless sensor network we study about LEACH protocol, EEUC
protocol and zone-divided and energy-balanced clustering routing protocol (ZECR) which divides the area into several zones
according to the distance and uses the clustering method among these zones. The key idea of these protocols is that within a
cluster there is a ―cluster-head‖ which receive the data from remaining nodes and such data is sent to base station.
Keywords—Wireless Sensor Networks, Sensor Node, Routing, LEACH, Leach –FL, EEUC, ZECR,EEZECR.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN's) are being used in
physical phenomena like surveillance, industrial monitoring,
traffic monitoring, habitat monitoring, cropping monitoring,
crowd counting etc. which calls for monitoring before taking
an appropriate action.WSN typically a geographical area in
which hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes that are
deployed to sense events. Many academic attentions have
received by Wireless sensor networks (WSN) and this
technology is considered with huge influence in the current
century [1].
The growing use and recent development in these networks
is making engineers to evolve innovative and efficient ideas
in this field. In recent years, a lot of research has been
proposed in data compression, data routing, and in-network
aggregation.
In wireless sensor network, sensor nodes used are limited in
power, memory, capacities and computational power. So,
for long time working we need to save energy and balancing
the energy consumption [2]. It is important role of routing
protocol in wireless sensor network to save battery life. The
energy is mainly consumes in receiving and sending data.
But a significant amount of energy is wasted with regard to
data collision, data overhearing, idle listing, interference,
control packet overhead [3].
Wireless sensor network, spread over a specific area where
we want to look after at the changes going on there. Within
that area we use wireless medium by which sensor nodes
can communicate with each other. Wireless medium used by
many ways like, radio frequencies, infrared, satellite and any
other medium. The sensor nodes plays the role of ad hoc
network as these nodes deployed in random fashion for
communicate among themselves. These nodes communicate
either by direct link or by multi- hoping. The concept of
multi-hoping is further modified as by making clusters. In
clusters, there is a cluster-head which receive the data from
remaining nodes and such data is sent to base station. In this
paper I am going to discuss these protocols: LEACH
protocol, LEACH-FL, EEUC protocol and ZECR protocol,
EEZECR protocol. Clustering algorithms can achieve higher
energy efficiency as compared to non clustering algorithm.
2. PROBLEMS IN WSN
There are various problems in Wireless sensor network.
Coverage problem, which reflects how well a sensor
network is monitored or tracked by sensors. Position
estimation problem, which relates to the distance measures
between sensor positions. Rest of all these problems one of
the fundamental issue is energy conservation of sensors. In
Wireless sensor network, most of the energy is consumed in
transmission and receiving of data as compared to sensing
and processing of data [3].
3. ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN WSN
In recent years, many clustering routing protocols are used
in wireless sensor network. In our study the main focus is on
LEACH, EEUC and ZECR routing protocols.
3.1 LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy)
It is hierarchical routing algorithm based on clustering. In
each round every node has the probability to get selected as
cluster head [4]. It proposes the concept of round for the
implementation of periodicity. It involves two phases in
every round: cluster set-up phase and steady data
transmission phase [5]. In sensor network algorithm is used
to divide into clusters. So the communication loads are
shared and the energy consumption of every part of the

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network is balanced. The network topology shaped by
LEACH is shown:
Fig.1. Leach Protocol [6]
3.2 LEACH-FL (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy using Fuzzy Logic)
This method, improves the LEACH protocol by using fuzzy
logic on LEACH protocol. Selection of cluster head is based
on three variables –battery level of node, node density and
distance from base station. In this system, we assume that all
the nodes can get their coordinates in WSN. LEACH-FL has
three parts-four fuzzification, functions, an inference engine
(include 27 rules) and defuzzification module [5].
3.3 EEUC Protocol (Energy Efficient Unequal
Clustering)
The purpose of using EEUC Protocol is to solve the hot
spots problem that is caused due to the inter-cluster multi
hop routing. It can avoid the energy hole and balance the
energy consumption of the whole network [7].
The clustering strategy of EEUC is: The cluster radius is set
according to the distance between node and Base station, so
larger cluster are formed in the region far from base station.
EECU network is as
Fig 2 Overview of the unequal clustering [1]
3.4 ZECR (Zone-Divided and Energy -Balanced
Clustering Routing)
ZECR protocol is a very efficient protocol for WSN and
adapts to the energy heterogeneous network. It can balance
the energy consumption of the network and prolong the
network life time obviously. In this section the details of
ZECR protocol will be illustrated by the five parts in
sequence: Zone division, Size of cluster radius, Cluster set-
up phase, Inter-cluster multi-hop routing phase and Data
transmission phase [1].
3.5 EEZECR (Energy Efficient Zone Divided and
Energy Balanced Clustering Routing Protocol)
In this method, concept of two cluster heads is introduced
that make ZECR protocol more energy efficient. In the
network, different zones are divided by using zone
divisional approach. Two cluster heads used are - Assistant
Cluster Head (ACH) and Main Cluster Head (MCH). ACH
will collect the data from all the nodes in cluster and from
that appropriate data is send to MCH. Then MCH send that
data to MCH of neighbor cluster that is nearer to base
station. In this method, ACH reduced the load from MCH
and this will make multi-hop transmission more energy
efficient [8].
4. RELATED WORK
Hwa Young Lim et al [9] for solving the problem of
LEACH a routing protocol called Maximum Energy routing
protocol based on Strong Head (MESH) is proposed. In this
protocol, the data collected by cluster head is send to Base
station by node known as “Strong Head”. Simulation results
show that energy consumption and lifetime of the network
improves.
Bilal Abu Bakr, Leszek Lilie [10] they propose a protocol
which provides an optimal energy- saving spare
management, including spare selection, known as
LEACHSM Protocol. LACHSM protocol is modified form
of LEACH Protocol in which Spare selection phase is added
in LEACH. Quantitative comparison of energy consumption
and WSN lifetime for both protocols is presented in this
paper.
Chi-Tsun Cheng et al [11] proposed a delay-aware data
collection network for WSN. By this network structure,
delays in the data collection processes of WSN, is
minimized. To construct the network structure for
centralized and decentralized approach, two network
formation algorithms are designed. By computer simulation
performance of network structure is evaluated. Simulation
results show that the proposed network structure is able to
shorten the delays in the data collection process significantly
as compared to other network structure.
Maciej Nikodem and Bartosz Wojciechowski [12] focus on
the theoretical aspects of clustering to improve the lifetime
of network, in WSN. By taking into account capabilities of
real-life nodes in particular application and when compared
to non-clustering networks they investigate whether
clustering itself can improve network lifetime. Results show
that some additional techniques and means are required with
clustering to improve network lifetime.

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Yan Shen, Hui Ju [13] new energy-saving task assignment
method is proposed in this paper. Based on the entropy
theory according to the nodes status, such as computing
resources, the residual energy and the number of neighbor, a
cost function is described in this method. To optimize
dynamic test assignment particle swarm optimization
algorithm is used. Due to the changes in sensor network the
tasks can be adjusted dynamically. Simulation results show
that, lifetime of network is improved and energy
consumption and execution time decreases.
F.J.Ateroetal [14] proposed a optimized power saving
clustering algorithm, which builds inter-cluster and intra-
cluster hierarchical trees, known as Hierarchical Adaptive
and Reliable Routing (HARP). In both homogenous and
heterogeneous network this architecture is used. By means
of the addition of a recovery slot in the scheduling scheme,
efficient link fault tolerance is provided by HARP and it
also supports node mobility management. For newly
deployed nodes, the same process function as a joining
mechanism. This architecture provides bounded-time data
transmission and highly adaptive for specific application
requirements. With data gathering protocol, a new cluster
head election formula is proposed. In a network, this
protocol optimizes and balances the energy consumption.
Rongxin Li et al [15] present several routing protocols that
increase the lifetime of network. Simulation results by NS2
show that the network lifetime of proposed routing protocol
is better than other routing protocols.
Jacques M. Bahi et al [16] introduce an efficient distributed
failure-aware strategy using probabilistic Weibull
distribution to resist frequenting and unexpected fail-
silent/fail-stop node failures. To show the usefulness of the
proposed solution, they provide a comprehensive set of
experimental results.
Nagarajan.M. Dr. S. Karthikeyan [17] proposed an
algorithm for WSN which increase the lifetime of sensor
nodes. Only few sensors are in active state in the covered
regions and the remaining are in ideal. All nodes change
their status from ideal to active and active to ideal after time
period. Active nodes are in active state or not are checked
by nodes that are ideal for short period of time and these
ideal nodes get active if any failure in the region. this
process is periodic, when active nodes start sense the data
the energy of ideal nodes is saved and it will used when it
gets active. The performance of proposed algorithm is six
times better than that of existing algorithms and it is close to
optimal enhancement in the network.
Young Sang Yun et al [18] proposed that when there is a
mobile sink and the underlying application can tolerate
some amount of delay in delivering the data to the sink, an
algorithm for WSN that minimizes the lifetime of network.
The algorithm is distributed and in addition, mostly uses
local information. By parallel or distributed execution this
algorithm can be implemented. The overhead of message
passing is low. The algorithm can be run directly by sensor
node and sink, if we embed the algorithm into network
protocol.
Jia Xu et al., [19] proposed a revised cluster routing
algorithm to enhance the hierarchical routing protocol
LEACH known as E-LEACH. The way of the selection of
the cluster heads in the LEACH is random and the round
time is fixed for selection. In the E-LEACH algorithm, we
consider the remnant power of the sensor nodes in order to
balance network loads and changes the round time depends
on the optimal cluster size. The simulation results show that
lifetime of network is increased by 40% when compared
with LEACH algorithm
5. CONCLUSIONS
In Wireless sensor network, energy is an important issue. So
designing energy efficient protocol is very important. In this
paper, different energy efficient routing protocols that are
based on clustering mechanism have been discussed. The
EEZECR protocol can be used to improve the energy at
great extent. So in future we will propose a new algorithm
by using clustering technique to improve the results further.
REFERENCES
[1] Zou Yun, Jia Xibei et al ―Zone-Divided And Energy-
Balanced Clustering Routing Protocol For Wireless
Sensor Networks‖4th IEEE International Conference
on Broadband Network and Multimedia Technology
(IC-BNMT), pp. 112 – 117, 28-30 Oct. 2011.
[2] Kodali R.K., Sarma N “Energy Efficient Routing
Protocols for WSN's” international conference on
computer communication and information, pp 1-4, 4-
6 jan, 2013.
[3] Rahman A., Anwar S. et al “A Survey on Energy
Efficient Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor
Network” international conference on Advanced
Communication Technology, pp 200-206,27-30
jan,2013.
[4] Naik R.K.,Bhardwaj H. et al “Residual Energy
Analysis of DEC and Delivery Ratio Analysis of E-
AOMDV protocol for Mobile Sensor Networks”
international conference on Communication and
Signal Processing, pp 509-513, 3-5 april,2013.
[5] Ran Ge, Zhang Huazhong et al ―Improving on
LEACH Protocol of Wireless Sensor Networks Using
Fuzzy Logic‖ Journal of Information &
Computational Science 7: 3, pp. 767–775, March
2010.
[6] Ben Alla S., Mohsen A. et al “Hierarchical adaptive
balanced energy efficient routing protocol (HABRP)
for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks”
international conference on Multimedia Computing
And Systems, pp 5-6, 7-9 april 2011.
[7] Ye Mao, Wu Jie et al “An Energy-Efficient Unequal
Clustering Mechanism for Wireless Sensor
Networks” international conference on Mobile Ad
hoc and Sensor System Conference, pp 604, 7 nov
2005.

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[8] Verma S., Sharma K. ―Energy Efficient Zone
Divided and Energy Balanced Clustering Routing
Protocol (EEZECR) in Wireless Sensor Network ”
international journal of Circuits and System, jan2014
[9] Hwa Young Lim, Sung Soo Kim et al ―Maximum
Energy Routing Protocol based on Strong Head in
Wireless Sensor Networks‖ IEEE International
Conference on Advanced Language Processing and
Web Information Technology,pp414 - 419 2007.
[10] Bilal Abu Bakr, Leszek Lilie , "A Quantitative
Comparison of Energy Consumption and WSN
Lifetime for LEACH and LEACH-SM " , 31st ICDCS
Workshops 2011 ,pp. 182-191 , June20-14, 2011.
[11] Chi-Tsun Cheng, Chi K. Tse et al “A Delay-Aware
Data Collection Network Structure for Wireless
Sensor Networks‖ Sensors Journal, IEEE, pp. 699 –
710, March 2011.
[12] M. Nikodem and B. Wojciechowski. ―Upper Bounds
on Network Lifetime for Clustered Wireless Sensor
Networks‖. NTMS, pages 1-6, 2011.
[13] Yan Shen, Hui Ju ―Energy-Efficient Task Assignment
Based on Entropy Theory and Particle Swarm
Optimization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor
Networks‖.
[14] F.J. Atero, J.J. Vinagre, et al ―A Low Energy and
Adaptive Architecture for Efficient Routing and
Robust Mobility Management in Wireless Sensor
Networks‖31st International Conference on
Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, pp. 172
– 181,20-24 June 2011.
[15] Rongxin Li, Chaomei Zheng, et al ―Study of Power-
Aware Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor
Networks‖ International Conference on Electrical
and Control Engineering (ICECE), pp. 3173 – 3176,
16-18 Sept. 2011.
[16] Jacques M. Bahi, Mohammed Haddad, et al
―Distributed Lifetime Optimization in Wireless
Sensor Networks‖13th International Conference on
High Performance Computing and Communications
(HPCC), pp. 432 – 439, 2-4 Sept. 2011.
[17] Nagarajan. M, Dr. S. Karthikeyan― A New Approach
to Increase the Life Time and Efficiency of Wireless
Sensor Network ‖International Conference on Pattern
Recognition, Informatics and Medical Engineering
(PRIME), pp. 231 – 235, 21-23 March 2012.
[18] Young Sang Yun, Ye Xia, et al ―Distributed
Algorithm for Lifetime Maximization in Delay-
Tolerant Wireless Sensor Network with Mobile Sink‖
49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control
(CDC), pp. 370 – 375, 15-17 Dec. 2010.
[19] Jia Xu ,Ning Jin, et al ―Improvement of LEACH
protocol for WSN‖9th International Conference on
Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD),
pp. 2174 – 2177, 29-31 May 2012.

A review on energy efficient clustering routing

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